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Gandjbakhch F, Fajardy I, Ferré B, Dubucquoi S, Flipo RM, Roger N, Solau-Gervais E. A functional haplotype of PADI4 gene in rheumatoid arthritis: positive correlation in a French population. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:881-6. [PMID: 19332633 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A functional haplotype of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) was associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Asian populations, but the results are contradictory in Europeans. We investigated (1) the association of 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in exon 2 of PADI4 with RA in another Caucasian population; and (2) the association between PADI4 and anti-citrullinated protein (anti-CCP) antibodies. METHODS DNA samples were obtained from 405 French RA patients and 275 controls. All RA patients met the revised criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. PADI4_89 163(G-->A) and PADI4_90 245(T-->C) SNP were genotyped using a PCR-RFLP method confirmed by direct sequencing. All patients and controls were genotyped for HLA-DRB1. The presence of anti-CCP antibodies was tested in 243 RA patients using an ELISA technique. RESULTS We focused on PADI4_89 163(G-->A) and PADI4_90 245(T-->C) SNP that distinguished 2 main haplotypes: AC haplotype (PADI4_89*A PADI4_90*C) and GT haplotype (PADI4_89*G PADI4_90*T), described, respectively, as "nonsusceptible" and "susceptible." A positive association between RA and presence of the GT haplotype was found in the heterozygous state (p = 0.002) and the homozygous state (RA patients 22%, controls 13%; p = 0.005). A correlation was observed between the presence but not the level of anti-CCP antibodies and the GT heterozygous (p = 0.03) and homozygous (p = 0.05) haplotypes. No correlation was found between the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and any of the PADI4 haplotypes. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm those of Japanese, Korean, and Canadian studies and suggest that PADI4 may be a new susceptibility gene independent of HLA-DRB1 for RA in Caucasian populations.
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102
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Causey CP, Thompson PR. An improved synthesis of haloaceteamidine-based inactivators of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). Tetrahedron Lett 2008; 49:4383-4385. [PMID: 19587776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidyl arginine residues to form citrulline and ammonia. This enzyme has been implicated in several disease states, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, and therefore represents a unique target for the development of a novel therapeutic. A solution-phase synthesis of Cl-amidine, the most potent PAD4 inactivator described to date, has been developed. This synthesis proceeds in 80% yield over 4 steps at a significantly (12-fold) lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey P Causey
- Departent of Chemstry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208
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103
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Chang M, Rowland CM, Garcia VE, Schrodi SJ, Catanese JJ, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Ardlie KG, Amos CI, Criswell LA, Kastner DL, Gregersen PK, Kurreeman FAS, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ, Seldin MF, Begovich AB. A large-scale rheumatoid arthritis genetic study identifies association at chromosome 9q33.2. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000107. [PMID: 18648537 PMCID: PMC2481282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease affecting both joints and extra-articular tissues. Although some genetic risk factors for RA are well-established, most notably HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22, these markers do not fully account for the observed heritability. To identify additional susceptibility loci, we carried out a multi-tiered, case-control association study, genotyping 25,966 putative functional SNPs in 475 white North American RA patients and 475 matched controls. Significant markers were genotyped in two additional, independent, white case-control sample sets (661 cases/1322 controls from North America and 596 cases/705 controls from The Netherlands) identifying a SNP, rs1953126, on chromosome 9q33.2 that was significantly associated with RA (OR(common) = 1.28, trend P(comb) = 1.45E-06). Through a comprehensive fine-scale-mapping SNP-selection procedure, 137 additional SNPs in a 668 kb region from MEGF9 to STOM on 9q33.2 were chosen for follow-up genotyping in a staged-approach. Significant single marker results (P(comb)<0.01) spanned a large 525 kb region from FBXW2 to GSN. However, a variety of analyses identified SNPs in a 70 kb region extending from the third intron of PHF19 across TRAF1 into the TRAF1-C5 intergenic region, but excluding the C5 coding region, as the most interesting (trend P(comb): 1.45E-06 --> 5.41E-09). The observed association patterns for these SNPs had heightened statistical significance and a higher degree of consistency across sample sets. In addition, the allele frequencies for these SNPs displayed reduced variability between control groups when compared to other SNPs. Lastly, in combination with the other two known genetic risk factors, HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22, the variants reported here generate more than a 45-fold RA-risk differential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Chang
- Celera, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristin G. Ardlie
- SeraCare Life Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Kastner
- National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore L.I.J. Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Michael F. Seldin
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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104
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Costenbader KH, Chang SC, De Vivo I, Plenge R, Karlson EW. Genetic polymorphisms in PTPN22, PADI-4, and CTLA-4 and risk for rheumatoid arthritis in two longitudinal cohort studies: evidence of gene-environment interactions with heavy cigarette smoking. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R52. [PMID: 18462498 PMCID: PMC2483441 DOI: 10.1186/ar2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction PTPN22, PADI-4, and CTLA-4 have been associated with risk for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated whether polymorphisms in these genes were associated with RA in Caucasian women included in two large prospective cohorts, adjusting for confounding factors and testing for interactions with smoking. Methods We studied RA risk associated with PTPN22 (rs2476601), PADI-4 (rs2240340), and CTLA-4 (rs3087243) in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. Participants in NHS were aged 30 to 55 years at entry in 1976; those in NHSII were aged 25 to 42 years at entry in 1989. We confirmed incident RA cases through to 2002 in NHS and to 2003 in NHSII by questionnaire and medical record review. We excluded reports not confirmed as RA. In a nested case-control design involving participants for whom there were samples for genetic analyses (45% of NHS and 25% of NHSII), each incident RA case was matched to a participant without RA by year of birth, menopausal status, and postmenopausal hormone use. Genotyping was performed using Taqman single nucleotide polymorphism allelic discrimination on the ABI 7900 HT (Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 USA) with published primers. Human leukocyte antigen shared epitope (HLA-SE) genotyping was performed at high resolution. We employed conditional logistic regression analyses, adjusting for smoking and reproductive factors. We tested for additive and multiplicative interactions between each genotype and smoking. Results A total of 437 incident RA cases were matched to healthy female control individuals. Mean (± standard deviation) age at RA diagnosis was 55 (± 10), 57% of RA cases were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive, and 31% had radiographic erosions at diagnosis. PTPN22 was associated with increased RA risk (pooled odds ratio in multivariable dominant model = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 2.08). The risk was stronger for RF-positive than for RF-negative RA. A significant multiplicative interaction between PTPN22 and smoking for more than 10 pack-years was observed (P = 0.04). CTLA-4 and PADI-4 genotypes were not associated with RA risk in the pooled results (pooled odds ratios in multivariable dominant models: 1.27 [95% CI = 0.88 to 1.84] for CTLA-4 and 1.04 [95% CI = 0.77 to 1.40] for PADI-4). No gene-gene interaction was observed between PTPN22 and HLA-SE. Conclusion After adjusting for smoking and reproductive factors, PTPN22 was associated with RA risk among Caucasian women in these cohorts. We found both additive and multiplicative interactions between PTPN22 and heavy cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H Costenbader
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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105
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Replication of reported genetic associations of PADI4, FCRL3, SLC22A4 and RUNX1 genes with rheumatoid arthritis: results of an independent Japanese population and evidence from meta-analysis of East Asian studies. J Hum Genet 2007; 53:163-173. [PMID: 18087673 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We conducted population-based association tests for the four selected SNPs (rs2240340/padi4_94, rs7528684/fcrl3_3, rs3792876/slc2F2 and rs2268277/runx1) previously reported to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study population consisted of 950 unrelated Japanese subjects with RA and 507 controls, none of whom had previously been tested for these variants. Only the SNP rs2240340/padi4_94 was modestly associated with RA [allele odds ratio (OR) 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.43, P=0.012]. The most significant association effect was found for genotype contrast between minor and major allele homozygotes (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.10-2.12, P=0.010). No other SNPs showed a statistically significant association with RA in our population. Meta-analysis of published studies and our new data confirmed a highly significant association between PADI4 gene SNPs and increased risk of RA in East Asian populations (allele fixed-effects summary OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.22-1.41, P<0.0001). We found some evidence for an association of either rs7528684/fcrl3_3 or rs3792876/slc2F2 with RA; however, because the magnitudes of effects were apparently much weaker than those reported in the initial positive reports, and there were substantial levels of inter-study OR heterogeneity, we concluded that additional studies are needed to fully understand the present results.
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Lee HS, Remmers EF, Le JM, Kastner DL, Bae SC, Gregersen PK. Association of STAT4 with rheumatoid arthritis in the Korean population. Mol Med 2007; 13:455-60. [PMID: 17932559 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00072.lee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study in the North American White population has documented the association of a common STAT4 haplotype (tagged by rs7574865) with risk for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus. To replicate this finding in the Korean population, we performed a case-control association study. We genotyped 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the STAT1 and STAT4 regions in 1123 Korean patients with RA and 1008 ethnicity-matched controls. The most significant four risk SNPs (rs11889341, rs7574865, rs8179673, and rs10181656 located within the third intron of STAT4) among 67 SNPs are identical with those in the North American study. All four SNPs have modest risk for RA susceptibility (odds ratio 1.21-1.27). A common haplotype defined by these markers (TTCG) carries significant risk for RA in Koreans [34 percent versus 28 percent, P=0.0027, OR (95 percent CI)=1.33 (1.10-1.60)]. By logistic regression analysis, this haplotype is an independent risk factor in addition to the classical shared epitope alleles at the HLA-DRB1 locus. There were no significant associations with age of disease onset, radiographic progression, or serologic status using either allelic or haplotypic analysis. Unlike several other risk genes for RA such as PTPN22, PADI4, and FCRL3, a haplotype of the STAT4 gene shows consistent association with RA susceptibility across Whites and Asians, suggesting that this risk haplotype predates the divergence of the major racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Soon Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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107
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Knuckley B, Luo Y, Thompson PR. Profiling Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4): a novel screen to identify PAD4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:739-45. [PMID: 17964793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4) has emerged as a leading target for the development of a Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) pharmaceutical. Herein, we describe the development of a novel screen for PAD4 inhibitors that is based on a PAD4-targeted Activity-Based Protein Profiling reagent, denoted Rhodamine-conjugated F-Amidine (RFA). This screen was validated by screening 10 Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) and identified streptomycin, minocycline, and chlortetracycline as micromolar inhibitors of PAD4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Knuckley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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