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Relationship Between Apoptotic-Like Changes in Stored Boar Semen and DNA Fragmentation in Preimplantation Embryos. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10220-012-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Relationship Between Apoptotic-Like Changes in Stored Boar Semen and DNA Fragmentation in Preimplantation EmbryosThe aim of this experiment was to study the relationship between apoptotic-like changes in spermatozoa and DNA fragmentation in embryos obtained after insemination with fresh and stored semen. The ejaculates collected from three boars (five ejaculates from the same boar) were extended in Biosolwens Plus extender and stored for five days at 15-17°C. Semen, both fresh (Day 0) and stored (Day 5) used for insemination was analysed to detect apoptotic-like changes using fluorescence method: an assay to assess early changes in the membrane integrity of the sperm using the YO-PRO-1 fluorophore. After 5.5 days of insemination embryos were flushed out of the uterus and DNA fragmentation using TUNEL was analysed. In the fresh semen an average of 2.7, 3.7 and 6.2% of apoptotic sperm was observed in boar nos. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After five days of storage the percentage of apoptotic sperm significantly increased up to 8.0, 15.7 and 23.2% in each analysed boar. The TUNEL index was 7.1% in the morphologically normal expanded blastocysts obtained after insemination with stored semen, and approximately 1.7% after insemination with fresh semen. A greater number of degenerated embryos and higher incidence of DNA fragmentation in the morphologically normal blastocysts were observed after insemination with stored semen which consists of higher percentage of apoptotic sperm compared to results from insemination with fresh semen.
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102
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Lucas BEG, Fields C, Joshi N, Hofmann MC. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) affects ERK-dependent GDNF signalling in mouse stem-progenitor spermatogonia. Toxicology 2012; 299:10-9. [PMID: 22564763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many commercial and household products such as lubricants, cosmetics, plastics, and paint contain phthalates, in particular bis-(2-ethyhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP). As a consequence, phthalates have been found in a number of locations and foods (streambeds, household dust, bottled water and dairy products). Epidemiological and animal studies analysing phthalate exposure in males provide evidence of degradation in sperm quality, associated to an increase in the incidence of genital birth defects and testicular cancers. In the testis, spermatogenesis is maintained throughout life by a small number of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) that self-renew or differentiate to produce adequate numbers of spermatozoa. Disruption or alteration of SSC self-renewal induce decreased sperm count and sperm quality, or may potentially lead to testicular cancer. GDNF, or glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor, is a growth factor that is essential for the self-renewal of SSCs and continuous spermatogenesis. In the present study, the SSC-derived cell line C18-4 was used as a model for preliminary assessment of the effects of mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP, main metabolite of DEHP) on spermatogonial stem cells. Our data demonstrate that MEHP disrupts one of the known GDNF signalling pathways in these cells. MEHP induced a decrease of C18-4 cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as well as a disruption of ERK1/2 activation but not of SRC signalling. As a result, we observed a decrease of expression of the transcription factor FOS, which is downstream of the GDNF/ERK1/2 axis in these cells. Taken together, our data suggest that MEHP exposure affects SSC proliferation through inhibition of specific signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E G Lucas
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Cheriyath V, Kuhns MA, Jacobs BS, Evangelista P, Elson P, Downs-Kelly E, Tubbs R, Borden EC. G1P3, an interferon- and estrogen-induced survival protein contributes to hyperplasia, tamoxifen resistance and poor outcomes in breast cancer. Oncogene 2012; 31:2222-36. [PMID: 21996729 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormonally regulated survival factors can have an important role in breast cancer. Here we elucidate G1P3, a survival protein induced by interferons (IFNs), as a target of estrogen signaling and a contributor to poor outcomes in estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancer. Compared with normal breast tissue, G1P3 was upregulated in the malignant epithelium (50 × higher) and was induced by estrogen ex vivo. In accord with its overexpression in early stages of breast cancer (hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ), in morphogenesis assays G1P3 enhanced the survival of MCF10A acinar luminal cells causing hyperplasia by suppressing detachment-induced loss of mitochondrial potential and apoptosis (anoikis). In cells undergoing anoikis, G1P3 attenuated the induction of Bim protein, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and reversed the downmodulation of Bcl-2 protein. Downregulation of G1P3 induced spontaneous apoptosis in BT-549 breast cancer cells and significantly reduced the growth of ER(+) breast cancer cell MCF7 (P≤0.01), further suggesting its prosurvival activity. In agreement with its induction by estrogen, G1P3 antagonized tamoxifen, an inhibitor of ER in MCF7 cells. More importantly, elevated expression of G1P3 was significantly associated with decreased relapse-free and overall survival in ER(+) breast cancer patients (P≤0.01). Our studies suggest that elevated expression of G1P3 may perturb canonical tumor-suppressing activity of IFNs partly by affecting the balance of pro- and antiapoptotic members of Bcl-2 family proteins, leading to breast cancer development and resistance to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cheriyath
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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104
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Effect of Hoechst 33342 on stallion spermatozoa incubated in KMT or Tyrodes modified INRA96. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 131:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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105
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Macías García B, Ortega Ferrusola C, Aparicio I, Miró-Morán A, Morillo Rodriguez A, Gallardo Bolaños J, González Fernández L, Balao da Silva C, Rodríguez Martínez H, Tapia J, Peña F. Toxicity of glycerol for the stallion spermatozoa: Effects on membrane integrity and cytoskeleton, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1280-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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106
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Lee J, Lim KT. Phytoglycoprotein (38 kDa) induces cell cycle (G₀/G₁) arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3129-39. [PMID: 21695715 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Styrax japonica Siebold et al Zuccarini (SJSZ) has been used to heal inflammation and bronchitis as folk medicine in Korea. Firstly, glycoprotein isolated from SJSZ (SJSZ glycoprotein) has a molecular weight with 38 kDa and consists of carbohydrate (57.64%) and protein (42.35%). In the composition of SJSZ glycoprotein, carbohydrate mostly consists of glucose (28.17%), galactose (21.85%), and mannose (2.62%) out of 52.64%, respectively. The protein consists of Trp (W, 7.01%), Pro (P, 6.72%), and Ile (I, 5.42%) out of 42.35% as three major amino acids, while total amount of other amino acids is 23.20%. The purpose of this study is to know whether the SJSZ glycoprotein (38 kDa) induces the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assay and amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) and nitric oxide (NO) was measured using fluorescence microplate reader. Activities of cell cycle-related proteins [p53, p21, p27, Cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4] and apoptosis-related factors [iNOS, Bid, Bcl-2/bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)] were assessed by Western blot and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. In the cell cycle-related proteins, SJSZ glycoprotein (50 µg/ml) significantly enhances the expression of p53, p21, and p27, whereas it suppressed the activity of cyclin D1/CDK4. In the apoptosis-related factors, SJSZ glycoprotein (50 µg/ml) stimulates to increase iROS, and NO, to activate iNOS, Bid, Bcl-2/bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP. SJSZ glycoprotein (50 µg/ml) has potent effect to arrest cell cycle from G(0) /G(1) to S and to induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Molecular Biochemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute & Center for the Control of Animal Hazards Using Biotechnology (BK21), Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Gwang-ju 500-757, South Korea
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107
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Gallardo Bolaños JM, Miró Morán Á, Balao da Silva CM, Morillo Rodríguez A, Plaza Dávila M, Aparicio IM, Tapia JA, Ferrusola CO, Peña FJ. Autophagy and apoptosis have a role in the survival or death of stallion spermatozoa during conservation in refrigeration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30688. [PMID: 22292020 PMCID: PMC3266901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been recognized as a cause of sperm death during cryopreservation and a cause of infertility in humans, however there is no data on its role in sperm death during conservation in refrigeration; autophagy has not been described to date in mature sperm. We investigated the role of apoptosis and autophagy during cooled storage of stallion spermatozoa. Samples from seven stallions were split; half of the ejaculate was processed by single layer centrifugation, while the other half was extended unprocessed, and stored at 5°C for five days. During the time of storage, sperm motility (CASA, daily) and membrane integrity (flow cytometry, daily) were evaluated. Apoptosis was evaluated on days 1, 3 and 5 (active caspase 3, increase in membrane permeability, phosphatidylserine translocation and mitochondrial membrane potential) using flow cytometry. Furthermore, LC3B processing was investigated by western blotting at the beginning and at the end of the period of storage. The decrease in sperm quality over the period of storage was to a large extent due to apoptosis; single layer centrifugation selected non-apoptotic spermatozoa, but there were no differences in sperm motility between selected and unselected sperm. A high percentage of spermatozoa showed active caspase 3 upon ejaculation, and during the period of storage there was an increase of apoptotic spermatozoa but no changes in the percentage of live sperm, revealed by the SYBR-14/PI assay, were observed. LC3B was differentially processed in sperm after single layer centrifugation compared with native sperm. In processed sperm more LC3B-II was present than in non-processed samples; furthermore, in non-processed sperm there was an increase in LC3B-II after five days of cooled storage. These results indicate that apoptosis plays a major role in the sperm death during storage in refrigeration and that autophagy plays a role in the survival of spermatozoa representing a new pro-survival mechanism in spermatozoa not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Gallardo Bolaños
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Álvaro Miró Morán
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carolina M. Balao da Silva
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Antolín Morillo Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Plaza Dávila
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Inés M. Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José A. Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Cristina Ortega Ferrusola
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Peña
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
- * E-mail:
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108
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Romeo S, Zeni L, Sarti M, Sannino A, Scarfì MR, Vernier PT, Zeni O. DNA electrophoretic migration patterns change after exposure of Jurkat cells to a single intense nanosecond electric pulse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28419. [PMID: 22164287 PMCID: PMC3229573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) interact with cellular membranes and intracellular structures. Investigating how cells respond to nanosecond pulses is essential for a) development of biomedical applications of nsPEFs, including cancer therapy, and b) better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such bioelectrical effects. In this work, we explored relatively mild exposure conditions to provide insight into weak, reversible effects, laying a foundation for a better understanding of the interaction mechanisms and kinetics underlying nsPEF bio-effects. In particular, we report changes in the nucleus of Jurkat cells (human lymphoblastoid T cells) exposed to single pulses of 60 ns duration and 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 MV/m amplitudes, which do not affect cell growth and viability. A dose-dependent reduction in alkaline comet-assayed DNA migration is observed immediately after nsPEF exposure, accompanied by permeabilization of the plasma membrane (YO-PRO-1 uptake). Comet assay profiles return to normal within 60 minutes after pulse delivery at the highest pulse amplitude tested, indicating that our exposure protocol affects the nucleus, modifying DNA electrophoretic migration patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Romeo
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Naples, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Aversa, Italy
| | - Luigi Zeni
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Naples, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, Second University of Naples, Aversa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sarti
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Sannino
- CNR – Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - P. Thomas Vernier
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Olga Zeni
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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109
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Ernst RJ, Komor AC, Barton JK. Selective cytotoxicity of rhodium metalloinsertors in mismatch repair-deficient cells. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10919-28. [PMID: 22103240 DOI: 10.1021/bi2015822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mismatches in DNA occur naturally during replication and as a result of endogenous DNA damaging agents, but the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway acts to correct mismatches before subsequent rounds of replication. Rhodium metalloinsertors bind to DNA mismatches with high affinity and specificity and represent a promising strategy to target mismatches in cells. Here we examine the biological fate of rhodium metalloinsertors bearing dipyridylamine ancillary ligands in cells deficient in MMR versus those that are MMR-proficient. These complexes are shown to exhibit accelerated cellular uptake which permits the observation of various cellular responses, including disruption of the cell cycle, monitored by flow cytometry assays, and induction of necrosis, monitored by dye exclusion and caspase inhibition assays, that occur preferentially in the MMR-deficient cell line. These cellular responses provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the selective activity of this novel class of targeted anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Ernst
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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110
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Abstract
A cell undergoing apoptosis demonstrates multitude of characteristic morphological and biochemical features, which vary depending on the inducer of apoptosis, cell type and the "time window" at which the process of apoptosis is observed. Because the gross majority of apoptotic hallmarks can be revealed by flow and image cytometry, the cytometric methods become a technology of choice in diverse studies of cellular demise. Variety of cytometric methods designed to identify apoptotic cells, detect particular events of apoptosis and probe mechanisms associated with this mode of cell death have been developed during the past two decades. In the present review, we outline commonly used methods that are based on the assessment of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and plasma membrane alterations. We also present novel developments in the field such as the use of cyanine SYTO and TO-PRO family of probes. Strategies of selecting the optimal multiparameter approaches, as well as potential difficulties in the experimental procedures, are thoroughly summarized.
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111
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Brignole-Baudouin F, Riancho L, Liang H, Baudouin C. ComparativeIn VitroToxicology Study of Travoprost Polyquad-preserved, Travoprost BAK-preserved, and Latanoprost BAK-preserved Ophthalmic Solutions on Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:979-88. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.578781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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112
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da Silva CMB, Macías-García B, Miró-Morán A, González-Fernández L, Morillo-Rodriguez A, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Gallardo-Bolaños JM, Stilwell G, Tapia JA, Peña FJ. Melatonin reduces lipid peroxidation and apoptotic-like changes in stallion spermatozoa. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:172-9. [PMID: 21486367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) has been claimed as a major factor involved in stallion damage during storage or cryopreservation. Because melatonin is a well-known potent antioxidant, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of melatonin during in vitro incubation. Furthermore, we investigated the presence of specific melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) using specific polyclonal antibodies and western blotting. Stallion spermatozoa were incubated up to 3 hr at 37°C in the presence of different concentrations of melatonin (0, 50 pm, 100 pm, 200 pm, or 1 μm). At the beginning and at the end of the incubation period, sperm motility (using computer-assisted sperm analysis), membrane integrity and permeability, fluidity of the sperm membrane, LPO, and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were flow cytometrically evaluated. Melatonin reduced changes in the spermatozoa related to apoptosis (increased sperm membrane permeability and lowered Δψm) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, LPO was dramatically reduced (P < 0.01) while no effect was observed on sperm motility or kinematics. Interestingly, melatonin helped maintain a more fluid sperm plasmalemma (P < 0.05). Our results clearly show the absence of MT1 and MT2 receptors in the stallion spermatozoa. It is concluded that melatonin is a useful tool to improve the quality of stored stallion sperm, increasing their life span and reducing premature aging, this likely relates to melatonin's antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Balao da Silva
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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113
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Dezitter X, Masselot B, Tardivel M, Mereau-Richard C, Formstecher P, Idziorek T. Macromolecular synthesis inhibitors perturb glucocorticoid receptor trafficking. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:104-12. [PMID: 21569845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of inhibitors of transcription and translation to prevent glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis has been interpreted to indicate that the cell death machinery requires de novo protein synthesis. The transcriptional inhibitors actinomycin D (Act D) and DRB as well as the translational inhibitors CHX and puromycin inhibited early loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was not observed with the transcriptional inhibitor α-amanitin suggesting they may have additional effects. Their role in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) intracellular trafficking was therefore investigated. Here, we show that Act D and CHX reduced glucocorticoid binding, GR turnover and impaired GR nuclear translocation. We performed the same experiments in different thymocyte subpopulations of Balb/c mice. At the highest dose tested, actinomycin D and cycloheximide abolished glucocorticoid-induced cell death of CD4+CD8+ and CD4+CD8-. In all subsets, Act D, DRB, as well as CHX and puromycin prevented receptor nuclear translocation, indicating a general alteration of GR trafficking. Overall, our data support a direct effect of macromolecular inhibitors on GR activation and trafficking. Finally, direct alterations of the functional properties of the glucocorticoid receptor might be responsible for cell death prevention by actinomycin D, DRB, cycloheximide and puromycin.
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114
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Mehanna C, Baudouin C, Brignole-Baudouin F. Spectrofluorometry assays for oxidative stress and apoptosis, with cell viability on the same microplates: A multiparametric analysis and quality control. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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115
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Rodríguez AM, Ferrusola CO, García BM, Morrell JM, Martínez HR, Tapia JA, Peña FJ. Freezing stallion semen with the new Cáceres extender improves post thaw sperm quality and diminishes stallion-to-stallion variability. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 127:78-83. [PMID: 21821371 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ejaculates from 7 stallions were split and simultaneously frozen in three different extenders, INRA 96 egg yolk glycerol, Ghent and the newly developed extender Caceres. After thawing, samples were evaluated for motility (CASA system) sperm membrane integrity and early membrane changes (YoPro-1/Eth staining), acrosome integrity (FICT-PNA), and mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) (flow cytometry). Samples frozen in Caceres extender consistently showed the best results in post-thaw motility (increases ranging from 11 to 17%, p<0.05) and velocity (p<0.05), membrane integrity (increases ranging from 11 to 14%, p<0.05) and mitochondrial membrane potential (p<0.05). It is concluded that this new extender should be included in a freezeability test to determine the best extender for each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morillo Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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116
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Kadirvel G, Periasamy S, Kumar S. Effect of cryopreservation on apoptotic-like events and its relationship with cryocapacitation of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) sperm. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:143-50. [PMID: 21676035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the apoptosis-like events associated with cryopreservation process and their relationship with cryocapacitation in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) sperm. A total of 49 semen ejaculates from seven bulls were studied for structural changes in sperm following cryopreservation. Apoptotic changes were detected by assays specific for translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) to the cell surface, alterations in membrane permeability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and DNA integrity. A significant (p < 0.01) percentage of cryopreserved sperm showed externalization of PS and early apoptotic changes and lowered MMP when compared with the fresh sperm. Freezing and thawing of sperm increased permeability to YOPRO-1, an impermeant fluorescent dye. However, on TUNEL staining, cryopreserved sperm showed no breach in DNA integrity. The sperm capacitation status was evaluated by chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence pattern, in which a significant (p < 0.01) percentage of cryopreserved sperm were found to be capacitated. The capacitated sperm (Pattern B) was positively correlated with the aforementioned apoptotic events. In conclusion, cryopreservation process induced early apoptosis-like changes in buffalo sperm, and a close link exists between cryocapacitation and apoptosis during cryopreservation of sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kadirvel
- Division of Animal Reproduction Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
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117
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Qu Y, Misaghi S, Newton K, Gilmour LL, Louie S, Cupp JE, Dubyak GR, Hackos D, Dixit VM. Pannexin-1 is required for ATP release during apoptosis but not for inflammasome activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6553-61. [PMID: 21508259 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is important for embryonic development, immune cell homeostasis, and pathogen elimination. Innate immune cells also undergo a very rapid form of cell death termed pyroptosis after activating the protease caspase-1. The hemichannel pannexin-1 has been implicated in both processes. In this study, we describe the characterization of pannexin-1-deficient mice. LPS-primed bone marrow-derived macrophages lacking pannexin-1 activated caspase-1 and secreted its substrates IL-1β and IL-18 normally after stimulation with ATP, nigericin, alum, silica, flagellin, or cytoplasmic DNA, indicating that pannexin-1 is dispensable for assembly of caspase-1-activating inflammasome complexes. Instead, thymocytes lacking pannexin-1, but not the P2X7R purinergic receptor, were defective in their uptake of the nucleic acid dye YO-PRO-1 during early apoptosis. Cell death was not delayed but, unlike their wild-type counterparts, Panx1(-/-) thymocytes failed to recruit wild-type peritoneal macrophages in a Transwell migration assay. These data are consistent with pannexin-1 liberating ATP and other yet to be defined "find me" signals necessary for macrophage recruitment to apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Physiological Chemistry Department, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Brignole-Baudouin F, Riancho L, Liang H, Nakib Z, Baudouin C. In vitro comparative toxicology of polyquad-preserved and benzalkonium chloride-preserved travoprost/timolol fixed combination and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 27:273-80. [PMID: 21410334 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare, in vitro, the cytotoxicity profile of a new formulation of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination ophthalmic solution preserved with polyquaternium-1 0.001% (travoprost/timolol PQ) instead of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) with (1) commercially available travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination ophthalmic solution (travoprost/timolol BAK), (2) commercially available latanoprost 0.005%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination ophthalmic solution (latanoprost/timolol BAK), and (3) their associated BAK concentrations. METHODS Compounds tested on Wong-Kilbourne-derived human conjunctival epithelial cells: (1) phosphate-buffered saline, (2) polyquaternium-1 0.001% (Polyquad(®), PQ), (3) travoprost/timolol PQ, (4) travoprost/timolol BAK with 0.015% BAK (DuoTrav(®)), (5) BAK 0.015%, (6) latanoprost/timolol BAK with 0.020% BAK (Xalacom(®)), and (7) BAK 0.020%. Toxicological assays were used to assess cell viability [neutral red (NR), Alamar blue (AB)], apoptosis (YO-PRO-1, Hoechst 33342), and oxidative stress (H(2)DCF-DA, hydroethidine). The apoptosis and oxidative stress assays were each reported according to cell viability as observed with NR and AB (totaling 10 analyses per treatment). RESULTS The NR and AB assays demonstrated that cells incubated with travoprost/timolol PQ had significantly better viability than cells incubated with latanoprost/timolol BAK, travoprost/timolol BAK, BAK 0.015%, and BAK 0.020% (P<0.0001 for all). As assessed with YO-PRO-1 and Hoechst 33342 relative to cell viability determined with NR or AB, travoprost/timolol PQ produced significantly less apoptosis than travoprost/timolol BAK and latanoprost/timolol BAK and their respective BAK concentrations alone (P<0.0001 for all). Also, travoprost/timolol BAK induced less apoptosis than latanoprost/timolol BAK (P<0.0001). As assessed with H(2)DCF-DA as a ratio to NR or AB, all of the compounds without BAK (phosphate-buffered saline, PQ 0.001%, and travoprost/timolol PQ) and travoprost/timolol BAK produced significantly less reactive oxygen species than latanoprost/timolol BAK (P<0.0001 for all). As assessed with hydroethidine as a ratio to NR or AB, travoprost/timolol PQ produced significantly fewer superoxide anions than latanoprost/timolol BAK (P<0.0001). In contrast, release of superoxide anions (hydroethidine method) after incubation with travoprost/timolol BAK was not significantly different from incubation with latanoprost/timolol BAK or travoprost/timolol PQ. CONCLUSION Travoprost/timolol PQ may be better for ocular surface health than either BAK preserved formulations of latanoprost/timolol or travoprost/timolol.
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Fatty acids and plasmalogens of the phospholipids of the sperm membranes and their relation with the post-thaw quality of stallion spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2011; 75:811-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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120
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Apoptotic-like changes in the spermatozoa of fresh and stored boar semen and the quality of embryos produced in vivo. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 124:90-7. [PMID: 21392900 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the apoptotic-like changes in the spermatozoa of fresh and stored boar semen and to investigate the relationship between this phenomenon and the quality of embryos produced in vivo. The experiments were divided into two series. In the first series, ten ejaculates were collected from five boars, which were crossbreeds of the Polish Landrace and Large White breeds. The semen was stored as a liquid until Day A (the day on which sperm motility decreased to 30%). Three fluorescence methods were used to evaluate semen quality: an assay to assess the early changes in sperm membrane integrity using the fluorophore YO-PRO-1, an assay for phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation across the plasma membrane using fluorescein-labeled annexin-V and the mitochondrial-specific probe JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3' tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide) for measuring changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Our results showed that liquid preservation of boar semen causes apoptotic-like changes in the sperm, and a significant increase in both: apoptotic sperm (YO-PRO-1(+)/PI(-)) and early apoptotic sperm (annexin-V(+)/PI(-)) were observed between Day 0 (fresh semen) and Day A only in semen from three of the five boars. In the second series of experiments, the semen from boar nos. 1, 2, and 3 was selected for insemination of superovulated gilts. The fertilizing capacity of fresh and stored semen with different levels of apoptotic spermatozoa was measured based on the morphology and the number of cells of embryos that were obtained after insemination with this semen. Our studies indicated no significant differences in the fertilization rate of gilts after insemination with fresh and stored semen with increased levels of apoptotic spermatozoa. After insemination with stored semen, a significantly greater number of degenerated embryos were observed, but the morphologically normal blastocysts obtained after insemination with either fresh or stored semen had a similar number of nuclei.
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Stemberger J, Witt V, Printz D, Geyeregger R, Fritsch G. Novel single-platform multiparameter FCM analysis of apoptosis: Significant differences between wash and no-wash procedure. Cytometry A 2011; 77:1075-81. [PMID: 20872888 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
FCM is a generally accepted tool to analyze apoptosis. Unfortunately, the cell preparation of all commercial kits available includes cell washing known to cause cell loss which is most likely to affect apoptotic cells in particular. To address this, we developed a seven-color single-platform no-wash analysis technique and compared the results with those from an analogous procedure including cell washing. A five-color mAb cocktail was employed to address target cells by surface labeling, Yo-PRO-1® and DAPI were used to discriminate apoptotic and necrotic from viable cells. Cells were quantified on the basis of internal-standard fluorescent beads. Jurkat cells ACC 282 treated with camptothecin were employed to establish the staining procedure, which was then applied to blood cells collected by extracorporeal apheresis and treated with UV irradiation. Data evaluation showed that although each method by itself was highly reproducible (R(2) = 0.973), the numbers of apoptotic cells detected with the no-wash procedure were significantly higher than those obtained after cell washing (P = 6.6 E(-5), Wilcoxon Test). In addition, the observed differences increased with higher cell numbers (Bland and Altmann). We conclude that the described test is a feasible and reliable tool for apoptosis measurement and it provides results that are definitely closer to the truth than those obtained from kits that require cell washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stemberger
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
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122
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Andorfer P, Rotheneder H. EAPP: gatekeeper at the crossroad of apoptosis and p21-mediated cell-cycle arrest. Oncogene 2011; 30:2679-90. [PMID: 21258403 PMCID: PMC3114185 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified and characterized E2F-associated phospho-protein (EAPP), a nuclear phosphoprotein that interacts with the activating members of the E2F transcription factor family. EAPP levels are frequently elevated in transformed human cells. To examine the biological relevance of EAPP, we studied its properties in stressed and unstressed cells. Overexpression of EAPP in U2OS cells increased the fraction of G1 cells and lead to heightened resistance against DNA damage- or E2F1-induced apoptosis in a p21-dependent manner. EAPP itself becomes upregulated in confluent cells and after DNA damage and stimulates the expression of p21 independently of p53. It binds to the p21 promoter and seems to be required for the assembly of the transcription initiation complex. RNAi-mediated knockdown of EAPP expression brought about increased sensitivity towards DNA damage and resulted in apoptosis even in the absence of stress. Our results indicate that the level of EAPP is critical for cellular homeostasis. Too much of it results in G1 arrest and resistance to apoptosis, which, paradoxically, might favor cellular transformation. Too little EAPP seems to retard the expression not only of the p21 gene, but also of a number of other genes and ultimately results in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andorfer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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123
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Macías García B, González Fernández L, Ortega Ferrusola C, Salazar-Sandoval C, Morillo Rodríguez A, Rodríguez Martinez H, Tapia JA, Morcuende D, Peña FJ. Membrane Lipids of the Stallion Spermatozoon in Relation to Sperm Quality and Susceptibility to Lipid Peroxidation. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:141-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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124
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Neagu V, García BM, Rodríguez AM, Ferrusola CO, Bolaños JG, Fernández LG, Tapia J, Peña F. Determination of glutation peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in canine seminal plasma and its relation with sperm quality and lipid peroxidation post thaw. Theriogenology 2011; 75:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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125
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Rapid quantification of cell viability and apoptosis in B-cell lymphoma cultures using cyanine SYTO probes. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 740:81-9. [PMID: 21468970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-108-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The gross majority of classical apoptotic hallmarks can be rapidly examined by multiparameter flow cytometry. As a result, cytometry became a technology of choice in diverse studies of cellular demise. In this context, a novel class of substituted unsymmetrical cyanine SYTO probes has recently become commercially available. Derived from thiazole orange, SYTO display low intrinsic fluorescence, with strong enhancement upon binding to DNA and/or RNA. Broad selection of excitation/emission spectra has recently driven implementation of SYTO dyes in polychromatic protocols with the detection of apoptosis being one of the most prominent applications In this chapter, we outline a handful of commonly used protocols for the assessment of apoptotic events using selected SYTO probes (SYTO 16, 62, 80) in conjunction with common plasma membrane permeability markers (PI, YO-PRO 1, 7-AAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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126
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Flors C. DNA and chromatin imaging with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy based on single-molecule localization. Biopolymers 2010; 95:290-7. [PMID: 21184489 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the expansion of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods, it is now possible to access the organization of cells and materials at the nanoscale by optical means. This review discusses recent progress in super-resolution imaging of isolated and cell DNA using single-molecule localization methods. A high labeling density of photoswitchable fluorophores is crucial for these techniques, which can be provided by sequence independent DNA stains in which photoblinking reactions can be induced. In particular, unsymmetrical cyanine intercalating dyes in combination with special buffers can be used to image isolated DNA with a spatial resolution of 30-40 nm. For super-resolution imaging of chromatin, cell permeant cyanine dyes that bind the minor groove of DNA have the potential to become a useful alternative to the labeling of histones and other DNA-associated proteins. Other recent developments that are interesting in this context such as high density labeling methods or new DNA probes with photoswitching functionalities are also surveyed. Progress in labeling, optics, and single-molecule localization algorithms is being rapid, and it is likely to provide real insight into DNA structuring in cells and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Flors
- School of Chemistry and Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy, Micromanipulation and Imaging Center (COSMIC), University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JJ Edinburgh, UK.
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127
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Pannexin 1 channels mediate 'find-me' signal release and membrane permeability during apoptosis. Nature 2010; 467:863-7. [PMID: 20944749 DOI: 10.1038/nature09413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells release 'find-me' signals at the earliest stages of death to recruit phagocytes. The nucleotides ATP and UTP represent one class of find-me signals, but their mechanism of release is not known. Here, we identify the plasma membrane channel pannexin 1 (PANX1) as a mediator of find-me signal/nucleotide release from apoptotic cells. Pharmacological inhibition and siRNA-mediated knockdown of PANX1 led to decreased nucleotide release and monocyte recruitment by apoptotic cells. Conversely, PANX1 overexpression enhanced nucleotide release from apoptotic cells and phagocyte recruitment. Patch-clamp recordings showed that PANX1 was basally inactive, and that induction of PANX1 currents occurred only during apoptosis. Mechanistically, PANX1 itself was a target of effector caspases (caspases 3 and 7), and a specific caspase-cleavage site within PANX1 was essential for PANX1 function during apoptosis. Expression of truncated PANX1 (at the putative caspase cleavage site) resulted in a constitutively open channel. PANX1 was also important for the 'selective' plasma membrane permeability of early apoptotic cells to specific dyes. Collectively, these data identify PANX1 as a plasma membrane channel mediating the regulated release of find-me signals and selective plasma membrane permeability during apoptosis, and a new mechanism of PANX1 activation by caspases.
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128
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Yoon IS, Au Q, Barber JR, Ng SC, Zhang B. Development of a high-throughput screening assay for cytoprotective agents in rotenone-induced cell death. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:205-10. [PMID: 20705047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease featured by selective loss of substantia nigra neurons. Rotenone administration in animals induces neurodegeneration accompanied by α-synuclein-positive Lewy body-like inclusions, recapturing typical histopathological features of PD. In an effort to screen for small-molecule agents to reverse rotenone-induced cytotoxicity, we developed and validated a sensitive and robust assay with neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. This assay was amenable to a high-throughput screening format with Z' factor of 0.56. Robotic screening of a bioactive compound library led to the identification of carnosic acid that can effectively protect cells from rotenone treatment. Using a high-content image-based assay and Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that carnosic acid protects cells from rotenone stress by significant induction of HSP70 expression. Therefore, the assay reported here can be used to identify novel cytoprotective agents for clinical therapeutics of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Sang Yoon
- Department of Biology, CytRx Corporation, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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129
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Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore reduces “apoptosis like” changes during cryopreservation of stallion spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2010; 74:458-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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130
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cytometry in cell necrobiology revisited. Recent advances and new vistas. Cytometry A 2010; 77:591-606. [PMID: 20235235 PMCID: PMC2975392 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade has passed since publication of the last review on "Cytometry in cell necrobiology." During these years we have witnessed many substantial developments in the field of cell necrobiology such as remarkable advancements in cytometric technologies and improvements in analytical biochemistry. The latest innovative platforms such as laser scanning cytometry, multispectral imaging cytometry, spectroscopic cytometry, and microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip solutions rapidly emerge as highly advantageous tools in cell necrobiology studies. Furthermore, we have recently gained substantial knowledge on alternative cell demise modes such as caspase-independent apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD), autophagy, necrosis-like PCD, or mitotic catastrophe, all with profound connotations to pathogenesis and treatment. Although detection of classical, caspase-dependent apoptosis is still the major ground for the advancement of cytometric techniques, there is an increasing demand for novel analytical tools to rapidly quantify noncanonical modes of cell death. This review highlights the key developments warranting a renaissance and evolution of cytometric techniques in the field of cell necrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Bioelectronics Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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131
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Kohler JE, Dubach JM, Naik HB, Tai K, Blass AL, Soybel DI. Monochloramine-induced toxicity and dysregulation of intracellular Zn2+ in parietal cells of rabbit gastric glands. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G170-8. [PMID: 20430873 PMCID: PMC2904116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00355.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) is a potent, thiol-directed oxidant capable of oxidizing thiol (S-H) residues in a wide variety of proteins. Generated in the stomach by the interaction of bacterial and host products, monochloramine has been shown to dysregulate Ca(2+) homeostasis and disrupt mucosal integrity. In this report, we show that monochloramine also leads to disturbances in intracellular free zinc concentration ([Zn(2+)](i)) in the gastric gland of the rabbit and that the increased Zn(2+) within the cell causes an independent decrease in cell viability. Changes in [Zn(2+)](i) were measured by using the fluorescent reporter FluoZin-3, whereas cell viability was assessed by measuring the conversion of calcein-AM to fluorescent calcein, an assay that is not affected by intracellular oxidation state. Cell death was confirmed using propidium iodide and YO-PRO-1 dye uptake measurements. Our experiments demonstrate that [Zn(2+)](i) is increased in gastric glands exposed to NH(2)Cl and that elevated [Zn(2+)](i) decreases cell viability. Chelation of Zn(2+) with tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine decreases the toxicity of NH(2)Cl, but only when administered concurrently. These findings suggest that the toxic effect of thiol oxidants present during chronic gastritis is partially due to dysregulation of [Zn(2+)](i) early in the process and that zinc chelation can protect, but not rescue, gastric glands exposed to toxic doses of NH(2)Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Kohler
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. Matthew Dubach
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haley B. Naik
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaniza Tai
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy L. Blass
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David I. Soybel
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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132
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Beebe SJ, Ford WE, Ren W, Chen X, Schoenbach KH. Non-ionizing radiation with nanosecond pulsed electric fields as a cancer treatment: in vitro studies. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010; 2009:6509-12. [PMID: 19964169 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5333139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a major risk to the health and well being among populations around the world. A new method using ion-ionizing radiation with nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) provides a novel means to treat cancer at local sites. NsPEFs promote cell death in several cell types and here we investigated mechanisms for cell death induction. In murine B16f10 melanoma, murine E4 squamous carcinoma, murine Hep1-6 and human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma, nsPEFs induced cell death in 90-95% of cells. Cell death coincides with decreases in the mitochondria membrane potential, increases in YO-PRO-1 uptake and active caspases in the presence or absence of cytochrome c release. The results indicate that nsPEFs induced cell death by multiple apoptosis mechanisms that involve mitochondrial responses, but not necessarily through cytochrome c release. Further, these in vitro studies suggest a potential to induce cell death that bypasses cancer mechanisms that evade apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Beebe
- Eastern Virginia Medical School and Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, USA.
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133
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Shi Y, Wang F, He J, Yadav S, Wang H. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells through the caspase 8/t-Bid-independent mitochondrial pathway. Toxicol Lett 2010; 196:21-7. [PMID: 20362650 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To understand the underlying mechanism for apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP), human airway epithelial cell line was cultured to investigate the relevant apoptosis pathways. Our results showed that the levels of reactive oxygen species and morphological apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner whereas cell viability decreased in a similar manner in response to TNP exposure in the BEAS-2B cells. The activities of caspase 3 and PARP were also increased in parallel to the morphological apoptosis. Levels of caspase 9 increased significantly whereas there were no detectable changes in caspase 8 and t-Bid in the TNP treated cells. Caspase 9 inhibition blocked the TNP-induced activation of caspase 3 significantly. The levels of bax, cytochrome C, p53 and bcl-2 also changed reflecting the activation of intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Our results provide solid evidence that apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells exposed to TNP occurred via a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway independent of caspase 8/t-Bid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Shi
- Environmental Health Science & Cancer Center, 1440 Canal Street, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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134
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Bryła M, Trzcińska M, Wieczorek J, Słomski R, Smorag Z. Effect of semen quality in transgenic boars on the developmental competence of preimplantation embryos. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 118:77-82. [PMID: 19592183 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the fertilising capacity of sperm from 6 transgenic (TG) and 6 non-transgenic (NTG) boars based on analyses of embryos resulting from insemination with sperm from these particular boars. Expanded blastocysts were collected from five groups of synchronised gilts (six gilts per group) inseminated by TG boars bearing a gene construct containing the human alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase gene and by NTG boars. The ejaculates used for insemination were analysed to detect apoptotic changes using two fluorescence methods: an assay to assess early changes in the membrane integrity of the sperm using the YO-PRO-1 fluorophore and an assay for phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation across the plasma membranes using fluorescein-labelled Annexin-V. Our results, using a combination of YO-PRO-1 and PI fluorophores, revealed no significant differences in the percentage of sperm subpopulations between non-transgenic and transgenic boars (P<0.01). Moreover, the second fluorescent probe also revealed no significant differences between the average values of live (Ann-V(-)/PI(-)), early apoptotic (Ann-V(+)/PI(-)), and late apoptotic/early necrotic sperm (Ann-V(+)/PI(+)) as calculated for TG and NTG boars. Only the percentage of necrotic sperm (Ann-V(-)/PI(+)) was significantly different (P<0.05) between transgenic and non-transgenic boars (3.4%+/-2.7; 7.2%+/-2.1, respectively). The quality of the preimplantation embryos at the blastocyst stage was determined by counting the number of cells, observing a TUNEL-positive reaction and by caspase-3 labelling. We found that expanded blastocysts that were derived from gilts inseminated with TG and NTG boar semen showed almost no DNA fragmentation (80%) and 70% caspase-3 activity. The expanded blastocysts that were derived from gilts inseminated with TG and NTG boar semen did not differ significantly in their DNA fragmentation, and there were no differences in caspase-3 activity. These results revealed a positive correlation between the percentage of blastocysts with TUNEL-positive nuclei and the percentage of blastocysts with caspase-3 activity (r=0.9787; P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bryła
- Department of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Kraków, Poland.
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135
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Induction of E-cadherin in lung cancer and interaction with growth suppression by histone deacetylase inhibition. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 4:1455-65. [PMID: 20009910 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181bc9419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loss of E-cadherin confers a poor prognosis in lung cancer patients and is associated with in vitro resistance to endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors. Zinc finger E box-binding homeobox (ZEB)-1, the predominant transcriptional suppressor of E-cadherin in lung tumor lines, recruits histone deacetylases (HDACs) as co-repressors. METHODS NSCLC cell lines were treated with HDAC inhibitors and analyzed for E-cadherin induction, growth inhibition and apoptosis. National Cancer Institute-H157 cells expressing ectopic E-cadherin were tested for tumorigenicity in murine xenografts. RESULTS We found that treatment with MS-275, compared to vorinostat (SAHA), valproic acid or trichostatin A, was most effective in E-cadherin up-regulation and persistence in non-small cell lung cancers. As with other tumor types and HDAC inhibitors, MS-275 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis. Importantly, blocking E-cadherin induction by short hairpin RNA resulted in less inhibition by MS-275, implicating the epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype process as a contributing factor. In contrast to H460 and H661, H157 cells were resistant to E-cadherin up-regulation by HDAC inhibitors. However, E-cadherin was restored, in a synergistic manner, by combined knockdown of ZEB-1 and ZEB-2. In addition, H157 cells stably transfected with E-cadherin were markedly attenuated in their tumor forming ability. Lastly, combining MS-275 with the microtubule stabilizing agent, paclitaxel, or 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, resulted in synergistic growth inhibition. Since MS-275 has no reported activity against HDAC6, which regulates both microtubule and heat shock protein 90 functions, other mechanisms of synergy are anticipated. CONCLUSIONS These results support the role of ZEB proteins and HDAC inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of lung cancer.
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Freezing dog semen in presence of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene improves postthaw sperm membrane integrity. Theriogenology 2010; 73:645-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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137
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Yang J, Takahashi Y, Cheng E, Liu J, Terranova PF, Zhao B, Thrasher JB, Wang HG, Li B. GSK-3beta promotes cell survival by modulating Bif-1-dependent autophagy and cell death. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:861-70. [PMID: 20159967 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.060475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3beta) is constantly active in cells and its activity increases after serum deprivation, indicating that GSK-3beta might play a major role in cell survival under serum starvation. In this study, we attempted to determine how GSK-3beta promotes cell survival after serum depletion. Under full culture conditions (10% FBS), GSK-3beta inhibition with chemical inhibitors or siRNAs failed to induce cell death in human prostate cancer cells. By contrast, under conditions of serum starvation, a profound necrotic cell death was observed as evidenced by cellular morphologic features and biochemical markers. Further analysis revealed that GSK-3beta-inhibition-induced cell death was in parallel with an extensive autophagic response. Interestingly, blocking the autophagic response switched GSK-3beta-inhibition-induced necrosis to apoptotic cell death. Finally, GSK-3beta inhibition resulted in a remarkable elevation of Bif-1 protein levels, and silencing Bif-1 expression abrogated GSK-3beta-inhibition-induced autophagic response and cell death. Taken together, our study suggests that GSK-3beta promotes cell survival by modulating Bif-1-dependent autophagic response and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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138
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Ramirez CN, Antczak C, Djaballah H. Cell viability assessment: toward content-rich platforms. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:223-33. [PMID: 22823019 DOI: 10.1517/17460441003596685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Monitoring cell viability in vitro is critical in many areas of biomedical research, and the ultimate goal in drug discovery is the ability to predict the in vivo toxicology of drug candidates based on their toxicity profile in vitro. Over the last decade, the contribution of high-throughput screening toward this goal has been tremendous, providing the ability to screen compounds in parallel against multiple cell types. However, the toxic effects of drug candidates uncovered during clinical trials are by far the main reason for their failure. Over the same period, our understanding of programmed cell death has evolved dramatically with the identification of critical control points in the cell death pathways. As a result, cell viability should no longer be characterized solely on the basis of discrete end point measurements such as membrane permeability. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review summarizes the traditional viability assays currently commercially available, focusing on methods amenable to high density format. Assays categorized into the following classes are discussed: dye exclusion assays, DNA condensation-based assays and assays monitoring a metabolic function. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN We describe current approaches for assessing cell viability and, using case studies, emphasize their limitations. As an alternative, we propose the use of live, multiplexed readouts to accurately record cell death induction. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Current low-content methods based on single parameter readouts are prone to error due to the heterogeneity of cell populations and the multi-faceted nature of cell death. High-content approaches based on continuous, multiplexed readouts are becoming increasingly important for monitoring multiple markers of cell death induction simultaneously on a cell by cell basis. The use of such content-rich platforms is a necessity to predict the toxicology of drug candidates accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nicole Ramirez
- HTS Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, NY 10065, USA
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139
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Domínguez-Rebolledo ÁE, Fernández-Santos MR, Bisbal A, Ros-Santaella JL, Ramón M, Carmona M, Martínez-Pastor F, Garde JJ. Improving the effect of incubation and oxidative stress on thawed spermatozoa from red deer by using different antioxidant treatments. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:856-70. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants could improve sperm media, extending the viability of spermatozoa and protecting their DNA. The protective ability of lipoic acid, melatonin, Trolox and crocin was tested on red deer spermatozoa incubated at 37°C. Cryopreserved spermatozoa were thawed and incubated with 1 mM or 0.1 mM of each antioxidant, with or without oxidative stress (100 μM Fe2+). Motility (CASA), viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and acrosomal status were assessed. Lipoperoxidation (malondialdehyde production), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA status (TUNEL) were checked at 4 h. Incubation alone increased ROS and decreased motility. Oxidative stress intensified these effects, increasing lipoperoxidation and DNA damage. Lipoic acid had little protective effect, whereas 1 mM melatonin showed limited protection. Trolox lowered ROS and lipoperoxidation both in oxidised and non-oxidised samples. In oxidised samples, Trolox prevented DNA and acrosomal damage, and ameliorated motility. Crocin at 1 mM showed similar results to Trolox, but noticeably stimulated motility and had no effect on lipoperoxidation. In a second experiment, a broader range of crocin and melatonin concentrations were tested, confirming the effects of crocin (positive effects noticeable at 0.5–0.75 mM), but showing an increase in lipoperoxidation at 2 mM. Melatonin was increasingly effective at 2.5 and 5 mM (ROS, lipoperoxidation and DNA status). Crocin seems a promising new antioxidant, but its particular effects on sperm physiology must be further studied, especially the consequences of motility stimulation and confirming its effect on lipoperoxidation. Melatonin might be useful at relatively high concentrations, compared to Trolox.
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140
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Flors C. Photoswitching of monomeric and dimeric DNA-intercalating cyanine dyes for super-resolution microscopy applications. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:643-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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141
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Michałowicz J, Sicińska P. Chlorophenols and chlorocatechols induce apoptosis in human lymphocytes (in vitro). Toxicol Lett 2009; 191:246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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142
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Ortega Ferrusola C, González Fernández L, Macías García B, Salazar-Sandoval C, Morillo Rodríguez A, Rodríguez Martinez H, Tapia J, Peña F. Effect of Cryopreservation on Nitric Oxide Production by Stallion Spermatozoa1. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:1106-11. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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143
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Vernier PT, Levine ZA, Wu YH, Joubert V, Ziegler MJ, Mir LM, Tieleman DP. Electroporating fields target oxidatively damaged areas in the cell membrane. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7966. [PMID: 19956595 PMCID: PMC2779261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible electropermeabilization (electroporation) is widely used to facilitate the introduction of genetic material and pharmaceutical agents into living cells. Although considerable knowledge has been gained from the study of real and simulated model membranes in electric fields, efforts to optimize electroporation protocols are limited by a lack of detailed understanding of the molecular basis for the electropermeabilization of the complex biomolecular assembly that forms the plasma membrane. We show here, with results from both molecular dynamics simulations and experiments with living cells, that the oxidation of membrane components enhances the susceptibility of the membrane to electropermeabilization. Manipulation of the level of oxidative stress in cell suspensions and in tissues may lead to more efficient permeabilization procedures in the laboratory and in clinical applications such as electrochemotherapy and electrotransfection-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thomas Vernier
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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144
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Costea DE, Lukandu O, Bui L, Ibrahim MJM, Lygre R, Neppelberg E, Ibrahim SO, Vintermyr OK, Johannessen AC. Adverse effects of Sudanese toombak vs. Swedish snuff on human oral cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 39:128-40. [PMID: 19804503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high incidence of oral cancer in Sudan has been associated with the use of toombak, the local type of smokeless tobacco. However, its specific effects on human oral cells are not known. We aimed to investigate the effects of toombak on primary normal human oral keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and a dysplastic oral keratinocytic cell line, and to compare them with the effects induced by Swedish snuff. METHOD Aqueous extracts were prepared from moist toombak and Swedish snuff and added in serial dilutions on in vitro monolayer cultured cells. Cell viability, morphology and growth, DNA double-strand breaks (gammaH2AX staining), expression of phosphatidylserine (Annexin V staining), and cell cycle were assessed after various exposure time periods. RESULTS Significant decrease in cell number, occurrence of DNA double-strain breaks, morphological and biochemical signs of programmed cell death were detected in all oral cell types exposed to clinically relevant dilutions of toombak extract, although to a lesser extent in normal oral fibroblasts and dysplastic keratinocytes. G2/M-block was also detected in normal oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to clinically relevant dilutions of toombak extract. Swedish snuff extract had less adverse effects on oral cells, mainly at non-clinically relevant dilutions. CONCLUSION This study indicates a potential for toombak, higher than for Swedish snuff, to damage human oral epithelium. Dysplastic oral keratinocytes were less sensitive than their normal counterparts, suggesting that they might have acquired a partially resistant phenotype to toombak-induced cytotoxic effects while still being prone to DNA damage that could lead to further malignant progression.
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145
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Ito S, Itoga K, Yamato M, Akamatsu H, Okano T. The co-application effects of fullerene and ascorbic acid on UV-B irradiated mouse skin. Toxicology 2009; 267:27-38. [PMID: 19800932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of fullerene as a pro-oxidant or anti-oxidant in Ultraviolet B ray (UV-B)-induced disorders in mouse skin was investigated. Fullerene gave no photo-toxic effect to UV-B-irradiated mouse skin. Since erythema was concentrated at the pore circumference in a UV-B irradiation experiment in mouse skin, the sebaceous gland pairs was strongly implicated as a site for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In a histological evaluation of the skin stained with CH(3)MDFDA (ROS index) and YO-Pro-1 (apoptosis index), the fluorescence intensity of a sebaceous gland significantly increased with UV-B irradiation. With the application of fullerene to UV-irradiated mouse skin, no toxicity was recognized in comparison with the control, and erythema, the ROS index, and the apoptosis index decrease with the application of fullerene. Ascorbyl radical (AA*) increased with the application of ascorbate (AA) to UV-B-irradiated mouse skin, and AA* decreased with the application of fullerene. The co-application of AA and fullerene, which suppressed AA* in vitro, significantly suppressed erythema, and also suppressed both the ROS index and apoptosis index in mouse skin after UV-B irradiation. In both mouse skin at 48 h after UV-B irradiation and in an attempt to reproduce this phenomenon artificially in vitro, a similar high AA* peak (AA*/H*>4) was observed in electron spin resonance (ESR) charts. The binding of fullerene with AA impairs the Fenton reaction between AA and Fe-protein based on the observation of ascorbate-specific UV absorption and a linear equation for the calibration curve. Therefore, fullerene may impair the intercalation of AA to a heme pocket by binding with AA. These results suggest that the co-application of AA and fullerene is effective against oxidative skin damage caused by UV-B irradiation, and the development of an AA* inhibitor such as fullerene should be useful for reducing organ damage associated with Fe-protein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Ito
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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146
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Trzcińska M, Bryła M, Bochenek M, Słomski R, Smorag Z. Assessment of plasma membrane and chromatin structure of sperm from transgenic and non-transgenic boars. Theriogenology 2009; 72:1141-7. [PMID: 19765812 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the apoptotic changes and chromatin damage in non-transgenic and transgenic boars carrying the human alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase gene. Five ejaculates were collected from six transgenic (TG) and six non-transgenic (NTG) boars. Five ejaculates were collected from six transgenic (TG) and six non-transgenic (NTG) boars both crossbreds of Polish Landrace and Large White. Two fluorescence methods were employed to measure apoptosis: an assay to assess the early changes in sperm membrane integrity using fluorophore YO-PRO-1 and an assay for phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation across the plasma membrane using fluorescein-labeled Annexin-V. The chromatin damage was assessed based on the sperm chromatin structure assay method. No significant differences in the proportion of all detected subpopulations of spermatozoa were found between TG and NTG boars. Similarly, the analysis of the chromatin structure revealed no statistical differences in the sperm chromatin damage between TG and NTG boars. In conclusion, the presence of the human alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase gene in the genome of TG boars did not cause any spermatogenesis process disturbances leading to the increased production of apoptotic spermatozoa. Moreover, the low level of sperm with damaged chromatin in TG boars confirms the high stability of the spermatogenesis process in the TG boars analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trzcińska
- Department of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice/Kraków, Poland.
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147
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, McGuinness D, Faley S, Kolch W, Darzynkiewicz Z, Cooper JM. Chip-based dynamic real-time quantification of drug-induced cytotoxicity in human tumor cells. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6952-9. [PMID: 19572560 PMCID: PMC3977701 DOI: 10.1021/ac9010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell cytotoxicity tests are among the most common bioassays using flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging analysis. The permeability of plasma membranes to charged fluorescent probes serves, in these assays, as a marker distinguishing live from dead cells. Since it is generally assumed that probes, such as propidium iodide (PI) or 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD), are themselves cytotoxic, they are currently generally used only as the end-point markers of assays for live versus dead cells. In the current study, we provide novel insights into potential applications of these classical plasma membrane integrity markers in the dynamic tracking of drug-induced cytotoxicity. We show that treatment of a number of different human tumor cell lines in cultures for up to 72 h with the PI, 7-AAD, SYTOX Green (SY-G), SYTOX Red (SY-R), TO-PRO, and YO-PRO had no effect on cell viability assessed by the integrity of plasma membrane, cell cycle progression, and rate of proliferation. We subsequently explore the potential of dynamic labeling with these markers in real-time analysis, by comparing results from both conventional cytometry and microfluidic chips. Considering the simplicity of the staining protocols and their low cost combined with the potential for real-time data collection, we show how that real-time fluorescent imaging and Lab-on-a-Chip platforms have the potential to be used for automated drug screening routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Bioelectronics Research Center, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, U.K
| | - Joanna Skommer
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Dagmara McGuinness
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Shannon Faley
- The Bioelectronics Research Center, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, U.K
| | - Walter Kolch
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, U.K
| | | | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- The Bioelectronics Research Center, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT Glasgow, U.K
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Macías García B, Morrell J, Ortega-Ferrusola C, González-Fernández L, Tapia J, Rodriguez-Martínez H, Peña F. Centrifugation on a single layer of colloid selects improved quality spermatozoa from frozen-thawed stallion semen. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 114:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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149
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Cell death and proliferation in acute slices and organotypic cultures of mammalian CNS. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:221-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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150
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Brasnu E, Brignole-Baudouin F, Riancho L, Guenoun JM, Warnet JM, Baudouin C. In VitroEffects of Preservative-Free Tafluprost and Preserved Latanoprost, Travoprost, and Bimatoprost in a Conjunctival Epithelial Cell Line. Curr Eye Res 2009; 33:303-12. [PMID: 18398704 DOI: 10.1080/02713680801971857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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