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Quehl P, Hollender J, Schüürmann J, Brossette T, Maas R, Jose J. Co-expression of active human cytochrome P450 1A2 and cytochrome P450 reductase on the cell surface of Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:26. [PMID: 26838175 PMCID: PMC4736170 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes mediate the first step in the breakdown of most drugs and are strongly involved in drug–drug interactions, drug clearance and activation of prodrugs. Their biocatalytic behavior is a key parameter during drug development which requires preparative synthesis of CYP related drug metabolites. However, recombinant expression of CYP enzymes is a challenging bottleneck for drug metabolite biosynthesis. Therefore, we developed a novel approach by displaying human cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) on the surface of Escherichia coli. Results To present human CYP1A2 and CPR on the surface, we employed autodisplay. Both enzymes were displayed on the surface which was demonstrated by protease and antibody accessibility tests. CPR activity was first confirmed with the protein substrate cytochrome c. Cells co-expressing CYP1A2 and CPR were capable of catalyzing the conversion of the known CYP1A2 substrates 7-ethoxyresorufin, phenacetin and the artificial substrate luciferin-MultiCYP, which would not have been possible without interaction of both enzymes. Biocatalytic activity was strongly influenced by the composition of the growth medium. Addition of 5-aminolevulinic acid was necessary to obtain a fully active whole cell biocatalyst and was superior to the addition of heme. Conclusion We demonstrated that CYP1A2 and CPR can be co-expressed catalytically active on the cell surface of E. coli. It is a promising step towards pharmaceutical applications such as the synthesis of drug metabolites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0427-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Quehl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Joel Hollender
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jan Schüürmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Brossette
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ruth Maas
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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De Santi C, Altermark B, de Pascale D, Willassen NP. Bioprospecting around Arctic islands: Marine bacteria as rich source of biocatalysts. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:238-53. [PMID: 26662844 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the biotechnological potential of Arctic marine bacteria for their ability to produce a broad spectrum of cold-active enzymes. Marine bacteria exhibiting these features are of great interest for both fundamental research and industrial applications. Macrobiota, water and sediment samples have been collected during 2010 and 2011 expeditions around the Lofoten and Svalbard islands. Bacteria were isolated from this material and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for the purpose of establishing a culture collection of marine Arctic bacteria. Herein, we present the functional screening for different extracellular enzymatic activities from 100 diversely chosen microbial isolates incubated at 4 and 20 °C. The production of esterase/lipase, DNase, and protease activities were revealed in 67, 53, and 56% of the strains, respectively, while 41, 23, 9, and 7% of the strains possessed amylase, chitinase, cellulase, and xylanase activities, respectively. Our findings show that phylogenetically diverse bacteria, including many new species, could be cultured from the marine arctic environment. The Arctic polar environment is still an untapped reservoir of biodiversity for bioprospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta De Santi
- NorStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Altermark
- NorStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nils-Peder Willassen
- NorStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Sührer I, Langemann T, Lubitz W, Weuster-Botz D, Castiglione K. A novel one-step expression and immobilization method for the production of biocatalytic preparations. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:180. [PMID: 26577293 PMCID: PMC4650107 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole cell biocatalysts and isolated enzymes are considered as state of the art in biocatalytic preparations for industrial applications. Whole cells as biocatalysts are disadvantageous if substrate or products are toxic to the cells or undesired byproducts are formed due to the cellular metabolism. The use of isolated enzymes in comparison is more expensive due to the required downstream processing. Immobilization of enzymes after purification increases preparation costs for biocatalysts significantly, but allows for the efficient reuse of the enzymes in the biocatalytic process. For a more rapid processing one-step expression and immobilization is desirable. RESULTS This study focused on the development of a new one-step expression and immobilization technique for enzymes on the example of the β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli K12. The enzyme was expressed in E. coli with a C-terminal membrane anchor originating from cytochrome b5 from rabbit liver and was thus in situ immobilized to the inner surface of the cytosolic membrane. Then, the expression of a lytic phage protein (gene E from PhiX174) caused the formation of a pore in the cell wall of E. coli, which resulted in release of the cytosol. The cellular envelopes with immobilized enzymes were retained. Batch and fed-batch processes were developed for efficient production of these biocatalysts. It was possible to obtain cellular envelopes with up to 27,200 ± 10,460 immobilized enzyme molecules per cellular envelope (753 ± 190 U/gdry weight). A thorough characterization of the effects of membrane immobilization was performed. Comparison to whole cells showed that mass transfer limitation was reduced in cellular envelopes due to the pore formation. CONCLUSION In this study the feasibility of a new one-step expression and immobilization technique for the generation of biocatalytic preparations was demonstrated. The technique could be a useful tool especially for enzyme systems, which are not suitable for whole-cell biocatalysts due to severe mass transfer limitations or undesired side reactions mediated by cytosolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Sührer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Timo Langemann
- BIRD-C GmbH & Co KG, Erne-Seder-Gasse 4/2, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Werner Lubitz
- BIRD-C GmbH & Co KG, Erne-Seder-Gasse 4/2, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Displaying Lipase B from Candida antarctica in Pichia pastoris Using the Yeast Surface Display Approach: Prospection of a New Anchor and Characterization of the Whole Cell Biocatalyst. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141454. [PMID: 26510006 PMCID: PMC4624902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast Surface Display (YSD) is a strategy to anchor proteins on the yeast cell wall which has been employed to increase enzyme stability thus decreasing production costs. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (LipB) is one of the most studied enzymes in the context of industrial biotechnology. This study aimed to assess the biochemical features of this important biocatalyst when immobilized on the cell surface of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using the YSD approach. For that purpose, two anchors were tested. The first (Flo9) was identified after a prospection of the P. pastoris genome being related to the family of flocculins similar to Flo1 but significantly smaller. The second is the Protein with Internal Repeats (Pir1) from P. pastoris. An immunolocalization assay showed that both anchor proteins were able to display the reporter protein EGFP in the yeast outer cell wall. LipB was expressed in P. pastoris fused either to Flo9 (FLOLIPB) or Pir1 (PIRLIPB). Both constructions showed hydrolytic activity towards tributyrin (>100 U/mgdcw and >80 U/mgdcw, respectively), optimal hydrolytic activity around 45°C and pH 7.0, higher thermostability at 45°C and stability in organic solvents when compared to a free lipase.
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Production of phenylpyruvic acid from l-phenylalanine using an l-amino acid deaminase from Proteus mirabilis: comparison of enzymatic and whole-cell biotransformation approaches. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8391-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Smith MR, Khera E, Wen F. Engineering Novel and Improved Biocatalysts by Cell Surface Display. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015; 54:4021-4032. [PMID: 29056821 PMCID: PMC5647830 DOI: 10.1021/ie504071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts, especially enzymes, have the ability to catalyze reactions with high product selectivity, utilize a broad range of substrates, and maintain activity at low temperature and pressure. Therefore, they represent a renewable, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional catalysts. Most current industrial-scale chemical production processes using biocatalysts employ soluble enzymes or whole cells expressing intracellular enzymes. Cell surface display systems differ by presenting heterologous enzymes extracellularly, overcoming some of the limitations associated with enzyme purification and substrate transport. Additionally, coupled with directed evolution, cell surface display is a powerful platform for engineering enzymes with enhanced properties. In this review, we will introduce the molecular and cellular principles of cell surface display and discuss how it has been applied to engineer enzymes with improved properties as well as to develop surface-engineered microbes as whole-cell biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason R. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eshita Khera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Going beyond E. coli: autotransporter based surface display on alternative host organisms. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:644-50. [PMID: 25579193 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autotransporters represent one of the most popular anchoring motifs used to display peptides, proteins or enzymes on the cell surface of a Gram-negative bacterium. Applications range from vaccine delivery to library screenings to biocatalysis and bioremediation. Although the underlying secretion mechanism is supposed to be available in most, if not all, Gram-negative bacteria, autotransporters have to date almost exclusively been used for surface display on Escherichia coli. However, for their utilisation beyond a laboratory scale, in particular for biocatalysis, host bacteria with specific features and industrial applicability are required. A few groups have addressed this issue and demonstrated that bacteria other than E. coli can also be used for autotransporter based surface display. We summarise these studies and discuss opportunities and challenges that arise from surface display of recombinant proteins using the autotransporter pathway in alternative hosts.
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