101
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Hsu J, Bramhill D, Thompson CM. Open complex formation by DnaA initiation protein at the Escherichia coli chromosomal origin requires the 13-mers precisely spaced relative to the 9-mers. Mol Microbiol 1994; 11:903-11. [PMID: 8022267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The 245 bp chromosomal origin, oriC, of Escherichia coli contains two iterated motifs. Three 13-mers tandemly repeated at one end of the origin and four 9-mers in a nearby segment of oriC are highly conserved in enteric bacteria, as is the distance separating these two sequence clusters. Mutant origins were constructed with altered spacing of the 9-mers relative to the 13-mers. Loss or addition of even a single base drastically reduced replication, both in vivo and in vitro. Spacing mutant origins bound effectively to DnaA protein but failed to support efficient open complex formation. These results suggest that interaction with the 9-mers positions at least one subunit of DnaA to recognize directly the nearest 13-mer for DNA melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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102
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Skarstad K, Boye E. The initiator protein DnaA: evolution, properties and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1217:111-30. [PMID: 8110826 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Skarstad
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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103
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Marszalek J, Kaguni J. DnaA protein directs the binding of DnaB protein in initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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104
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105
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Nitiss JL. Roles of DNA topoisomerases in chromosomal replication and segregation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1994; 29A:103-34. [PMID: 7826854 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Nitiss
- Developmental Therapeutics Section, Childrens Hospital, Los Angeles, California
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106
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Zimmerman SB. Macromolecular crowding effects on macromolecular interactions: some implications for genome structure and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1216:175-85. [PMID: 8241257 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Zimmerman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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107
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Analysis of a replication initiation sequence from the adenosine deaminase region of the mouse genome. Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 8413198 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4-kb HindIII fragment that supported the efficient autonomous replication of plasmid vector pDY-, a replication-defective construct based on Epstein-Barr virus sequences, in human K562 cells was rescued from amplified double-minute chromosomes containing the murine adenosine deaminase locus. Polymerase chain reaction assays of size-fractionated nascent strands demonstrated that replication initiation occurred within the same 1- to 2-kb region of this fragment in autonomously replicating plasmids containing the sequence in either orientation, in double-minute chromosomes, and in the single-copy locus at its normal chromosomal location. The complete sequence of this fragment was determined; it contains a 248-bp polypurine tract and consensus binding site sequences for several putative transcription and replication factors.
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108
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Virta-Pearlman VJ, Gunaratne PH, Chinault AC. Analysis of a replication initiation sequence from the adenosine deaminase region of the mouse genome. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:5931-42. [PMID: 8413198 PMCID: PMC364638 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.5931-5942.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4-kb HindIII fragment that supported the efficient autonomous replication of plasmid vector pDY-, a replication-defective construct based on Epstein-Barr virus sequences, in human K562 cells was rescued from amplified double-minute chromosomes containing the murine adenosine deaminase locus. Polymerase chain reaction assays of size-fractionated nascent strands demonstrated that replication initiation occurred within the same 1- to 2-kb region of this fragment in autonomously replicating plasmids containing the sequence in either orientation, in double-minute chromosomes, and in the single-copy locus at its normal chromosomal location. The complete sequence of this fragment was determined; it contains a 248-bp polypurine tract and consensus binding site sequences for several putative transcription and replication factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Virta-Pearlman
- Institute for Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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109
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110
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Allen GC, Dixon NE, Kornberg A. Strand switching of a replicative DNA helicase promoted by the E. coli primosome. Cell 1993; 74:713-22. [PMID: 8395352 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90518-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The E. coli primosome assembles at an origin on a single-stranded DNA, like that of phi X174, to promote replication of that template. Upon conversion to the duplex form, the primosome can generate a rolling circle product from this template. Rolling circle synthesis implies the transfer of the DnaB helicase from its initial loading site on the viral strand to a displaced complementary strand. Isolated primosomes promote only unit-length synthesis; supplementation with PriC, DnaC, and DnaT is necessary to reconstitute rolling circle synthesis. Rolling circle replication is sensitive to salts, whereas primosome assembly and unit-length synthesis are not. Thus, the primosome promotes two distinct reactions: assembly for first-round synthesis and strand switching for rolling circle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Allen
- Department of Biochemistry Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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111
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Hupp T, Kaguni J. DnaA5 protein is thermolabile in initiation of replication from the chromosomal origin of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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112
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Hupp T, Kaguni J. Activation of DnaA5 protein by GrpE and DnaK heat shock proteins in initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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113
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Ma X, Saitoh N, Curtis P. Purification and characterization of a nuclear DNA-binding factor complex containing topoisomerase II and chromosome scaffold protein 2. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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114
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115
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Tuccari G, Rizzo A, Giuffrè G, Barresi G. Immunocytochemical detection of DNA topoisomerase type II in primary breast carcinomas: correlation with clinico-pathological features. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1993; 423:51-5. [PMID: 8212534 DOI: 10.1007/bf01606432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase type II (DT-II) is a major component of interphase nuclear matrix fractions, present in S-phase of the cell cycle. A series of 80 carcinomatous breast surgical samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using a polyclonal antibody in a comparison with Ki-67 antiserum. A correlation with clinico-pathological data was also performed. Infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinomas constantly express DT-II with varying intensity of nuclear staining; a similar immunohistochemical pattern is observed with Ki-67. A frequent co-expression of DT-II and Ki-67 is encountered with double immunostaining; accordingly to these data, a linear relationship is evident when linear regression is employed. In addition, significant relationships between DT-II values and tumour size, histological grade and node involvement are shown, while an inverse correlation is appreciable between DT-II and oestrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. DT-II may be considered to be an additional operational marker for the proliferating fraction of cells in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Italy
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116
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Foster PL, Marinus MG. Levels of epsilon, an essential replication subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III, are controlled by heat shock proteins. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:7509-16. [PMID: 1332935 PMCID: PMC207460 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.23.7509-7516.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, epsilon, the proofreading subunit of DNA polymerase III, is encoded by dnaQ. A random search for mutants that affect the expression of dnaQ revealed that mutations in the genes encoding the heat shock proteins (HSPs) DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE result in dramatic decreases in the cellular levels of epsilon. dnaQ is arranged in an overlapping divergent transcriptional unit with rnhA, which encodes RNase H1, and mutations in the same HSPs also reduced the apparent levels of RNase H1. The HSPs had only small effects on transcriptional fusions to these genes; thus, it is likely that they operate primarily at the protein level. Since survival and mutagenesis after DNA damage are affected by epsilon and RNase H1, HSPs may have a broad influence on various aspects of DNA replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Foster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts 02118
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117
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Carter JR, Franden MA, Aebersold R, McHenry CS. Molecular cloning, sequencing, and overexpression of the structural gene encoding the delta subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:7013-25. [PMID: 1400251 PMCID: PMC207382 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.21.7013-7025.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an oligonucleotide hybridization probe, we have mapped the structural gene for the delta subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme to 14.6 centisomes of the chromosome. This gene, designated holA, was cloned and sequenced. The sequence of holA matches precisely four amino acid sequences obtained for the amino terminus of delta and three internal tryptic peptides. A holA-overproducing plasmid that directs the expression of delta up to 4% of the soluble protein was constructed. Sequence analysis of holA revealed a 1,029-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 38,703 Da. holA may reside downstream of rlpB in an operon, perhaps representing yet another link between structural genes for the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and proteins involved in membrane biogenesis. These and other features are discussed in terms of genetic regulation of delta-subunit synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Genetics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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118
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Marszalek J, Kaguni J. Defective replication activity of a dominant-lethal dnaB gene product from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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119
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Stamford NP, Lilley PE, Dixon NE. Enriched sources of Escherichia coli replication proteins. The dnaG primase is a zinc metalloprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1132:17-25. [PMID: 1511009 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primase, the product of the Escherichia coli dnaG gene, is the enzyme responsible for RNA primer synthesis on both template strands at replication forks during chromosomal DNA synthesis. The dnaG gene was modified by replacement of the natural ribosome-binding site with one complementary to the 3' end of 16S rRNA, and then inserted downstream of tandem bacteriophage lambda PR and PL promoters in the pUC9-derived vector pCE30. Following thermal induction of transcription, the resulting plasmid pPL195 directed synthesis of primase activity to levels corresponding to approx. 120,000 molecules per cell. The overproduced protein was soluble and was readily purified in high yield (31 mg per 1 of culture). Purified primase was monomeric, was fully active in priming replication at the bacteriophage G4 complementary strand origin, and was shown to contain 0.92 +/- 0.08 g atom of tightly-bound zinc per mol of protein. Potential zinc-binding amino-acid residues near the N-terminus of the protein were identified. Although a mutant primase lacking 27 amino acid residues from the N-terminus was partly soluble, it was completely inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Stamford
- Centre for Molecular Structure and Function, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
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120
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Lee E, Kornberg A. Features of replication fork blockage by the Escherichia coli terminus-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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121
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IciA protein, a specific inhibitor of initiation of Escherichia coli chromosomal replication. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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122
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Quiñones A, Jueterbock WR, Messer W. DNA lesions that block DNA replication are responsible for the dnaA induction caused by DNA damage. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 231:81-7. [PMID: 1753947 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The initiation protein DnaA of Escherichia coli regulates its own expression autogenously by binding to a 9 bp consensus sequence, the dnaA box, between the promoters dnaAP1 and dnaAP2. In this study, we analysed dnaA regulation in relation to DNA damage and found dnaA expression to be inducible by DNA lesions that inhibit DNA replication. On the other hand, coding DNA lesions were not able to induce dnaA expression. These results suggest that an additional regulatory mechanism is involved in dnaA gene expression and that DnaA protein may play a role in cellular responses to DNA damage. Furthermore, they strongly suggest that in response to DNA replication inhibition by DNA damage, and enhanced (re)initiation capacity is induced by oriC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Quiñones
- Institut für Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle/S., FRG
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123
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Allen G, Kornberg A. Fine balance in the regulation of DnaB helicase by DnaC protein in replication in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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124
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McHenry C. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Components, structure, and mechanism of a true replicative complex. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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125
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Mechanism of DNA A protein-dependent pBR322 DNA replication. DNA A protein-mediated trans-strand loading of the DNA B protein at the origin of pBR322 DNA. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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126
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Abstract
Unmethylated, fully methylated, and hemimethylated oriC-containing plasmids were assayed as substrates for DNA replication in vitro by using a system reconstituted with pure proteins. In contrast to the in vivo situation, all three substrates were initiated efficiently; the fully methylated plasmid was about twice as active as the other two.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boye
- Department of Biophysics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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127
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Yoda K, Okazaki T. Specificity of recognition sequence for Escherichia coli primase. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 227:1-8. [PMID: 1828532 DOI: 10.1007/bf00260698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have surveyed the frequency of each of 64 trinucleotide permutations at every nucleotide frame located from 1 to 15 nucleotides upstream of primer RNA-DNA transition sites mapped within a 1.5 kb region of the bacteriophage lambda genome and a 1.4 kb region of the Escherichia coli genome. We have demonstrated that in both systems initiation of DNA synthesis strongly correlates with a CAG sequence located 11 nucleotides upstream of the DNA start sites. Based on the examination of various reports of the priming reaction catalyzed by E. coli primase in vivo and in vitro, we propose that (i) E. coli primase itself recognizes a 3'GTC 5' sequence on the template strand, (ii) DnaB helicase releases the specificity of E. coli primase and, (iii) the consensus recognition sequence for E. coli primase associated with DnaB helicase is 3'PuPyPy 5'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoda
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
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128
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Quiñones A, Jüterbock WR, Messer W. Expression of the dnaA gene of Escherichia coli is inducible by DNA damage. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 227:9-16. [PMID: 1904539 DOI: 10.1007/bf00260699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The DnaA protein is the key DNA initiation protein in Escherichia coli. Using transcriptional and translational fusions, comparative S1 nuclease mapping and immunoblot analysis, the regulation of dnaA in relation to inducible responses to DNA damage was studied. We found that DNA damage caused by mitomycin C (MC) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) led to a significant induction of the dnaA gene. These results strongly suggest that in response to DNA damage which inhibits DNA replication, an increased initiation capacity is induced at oriC and that, in addition to the known auto-repression, a new regulatory mechanism may be involved in the control of dnaA gene expression. Furthermore, this mechanism might be indirectly related to the SOS regulon, because lexA and recA mutants, which block the induction of the SOS response, prevent dnaA induction by MMS and MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Quiñones
- Wissenschaftsbereich Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle, Saale, FRG
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129
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130
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Orlowski R, Miller G. Single-stranded structures are present within plasmids containing the Epstein-Barr virus latent origin of replication. J Virol 1991; 65:677-86. [PMID: 1846191 PMCID: PMC239807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.2.677-686.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent origin of plasmid replication (oriP) contains two essential regions, a family of repeats with 20 imperfect copies of a 30-bp sequence and a dyad symmetry element with four similar 30-bp repeats. Each of the repeats has an internal palindromic sequence and can bind EBNA 1, a protein that together with oriP constitutes the only viral element necessary for EBV maintenance and replication. Using single-strand-specific nucleases, we have probed plasmids containing oriP-derived sequences for the presence of secondary structural elements. Multiple single-stranded structures were detected within the oriP region. Of the two essential elements of oriP, the family of repeats seemed to extrude these structures at a much higher frequency than did sequences within the dyad symmetry region. Though negative supercoiling was found to stabilize the single-stranded structures, they showed significant stability even after linearization of the oriP plasmids. Two major single-stranded structures detected involved approximately 12 bp of DNA. These loci could be transiently unwound regions that form because of negative supercoiling and the high A + T content of this region of DNA, or they could be cruciform structures extruded within the palindromic sequences of oriP that may be important sites for protein-DNA interactions in the EBV oriP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Orlowski
- Department Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510-8064
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131
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132
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Aggregated dnaA protein is dissociated and activated for DNA replication by phospholipase or dnaK protein. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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133
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Hwang DS, Kornberg A. A novel protein binds a key origin sequence to block replication of an E. coli minichromosome. Cell 1990; 63:325-31. [PMID: 2208289 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90165-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A sequence of three tandem repeats of a 13-mer in the replication origin (oriC) of E. coli is the highly conserved site of opening of the duplex for initiation of DNA synthesis. A protein that binds this sequence has been discovered in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. This novel 33 kd polypeptide behaves as a dimer. Binding to the 13-mers is specific and limited to this region. At a ratio of 10-20 monomers per oriC plasmid, the binding blocks initiation by preventing the opening of the 13-mer region by dnaA protein. Once the 13-mers are opened by dnaA protein action, the 33 kd protein is without effect on the subsequent stages of replication. The specificity of binding and profound inhibitory effect suggest a regulatory role for this protein at an early stage of chromosome initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5307
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134
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The ABC-primosome. A novel priming system employing dnaA, dnaB, dnaC, and primase on a hairpin containing a dnaA box sequence. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)77233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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135
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Mallory JB, Alfano C, McMacken R. Host virus interactions in the initiation of bacteriophage lambda DNA replication. Recruitment of Escherichia coli DnaB helicase by lambda P replication protein. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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136
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Chen SY, Hoover TA, Thompson HA, Williams JC. Characterization of the origin of DNA replication of the Coxiella burnetii chromosome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 590:491-503. [PMID: 2198835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb42259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown 26506
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137
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Marczynski GT, Dingwall A, Shapiro L. Plasmid and chromosomal DNA replication and partitioning during the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle. J Mol Biol 1990; 212:709-22. [PMID: 2329579 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(90)90232-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell division in Caulobacter crescentus yields a swarmer and a stalked cell. Only the stalked cell progeny is able to replicate its chromosome, and the swarmer cell progeny must differentiate into a stalked cell before it too can replicate its chromosome. In an effort to understand the mechanisms that limit chromosomal replication to the stalked cell, plasmid DNA synthesis was analyzed during the developmental cell cycle of C. crescentus, and the partitioning of both the plasmids and the chromosomes to the progeny cells was examined. Unlike the chromosome, plasmids from the incompatibility groups Q and P replicated in all C. crescentus cell types. However, all plasmids tested showed a ten- to 20-fold higher replication rate in the stalked cells than the swarmer cells. We observed that all plasmids replicated during the C. crescentus cell cycle with comparable kinetics of DNA synthesis, even though we tested plasmids that encode very different known (and putative) replication proteins. We determined the plasmid copy number in both progeny cell types, and determined that plasmids partitioned equally to the stalked and swarmer cells. We also reexamined chromosome partitioning in a recombination-deficient strain of C. crescentus, and confirmed an earlier report that chromosomes partition to the progeny stalked and swarmer cells in a random manner that does not discriminate between old and new DNA strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Marczynski
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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138
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Wickner SH. Three Escherichia coli heat shock proteins are required for P1 plasmid DNA replication: formation of an active complex between E. coli DnaJ protein and the P1 initiator protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:2690-4. [PMID: 2181445 PMCID: PMC53756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA containing the plasmid origin of bacteriophage P1 is replicated in vitro by a protein fraction prepared from uninfected Escherichia coli supplemented with purified P1 RepA protein. It has previously been shown that the reaction required the E. coli DnaA initiator protein, the DnaB helicase, DnaC protein, RNA polymerase, and DNA gyrase. I show here that three E. coli heat shock proteins, DnaJ, DnaK, and GrpE, are directly involved in P1 plasmid replication. Purified DnaJ, DnaK, and GrpE proteins were required to stimulate P1 plasmid ori DNA-dependent replication in in vitro complementation assays in which the host protein fractions were prepared from cells mutated in the corresponding gene. I have also found that the DnaJ and RepA proteins form a complex. This complex exists in crude cell extracts and can be isolated as a molecular species of about 160,000 Da containing one dimer of DnaJ protein and one dimer of RepA. The complex can also be reconstituted by mixing purified DnaJ and RepA proteins. These results imply that the DnaJ-RepA complex, DnaK, and GrpE are directly involved in P1 plasmid replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Wickner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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139
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Yung BY, Crooke E, Kornberg A. Fate of the DnaA initiator protein in replication at the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome in vitro. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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140
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Abstract
Ribonucleases H (RNases H) are enzymes which catalyse the hydrolysis of the RNA-strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid. Retroviral reverse transcriptases possess RNase H activity in addition to their RNA- as well as DNA-dependent DNA-polymerizing activity. These enzymes transcribe the viral single stranded RNA-genome into double stranded DNA, which then can be handled by the host cell like one of its own genes. Various, sometimes highly repeated, sequences related to retroviruses and like these encompassing two separate domains, one of which potentially codes for a DNA polymerizing, the other for an RNase H activity, are found in genomes of uninfected cells. In addition proteins coded for by cellular genes (e.g. from E. coli and from yeast) are known, which exhibit RNase H activity, the biological function of which is not fully understood. In the light of these facts the question of whether retroviral RNases H could be promising targets for antiviral drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wintersberger
- Institute for Tumorbiology and Cancer Research, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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141
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Munson BR, Maier PG, Greene RS. Segregation of relaxed replicated dimers when DNA ligase and DNA polymerase I are limited during oriC-specific DNA replication. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:3803-9. [PMID: 2544556 PMCID: PMC210128 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.7.3803-3809.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro Escherichia coli oriC-specific DNA replication system was used to investigate the DNA replication pathways of oriC plasmids. When this system was perturbed by the DNA ligase inhibitor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), alterations occurred in the initiation of DNA synthesis and processing of intermediates and DNA products. Addition of high concentrations of NMN soon after initiation resulted in the accumulation of open circular dimers (OC-OC). These dimers were decatenated to open circular monomers (form II or OC), which were then processed to closed circular supercoiled monomers (form I or CC) products. After a delay, limited ligation of the interlinked dimers (OC-OC to CC-OC and CC-CC) also occurred. Similar results were obtained with replication protein extracts from polA mutants. The presence of NMN before any initiation events took place prolonged the existence of nicked template DNA and promoted, without a lag period, limited incorporation into form II molecules. This DNA synthesis was nonspecific with respect to oriC, as judged by DnaA protein dependence, and presumably occurred at nicks in the template DNA. These results are consistent with oriC-specific initiation requiring closed supercoiled molecules dependent on DNA ligase activity. The results also show that decatenation of dimers occurs readily on nicked dimer and represents an efficient pathway for processing replication intermediates in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Munson
- Experimental Biology Department, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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142
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Weinberger M, Helmstetter CE. Inhibition of protein synthesis transiently stimulates initiation of minichromosome replication in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:3591-6. [PMID: 2661526 PMCID: PMC210099 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.7.3591-3596.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of oriC-dependent minichromosomes was found to be transiently stimulated when protein synthesis was inhibited by the addition of chloramphenicol. Initiation of replication was also induced by amino acid starvation of relA mutant strains and a nutritional upshift. The results are explained on the basis that these treatments rendered RNA polymerase more available for participation in the initiation process. As a consequence, the oriC duplex may be transcriptionally activated to an open form, a necessary prerequisite for DNA polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weinberger
- Department of Experimental Biology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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143
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The dnaA Initiator Protein Binds Separate Domains in the Replication Origin of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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144
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Wahle E, Lasken RS, Kornberg A. The dnaB-dnaC replication protein complex of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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145
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146
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Messer W, Seufert W, Schaefer C, Gielow A, Hartmann H, Wende M. Functions of the DnaA protein of Escherichia coli in replication and transcription. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 951:351-8. [PMID: 2850012 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(88)90106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The function of DnaA protein as a replisome organizer in the initiation of DNA replication is reviewed. A model is presented showing the construction of two basic types of DnaA-dependent replication origin. New data demonstrate that the dnaA box-DnaA protein complex is a transcription terminator. Only one orientation of the dnaA box results in termination of transcription. Mutation of the dnaA box within the dnaA reading frame shows that DnaA-mediated transcription termination has a role in the autoregulation of the dnaA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Messer
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Genetik, Berlin, F.R.G
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147
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Total sequence, flanking regions, and transcripts of bacteriophage T4 nrdA gene, coding for alpha chain of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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148
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Baker TA, Kornberg A. Transcriptional activation of initiation of replication from the E. coli chromosomal origin: an RNA-DNA hybrid near oriC. Cell 1988; 55:113-23. [PMID: 2458841 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcription by RNA polymerase preceding the initiation of replication from the E. coli chromosomal origin (oriC) in vitro enables dnaA protein to open the DNA duplex under conditions when its action alone is insufficient. The RNA polymerases of phages T7 and T3 are as effective as the E. coli enzyme in activating initiation. The persistent RNA transcript hybridized to the template creates an R-loop that is responsible for activation. The activating RNA need not cross oriC, but must be less then 500 bp away. Transcripts lacking a 3' OH group are effective, proving that priming of DNA synthesis is not involved in the activation. Thus, transcription activates the origin of an otherwise inert plasmid by altering the local DNA structure, facilitating its opening by dnaA protein during the assembly of replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, California 94305
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149
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Yung BY, Kornberg A. Membrane attachment activates dnaA protein, the initiation protein of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:7202-5. [PMID: 2845401 PMCID: PMC282152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP and ATP are tightly bound to dnaA protein and are crucial to its function in DNA replication; the exchange of these nucleotides is effected specifically by the acidic phospholipids (cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol) present in Escherichia coli membranes [Sekimizu, K. & Kornberg, A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 7131-7135]. We now find that phospholipids derived from membranes lacking an unsaturated fatty acid (e.g., oleic acid) are unable to promote the exchange. This observation correlates strikingly with the long-known effect of 3-decynoyl-N-acetylcysteamine, a "suicide analog" that prevents initiation of a cycle of replication in E. coli by inhibiting the synthesis of oleic acid, an inhibition that can be overcome by providing the cells with oleic acid. Profound influences on the specific binding of dnaA protein to phospholipids by temperature, the content of unsaturated fatty acids, and the inclusion of cholesterol can be explained by the need for the phospholipids to be in fluid-phase vesicles. These findings suggest that membrane attachment of dnaA protein is vital for its function in the initiation of chromosome replication in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Yung
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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150
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Nozaki N, Okazaki T, Ogawa T. In vitro transcription of the origin region of replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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