101
|
Qian X. Free Energy Surface for Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Glucose Ring-Opening in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11460-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402739q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Formation of degradation compounds from lignocellulosic biomass in the biorefinery: sugar reaction mechanisms. Carbohydr Res 2013; 385:45-57. [PMID: 24412507 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The degradation compounds formed during pretreatment when lignocellulosic biomass is processed to ethanol or other biorefinery products include furans, phenolics, organic acids, as well as mono- and oligomeric pentoses and hexoses. Depending on the reaction conditions glucose can be converted to 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF) and/or levulinic acid, formic acid and different phenolics at elevated temperatures. Correspondingly, xylose can follow different reaction mechanisms resulting in the formation of furan-2-carbaldehyde (furfural) and/or various C-1 and C-4 compounds. At least four routes for the formation of HMF from glucose and three routes for furfural formation from xylose are possible. In addition, new findings show that biomass monosaccharides themselves can react further to form pseudo-lignin and humins as well as a wide array of other compounds when exposed to high temperatures. Hence, several aldehydes and ketones and many different organic acids and aromatic compounds may be generated during hydrothermal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. The reaction mechanisms are of interest because the very same compounds that are possible inhibitors for biomass processing enzymes and microorganisms may be valuable biobased chemicals. Hence a new potential for industrial scale synthesis of chemicals has emerged. A better understanding of the reaction mechanisms and the impact of the reaction conditions on the product formation is thus a prerequisite for designing better biomass processing strategies and forms an important basis for the development of new biorefinery products from lignocellulosic biomass as well.
Collapse
|
103
|
Agirrezabal-Telleria I, Gandarias I, Arias PL. Production of furfural from pentosan-rich biomass: analysis of process parameters during simultaneous furfural stripping. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:258-264. [PMID: 23810948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the furan-based compounds, furfural (FUR) shows interesting properties as building-block or industrial solvent. It is produced from pentosan-rich biomass via xylose cyclodehydration. The current FUR production makes use of homogeneous catalysts and excessive amounts of steam. The development of greener furfural production and separation techniques implies the use of heterogeneous catalysts and innovative separation processes. This work deals with the conversion of corncobs as xylose source to be dehydrated to furfural. The results reveal differences between the use of direct corncob hydrolysis and dehydration to furfural and the prehydrolysis and dehydration procedures. Moreover, this work focuses on an economical analysis of the main process parameters during N2-stripping and its economical comparison to the current steam-stripping process. The results show a considerable reduction of the annual utility costs due to use of recyclable nitrogen and the reduction of the furfural purification stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Agirrezabal-Telleria
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering School of the University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV), Alameda Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Agirrezabal-Telleria I, Hemmann F, Jäger C, Arias P, Kemnitz E. Functionalized partially hydroxylated MgF2 as catalysts for the dehydration of d-xylose to furfural. J Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
105
|
Pavlovič I, Knez Ž, Škerget M. Hydrothermal reactions of agricultural and food processing wastes in sub- and supercritical water: a review of fundamentals, mechanisms, and state of research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8003-8025. [PMID: 23848589 DOI: 10.1021/jf401008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal (HT) reactions of agricultural and food-processing waste have been proposed as an alternative to conventional waste treatment technologies due to allowing several improvements in terms of process performance and energy and economical advantages, especially due to their great ability to process high moisture content biomass waste without prior dewatering. Complex structures of wastes and unique properties of water at higher temperatures and pressures enable a variety of physical-chemical reactions and a wide spectra of products. This paper's aim is to give extensive information about the fundamentals and mechanisms of HT reactions and provide state of the research of agri-food waste HT conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pavlovič
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Xylans are a valuable alternative resource: production of D-xylose, D-lyxose and furfural under microwave irradiation. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1416-21. [PMID: 24053822 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of microwave irradiation on hydrolysis of xylan and simultaneous epimerization of the D-xylose to D-lyxose has been studied. An acidic solution of xylan was treated with catalytic amount of sodium molybdate and the composition of the reaction mixture was analyzed. Short reaction times of hydrolysis and subsequent epimerization reaction provided an equilibrium reaction mixture of D-xylose and D-lyxose (1.6:1) without significant formation of undesirable side products. Obtained pentoses can be reduced to the corresponding alditols (D-xylitol and D-lyxitol) in very good yields (88% and 85%) or can be further dehydrated to furfural (53%). Combined use of Mo(VI) catalyst and microwave irradiation allows better conversions and substantial reduction of reaction times (400-fold) compared to that obtained by conventional heating. Studied stereospecific transformation of xylan proceeds with high selectivity, short reaction times and very good yields that makes this approach attractive also for preparative purposes.
Collapse
|
107
|
Alcohol dehydrogenases from Scheffersomyces stipitis involved in the detoxification of aldehyde inhibitors derived from lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8411-25. [PMID: 23912116 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde inhibitors such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are generated from biomass pretreatment. Scheffersomyces stipitis is able to reduce furfural and HMF to less toxic furanmethanol and furan-2,5-dimethanol; however, the enzymes involved in the reductive reaction still remain unknown. In this study, transcription responses of two known and five putative alcohol dehydrogenase genes from S. stipitis were analyzed under furfural and HMF stress conditions. All the seven alcohol dehydrogenase genes were also cloned and overexpressed for their activity analyses. Our results indicate that transcriptions of SsADH4 and SsADH6 were highly induced under furfural and HMF stress conditions, and the proteins encoded by them exhibited NADH- and/or NADPH-dependent activities for furfural and HMF reduction, respectively. For furfural reduction, NADH-dependent activity was also observed in SsAdh1p and NAD(P)H-dependent activities were also observed in SsAdh5p and SsAdh7p. For HMF reduction, NADPH-dependent activities were also observed in SsAdh5p and SsAdh7p. SsAdh4p displayed the highest NADPH-dependent specific activity and catalytic efficiency for reduction of both furfural and HMF among the seven alcohol dehydrogenases. Enzyme activities of all SsADH proteins were more stable under acidic condition. For most SsADH proteins, the optimum temperature for enzyme activities was 30 °C and more than 50 % enzyme activities remained at 60 °C. Reduction activities of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, benzaldehyde, and phenylacetaldehyde were also observed in some SsADH proteins. Our results indicate that multiple alcohol dehydrogenases in S. stipitis are involved in the detoxification of aldehyde inhibitors derived from lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
Collapse
|
108
|
AGIRREZABAL-TELLERIA I, GARCÍA-SANCHO C, MAIRELES-TORRES P, ARIAS PL. Dehydration of xylose to furfural using a Lewis or Brönsted acid catalyst and N2 stripping. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
109
|
Ricci A, Piccolella S, Pepi F, Garzoli S, Giacomello P. The mechanism of 2-furaldehyde formation from D-xylose dehydration in the gas phase. A tandem mass spectrometric study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1082-1089. [PMID: 23690250 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of reactions occurring in solution can be investigated also in the gas phase by suited mass spectrometric techniques, which allow to highlight fundamental mechanistic features independent of the influence of the medium and to clarifying controversial hypotheses proposed in solution studies. In this work, we report a gas-phase study performed by electrospray triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-TSQ/MS) on the dehydration of D-xylose, leading mainly to the formation of 2-furaldehyde (2-FA). It is generally known in carbohydrate chemistry that the thermal acid catalyzed dehydration of pentoses leads to the formation of 2-FA, but several aspects on the solution-phase mechanism are controversial. Here, gaseous reactant ions corresponding to protonated xylose molecules obtained from ESI of a solution containing D-xylose and ammonium acetate as protonating reagent were allowed to undergo collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) into the triple stage quadrupole analyzer. The product ion mass spectra of protonated xylose are characterized by the presence of ionic intermediates arising from xylose dehydration, which were structurally characterized by their fragmentation patterns. As expected, the xylose triple dehydration leads to the formation of the ion at m/z 97, corresponding to protonated 2-FA. On the basis of mass spectrometric evidences, we demonstrated that in the gas phase, the formation of 2-FA involves protonation at the OH group bound to the C1 atom of the sugar, the first ionic intermediate being characterized by a cyclic structure. Finally, energy resolved product ion mass spectra allowed to obtain information on the energetic features of the D-xylose→2-FA conversion. ᅟ
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Ricci
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Thiyagarajan S, Pukin A, van Haveren J, Lutz M, van Es DS. Concurrent formation of furan-2,5- and furan-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: unexpected aspects of the Henkel reaction. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
111
|
Zhang L, Yu H, Wang P. Solid acids as catalysts for the conversion of D-xylose, xylan and lignocellulosics into furfural in ionic liquid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:515-521. [PMID: 23567725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to develop an ecologically viable catalytic pathway for furfural production without the use of inorganic acids, H3PW12O40, Amberlyst-5 and NKC-9 (macroporous styrene-based sulfonic acid resin) were used as catalysts for producing furfural from xylose, xylan and lignocellulosic biomass in [BMIM]Cl under microwave irradiation at atmospheric pressure. A surprisingly high furfural yield of 93.7% from xylan was obtained by H3PW12O40 at 160 °C in 10 min. The degradation of furfural affected by single addition of [BMIM]Cl and solid acids was also investigated. The IL could be easily recycled and reused with stable solvent capacity for multiple runs (5×) after the product furfural was extracted with ethyl acetate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Abstract
In this paper, furfural was produced from hemicelluloses of bagass by hydrolization reaction with sulfuric acid and acetic acid respectively. The effect of several variables such as temperature , liquid-to-solid ratio ,time and catalyst charge(KCL) on furfural yield was studied. The results showed that the better yield of furfural was obtained in acetic acid hydrolysis system. However, compared to yield of acetic acid hydrolysis system, it need more time and higher temperature at the same liquid-to-solid ratio. At last, when sulfuric acid as catalyst, liquid-to-solid ratio was 1:6 and time was 5h at 150°C, furfural yield can reach 75 %.
Collapse
|
113
|
Phothisantikul PP, Tuanpusa R, Nakashima M, Charinpanitkul T, Matsumura Y. Effect of CH3COOH and K2CO3 on Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302434w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranisorn Tuanpusa
- Center of Excellence in Particle
Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Payathai Road, Patumwan,
Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Minoru Nakashima
- Department of Mechanical
Systems Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Tawatchai Charinpanitkul
- Center of Excellence in Particle
Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Payathai Road, Patumwan,
Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Yukihiko Matsumura
- Division of Energy
and Environmental Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Liu H, Hu H, Jahan MS, Ni Y. Furfural formation from the pre-hydrolysis liquor of a hardwood kraft-based dissolving pulp production process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 131:315-20. [PMID: 23360707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to produce furfural from the PHL. Results showed best furfural yield of 32.8% and the furfural selectivity of 37.7% in the monophase system (170 °C, 100 min), while they were 60.1% and 69.8%, respectively in the biphase system. The lower furfural selectivity in the monophase system was explained by more side reactions, such as fragmentation, condensation reactions, resinification and others. Model compounds such as: xylose, furfural, syringaldehyde, were used to confirm/identify these side reactions. The addition of dilute sulfuric acid/acetic acid in the system under the same conditions decreased the recovery of furfural. The addition of syringaldehyde into the PHL also led to a decrease in the furfural yield, supporting the conclusion that lignin structures in the PHL may also be involved in the side reactions, thus decreasing the furfural yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Zhang L, Yu H, Wang P, Dong H, Peng X. Conversion of xylan, d-xylose and lignocellulosic biomass into furfural using AlCl3 as catalyst in ionic liquid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:110-116. [PMID: 23306118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to define a new green catalytic pathway for the production of furfural, the catalyzed conversion of xylan into furfural in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride was studied by using mineral acids and metal chlorides as catalysts under microwave irradiation. Amongst these catalysts, AlCl(3) resulted in the highest furfural yield of 84.8% at 170°C for 10s. The effect of AlCl(3) on the conversion efficiency of d-xylose and untreated lignocellulosic biomass was also investigated, the yields of furfural from corncob, grass and pine wood catalyzed by AlCl(3) in [BMIM]Cl were in the range of 16-33%. [BMIM]Cl and AlCl(3) could be recycled for four runs with stable catalytic activity. AlCl(3) is less corrosive than mineral acids, and the use of ionic liquid as reaction medium will no longer generate toxic wastewater, thus this reaction system is more ecologically viable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Pincu M, Brauer B, Gerber RB. When a proton attacks cellobiose in the gas phase: ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15382-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
117
|
Möller M, Schröder U. Hydrothermal production of furfural from xylose and xylan as model compounds for hemicelluloses. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
118
|
Zhang T, Kumar R, Wyman CE. Enhanced yields of furfural and other products by simultaneous solvent extraction during thermochemical treatment of cellulosic biomass. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41857j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
119
|
Biomass conversion inhibitors furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural induce formation of messenger RNP granules and attenuate translation activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1661-7. [PMID: 23275506 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02797-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various forms of stress can cause an attenuation of bulk translation activity and the accumulation of nontranslating mRNAs into cytoplasmic messenger RNP (mRNP) granules termed processing bodies (P-bodies) and stress granules (SGs) in eukaryotic cells. Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), derived from lignocellulosic biomass, inhibit yeast growth and fermentation as stressors. Since there is no report regarding their effects on the formation of cytoplasmic mRNP granules, here we investigated whether furfural and HMF cause the assembly of yeast P-bodies and SGs accompanied by translational repression. We found that furfural and HMF cause the attenuation of bulk translation activity and the assembly of cytoplasmic mRNP granules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Notably, a combination of furfural and HMF induced the remarkable repression of translation initiation and SG formation. These findings provide new information about the physiological effects of furfural and HMF on yeast cells, and also suggest the potential usefulness of cytoplasmic mRNP granules as a warning sign or index of the deterioration of cellular physiological status in the fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
Collapse
|
120
|
Gürbüz EI, Gallo JMR, Alonso DM, Wettstein SG, Lim WY, Dumesic JA. Conversion of Hemicellulose into Furfural Using Solid Acid Catalysts in γ-Valerolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
121
|
Gürbüz EI, Gallo JMR, Alonso DM, Wettstein SG, Lim WY, Dumesic JA. Conversion of Hemicellulose into Furfural Using Solid Acid Catalysts in γ-Valerolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1270-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
122
|
Girisuta B, Kalogiannis KG, Dussan K, Leahy JJ, Hayes MHB, Stefanidis SD, Michailof CM, Lappas AA. An integrated process for the production of platform chemicals and diesel miscible fuels by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and downstream upgrading of the acid hydrolysis residues with thermal and catalytic pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 126:92-100. [PMID: 23073094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates an integrated process for the production of platform chemicals and diesel miscible biofuels. An energy crop (Miscanthus) was treated hydrothermally to produce levulinic acid (LA). Temperatures ranging between 150 and 200 °C, sulfuric acid concentrations 1-5 wt.% and treatment times 1-12 h were applied to give different combined severity factors. Temperatures of 175 and 200 °C and acid concentration of 5 wt.% were found to be necessary to achieve good yield (17 wt.%) and selectivities of LA while treatment time did not have an effect. The acid hydrolysis residues were characterized for their elemental, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, and then tested in a small-scale pyrolyzer using silica sand and a commercial ZSM-5 catalyst. Milder pretreatment yielded more oil (43 wt.%) and oil O(2) (37%) while harsher pretreatment and catalysis led to more coke production (up to 58 wt.%), less oil (12 wt.%) and less oil O(2) (18 wt.%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buana Girisuta
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Gairola K, Smirnova I. Hydrothermal pentose to furfural conversion and simultaneous extraction with SC-CO2--kinetics and application to biomass hydrolysates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 123:592-598. [PMID: 22947445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work explores hydrothermal d-xylose and hemicellulose to furfural conversion coupled with simultaneous furfural extraction by SC-CO(2) and the underlying reaction pathway. A maximum furfural yield of 68% was attained from d-xylose at 230°C and 12MPa. Additionally missing kinetic data for l-arabinose to furfural conversion was provided, showing close similarity to d-xylose. Furfural yields from straw and brewery waste hydrolysates were significantly lower than those obtained from model compounds, indicating side reactions with other hydrolysate components. Simultaneous furfural extraction by SC-CO(2) significantly increased extraction yield in all cases. The results indicate that furfural reacts with intermediates of pentose dehydration. The proposed processing route can be well integrated into existing lignocellulose biorefinery concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Gairola
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Strasse 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Antunes MM, Lima S, Fernandes A, Candeias J, Pillinger M, Rocha SM, Ribeiro MF, Valente AA. Catalytic dehydration of d-xylose to 2-furfuraldehyde in the presence of Zr-(W,Al) mixed oxides. Tracing by-products using two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
125
|
Qian X, Wei X. Glucose Isomerization to Fructose from ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10898-904. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303842g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Qian
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,
Arkansas 72701,
United States
| | - Xingfei Wei
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,
Arkansas 72701,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Catalytic Transformations of Biomass-Derived Materials into Value-Added Chemicals. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-012-9142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
127
|
Julis J, Leitner W. Synthesis of 1‐Octanol and 1,1‐Dioctyl Ether from Biomass‐Derived Platform Chemicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Julis
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Julis J, Leitner W. Synthesis of 1‐Octanol and 1,1‐Dioctyl Ether from Biomass‐Derived Platform Chemicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8615-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Julis
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen (Germany) http://www.itmc.rwth‐aachen.de
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Hydrothermal degradation of alkali lignin to bio-phenolic compounds in sub/supercritical ethanol and water–ethanol co-solvent. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
130
|
Yang W, Li P, Bo D, Chang H. The optimization of formic acid hydrolysis of xylose in furfural production. Carbohydr Res 2012; 357:53-61. [PMID: 22703600 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid, a byproduct of furfural process, can be an effective catalyst for dehydration of xylose into furfural. Due to the low corrosion resistance, easy to be separated and reused, there is a growing interest in the use of formic acid as catalyst. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the hydrolysis process in order to obtain high furfural yield and selectivity. Three important parameters, initial xylose concentration (40-120 g/L), temperature (170-190 °C), formic acid concentration (5-15 g/L) were optimized. The optimum initial xylose concentration, formic concentration, reaction temperature were 40 g/L, 10 g/L, and 180 °C, respectively. Under these conditions, the maximum furfural yield of 74% and selectivity of 78% were achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wandian Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Zhang J, Weitz E. An in Situ NMR Study of the Mechanism for the Catalytic Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and then to Levulinic Acid Using 13C Labeled d-Fructose. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300045r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atom Efficient
Chemical Transformation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eric Weitz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atom Efficient
Chemical Transformation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Lamminpää K, Ahola J, Tanskanen J. Kinetics of Xylose Dehydration into Furfural in Formic Acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2018367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Lamminpää
- Department
of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Ahola
- Department
of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tanskanen
- Department
of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Reaction mechanisms and kinetics of xylo-oligosaccharide hydrolysis by dicarboxylic acids. AIChE J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
134
|
Qian X. Mechanisms and Energetics for Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Glucose Condensation, Dehydration and Isomerization Reactions. Top Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
135
|
Sahu R, Dhepe PL. A one-pot method for the selective conversion of hemicellulose from crop waste into C5 sugars and furfural by using solid acid catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:751-761. [PMID: 22411884 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a solid-acid catalyzed one-pot method for the selective conversion of solid hemicellulose without its separation from other lignocellulosic components, such as cellulose and lignin. The reactions were carried out in aqueous and biphasic media to yield xylose, arabinose, and furfural. To overcome the drawbacks posed by mineral acid methods in converting hemicelllulose, we used heterogeneous catalysts that work at neutral pH. In a batch reactor, these heterogeneous catalysts, such as solid acids (zeolites, clays, metal oxides etc.), resulted in >90 % conversion of hemicellulose. It has been shown that the selectivity for the products can be tuned by changing the reaction conditions, for example, a reaction carried out in water at 170 °C for 1 h with HBeta (Si/Al=19) and HUSY (Si/Al=15) catalysts gave yields of 62 and 56 % for xylose and arabinose, respectively. With increased reaction time (6 h) and in presence of only water, HUSY resulted in yields of 30 % xylose + arabinose and 18 % furfural. However, in a biphasic reaction system (water + p-xylene, 170 °C, 6 h) yields of 56 % furfural with 17 % xylose+arabinose could be achieved. It was shown that with the addition of organic solvent the furfural yield could be increased from 18 to 56 %. Under optimized reaction conditions, >90 % carbon balance was observed. The study revealed that catalysts were recyclable with a 20 % drop in activity for each subsequent run. It was observed that temperature, pressure, reaction time, substrate to catalyst ratio, solvent, and so forth had an effect on product formation. The catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed desorption of NH(3), inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and solid-state NMR ((29)Si, (27)Al) spectroscopy techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakanta Sahu
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Forstner J, Unkelbach G, Pindel E, Schweppe R. Heterogen katalysierte Herstellung von Furfural aus Xylose. CHEM-ING-TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
137
|
Runge T, Zhang C. Two-Stage Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of Carbohydrates into Levulinic Acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2021619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Troy Runge
- Department
of Biological System
Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Department
of Biological System
Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp
and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Lange JP, van der Heide E, van Buijtenen J, Price R. Furfural--a promising platform for lignocellulosic biofuels. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:150-66. [PMID: 22213717 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Furfural offers a promising, rich platform for lignocellulosic biofuels. These include methylfuran and methyltetrahydrofuran, valerate esters, ethylfurfuryl and ethyltetrahydrofurfuryl ethers as well as various C(10)-C(15) coupling products. The various production routes are critically reviewed, and the needs for improvements are identified. Their relative industrial potential is analysed by defining an investment index and CO(2) emissions as well as determining the fuel properties for the resulting products. Finally, the most promising candidate, 2-methylfuran, was subjected to a road trial of 90,000 km in a gasoline blend. Importantly, the potential of the furfural platform relies heavily on the cost-competitive production of furfural from lignocellulosic feedstock. Conventional standalone and emerging coproduct processes-for example, as a coproduct of cellulosic ethanol, levulinic acid or hydroxymethyl furfural-are expensive and energetically demanding. Challenges and areas that need improvement are highlighted. In addition to providing a critical review of the literature, this paper also presents new results and analysis in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lange
- Shell Global Solutions International BV Shell Technology Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Hu L, Zhao G, Hao W, Tang X, Sun Y, Lin L, Liu S. Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates into fuels and chemicals via furanic aldehydes. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
140
|
Dutta S, De S, Saha B, Alam MI. Advances in conversion of hemicellulosic biomass to furfural and upgrading to biofuels. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20235b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
141
|
Catalytic dehydration of xylose to furfural: vanadyl pyrophosphate as source of active soluble species. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2785-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
142
|
vom Stein T, Grande PM, Leitner W, de María PD. Iron-catalyzed furfural production in biobased biphasic systems: from pure sugars to direct use of crude xylose effluents as feedstock. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1592-1594. [PMID: 21994162 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten vom Stein
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Moon J, Liu ZL. Engineered NADH-dependent GRE2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed enzyme evolution enhances HMF reduction using additional cofactor NADPH. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 50:115-20. [PMID: 22226197 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are inhibitors generated by lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment such as dilute acid hydrolysis that inhibit microbial growth and interfere with subsequent fermentation. It is possible to in situ detoxify these inhibitory compounds by aldehyde reductions using tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. YOL151W (GRE2) is a commonly recognized up-regulated gene expressed under stress conditions that encodes reductase activities toward furfural and HMF using cofactor NADH. Applying a directed enzyme evolution approach, we altered the genetic code of GRE2 yielding two mutants with amino acid substitutions of Gln261 to Arg261 and Phe283 to Leu283; and Ile107 to Val107, Gln261 to Arg261, and Val285 to Asp285 for strain Y62-C11 and Y62-G6, respectively. Clones of these mutants showed faster growth rates and were able to establish viable cultures under 30 mM HMF challenges when compared with a wild type GRE2 clone when inoculated into synthetic medium containing this inhibitor. Compared with the wild type control, crude cell extracts of the two mutants showed 3- to 4-fold and 3- to 9-fold increased specific enzyme activity using NADH toward HMF and furfural reduction, respectively. While retaining its aldehyde reductase activities using the cofactor NADH, mutant Y62-G6 displayed significantly greater reductase activities using NADPH as the cofactor with 13- and 15-fold increase toward furfural and HMF, respectively, as measured by its partially purified protein. Using reverse engineering and site directed mutagenesis methods, we were able to confirm that the amino acid substitution of the Asp285 is responsible for the increased aldehyde reductase activities by utilizing the additional cofactor NADPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Moon
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Qian X. Mechanisms and Energetics for Acid Catalyzed β-d-Glucose Conversion to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfurl. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11740-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2041982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Karinen R, Vilonen K, Niemelä M. Biorefining: heterogeneously catalyzed reactions of carbohydrates for the production of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1002-1016. [PMID: 21728248 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Furfurals are important intermediates in the chemical industry. They are typically produced by homogeneous catalysis in aqueous solutions. However, heterogeneously catalyzed processes would be beneficial in view of the principles of green chemistry: the elimination of homogeneous mineral acids makes the reaction mixtures less corrosive, produces less waste, and facilitates easy separation and recovery of the catalyst. Finding an active and stable water-tolerant solid acid catalyst still poses a challenge for the production of furfural (furan-2-carbaldehyde) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF). Furfural is produced in the dehydration of xylose, and HMF is formed from glucose and fructose in the presence of an acidic catalyst. Bases are not active in dehydration reaction but do catalyze the isomerization of monosaccharides, which is favorable when using glucose as a raw material. In addition to the desired dehydration of monosaccharides, many undesired side reactions take place, reducing the selectivity and deactivating the catalyst. In addition, the catalyst properties play an important role in the selectivity. In this Review, catalytic conversion approaches are summarized, focusing on the heterogeneously catalyzed formation of furfural. The attractiveness of catalytic concepts is evaluated, keeping in mind productivity, sustainability, and environmental footprint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Karinen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Industrial Chemistry, P. O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Dee SJ, Bell AT. A study of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids and the factors influencing the dehydration of glucose and the formation of humins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1166-1173. [PMID: 21809450 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was carried out into the hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) catalyzed by mineral acids. Glucose, cellobiose, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were observed as the primary reaction products. The initial rate of glucose formation was determined to be of first order in the concentrations of dissolved glucan and protons and of zero order in the concentration of water. The absence of a dependence on water concentration suggests that cleavage of the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages near chain ends is irreversible. The apparent activation energy for glucose formation is 96 kJ mol(-1). The absence of oligosaccharides longer than cellobiose suggests that cleavage of interior glycosidic bonds is reversible due to the slow diffusional separation of cleaved chains in the highly viscous glucan/ionic liquid solution. Progressive addition of water during the course of glucan hydrolysis inhibited the rate of glucose dehydration to 5-HMF and the formation of humins. The inhibition of glucose dehydration is attributed to stronger interaction of protons with water than the 2-OH atom of the pyranose ring of glucose, the critical step in the proposed mechanism for the formation of 5-HMF. The reduction in humin formation associated with water addition is ascribed to the lowered concentration of 5-HMF, since the formation of humins is suggested to proceed through the condensation polymerization of 5-HMF with glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Dee
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1462, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Furfural formation from d-xylose: the use of different halides in dilute aqueous acidic solutions allows for exceptionally high yields. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1291-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
148
|
Yemiş O, Mazza G. Acid-catalyzed conversion of xylose, xylan and straw into furfural by microwave-assisted reaction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:7371-7378. [PMID: 21620690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Furfural is a biomass derived-chemical that can be used to replace petrochemicals. In this study, the acid-catalyzed conversion of xylose and xylan to furfural by microwave-assisted reaction was investigated at selected ranges of temperature (140-190°C), time (1-30 min), substrate concentration (1:5-1:200 solid:liquid ratio), and pH (2-0.13). We found that a temperature of 180°C, a solid:liquid ratio of 1:200, a residence time of 20 min, and a pH of 1.12 gave the best furfural yields. The effect of different Brønsted acids on the conversion efficiency of xylose and xylan was also evaluated, with hydrochloric acid being found to be the most effective catalyst. The microwave-assisted process provides highly efficient conversion: furfural yields obtained from wheat straw, triticale straw, and flax shives were 48.4%, 45.7%, and 72.1%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Yemiş
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Agirrezabal-Telleria I, Larreategui A, Requies J, Güemez MB, Arias PL. Furfural production from xylose using sulfonic ion-exchange resins (Amberlyst) and simultaneous stripping with nitrogen. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:7478-7485. [PMID: 21624830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work deals with the development of new approaches to the production of furfural from xylose. It combines relatively cheap heterogeneous catalysts (Amberlyst 70) with simultaneous furfural stripping using nitrogen under semi-batch conditions. Nitrogen, compared to steam, does not dilute the vapor phase stream when condensed. This system allowed stripping 65% of the furfural converted from xylose and almost 100% of selectivity in the condensate. Moreover, high initial xylose loadings led to the formation of two water-furfural phases, which could reduce further purification costs. Constant liquid-vapor equilibrium along stripping could be maintained for different xylose loadings. The modeling of the experimental data was carried out in order to obtain a liquid-vapor mass-transfer coefficient. This value could be used for future studies under steady-state continuous conditions in similar reaction-systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Agirrezabal-Telleria
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering School of the University of the Basque Country, Alameda Urquijo s/n, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Möller M, Nilges P, Harnisch F, Schröder U. Subcritical water as reaction environment: fundamentals of hydrothermal biomass transformation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:566-579. [PMID: 21322117 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Subcritical water, that is, water above the boiling and below critical point, is a unique and sustainable reaction medium. Based on its solvent properties, in combination with the often considerable intrinsic water content of natural biomass, it is often considered as a potential solvent for biomass processing. Current knowledge on biomass transformation in subcritical water is, however, still rather scattered without providing a consistent picture. Concentrating on fundamental physical and chemical aspects, this review summarizes the current state of knowledge of hydrothermal biomass conversion in subcritical water. After briefly introducing subcritical water as a reaction medium, its advantages for biomass processing compared to other thermal processes are highlighted. Subsequently, the physical-chemical properties of subcritical water are discussed in the light of their impact on the occurring chemical reactions. The influence of major operational parameters, including temperature, pressure, and reactant concentration on hydrothermal biomass transformation processes are illustrated for selected carbohydrates. Major emphasis is put on the nature of the carbohydrate monomers, since the conversion of the respective polymers is analogous with the additional prior step of hydrolytic depolymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Möller
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|