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Changed Temporal Structure of Neuromuscular Control, Rather Than Changed Intersegment Coordination, Explains Altered Stabilographic Regularity after a Moderate Perturbation of the Postural Control System. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21060614. [PMID: 33267328 PMCID: PMC7515107 DOI: 10.3390/e21060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sample entropy (SaEn) applied on center-of-pressure (COP) data provides a measure for the regularity of human postural control. Two mechanisms could contribute to altered COP regularity: first, an altered temporal structure (temporal regularity) of postural movements (H1); or second, altered coordination between segment movements (coordinative complexity; H2). The current study used rapid, voluntary head-shaking to perturb the postural control system, thus producing changes in COP regularity, to then assess the two hypotheses. Sixteen healthy participants (age 26.5 ± 3.5; seven females), whose postural movements were tracked via 39 reflective markers, performed trials in which they first stood quietly on a force plate for 30 s, then shook their head for 10 s, finally stood quietly for another 90 s. A principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the kinematic data extracted the main postural movement components. Temporal regularity was determined by calculating SaEn on the time series of these movement components. Coordinative complexity was determined by assessing the relative explained variance of the first five components. H1 was supported, but H2 was not. These results suggest that moderate perturbations of the postural control system produce altered temporal structures of the main postural movement components, but do not necessarily change the coordinative structure of intersegment movements.
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102
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of unilateral ankle fatigue versus the knee muscles with and without vision on bipedal postural control. Elite judo athletes who competed at the national level with at least 10 years of training experience, were randomised into KNEE (n = 10; 20 ± 2 years) and ANKLE (n = 9; 20 ± 3 years) groups, who performed dynamic isokinetic fatiguing contractions (force decreased to 50% of initial peak torque for three consecutive movements) of the knee flexors and extensors or ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors, respectively. Static bipedal postural control (French Posturology Association normative standards) with eyes open and eyes closed was examined before and immediately after the fatiguing task. Postural variables examined were the centre of pressure (CoP) sway in the medio-lateral and antero-posterior directions, total CoP area sway and CoP sway velocity. Although unilateral ankle and knee fatigue adversely affected all bipedal postural measures, with greater disturbances with eyes closed, there were no significant main group or interaction effects between KNEE and ANKLE groups. Unilateral lower limb fatigue adversely affected bipedal balance, with knee extension/flexion fatigue affecting bipedal postural control to a similar extent as unilateral ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion fatigue. Hence unilateral fatigue can affect subsequent bilateral performance or also have implications for rehabilitation exercise techniques. Our findings may be limited to judo athletes as other populations were not tested.
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103
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A comparison of the ground reaction forces of archers with different levels of expertise during the arrow shooting. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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104
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Jamali S, Azad A, Mehdizadeh H, Doostdar A, Hoseinpour F, Mehdizadeh M, Niazi-Khatoon J, Shokouhyan MR, Parnianpour M, Taghizadeh G, Khalaf K. Time-course investigation of postural sway variability: Does anxiety exacerbate the sensory reweighting impairment in chronic stroke survivors? Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:185-194. [PMID: 30858061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although anxiety is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders in stroke survivors, its effect on sensory reweighting has not yet been fully studied. The aim of this work was to investigate how anticipation of collision avoidance events affects sensory reweighting in chronic stroke survivors with low and high levels of anxiety (LA-stroke and HA-stroke, respectively), as compared with healthy controls (HC), under the condition of perturbed proprioception. Eighteen LA-stroke and 18 HA-stroke survivors, as well as 18 gender- and age-matched HC, participated in this study. Postural sway variability (i.e. Root Mean Square (RMS) of the COP velocity) was measured for a duration of 180 s under two conditions: quiet standing and standing while predicting random virtual spheres to be avoided. Proprioceptive perturbation was simulated using bilateral Achilles tendon vibration at mid duration (60 s) for both conditions. The results showed that the HC were able to timely use visual anticipation to reduce the postural sway variability induced by tendon vibration. However, marked delay in using such anticipation was observed in stroke participants, especially in the HA-stroke group, as indicated by a significant decrease in the RMS of the COP velocity late in the vibration phase. This is the first study to consider the effect of anxiety while comparing sensory reweighting between stroke and healthy participants. The results indicated that chronic stroke survivors, particularly those with HA, could not efficiently use sensory reweighting to maintain balance in sensory conflicting conditions, which may subject them to loosing balance and/or falling. These findings are critical for future assessment and planning of rehabilitation interventions and balance in chronic stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsi Jamali
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Azad
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Mehdizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asgar Doostdar
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hoseinpour
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehdizadeh
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Niazi-Khatoon
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Mohamad Parnianpour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kinda Khalaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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105
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Micarelli A, Viziano A, Lanzillotta A, Ruscello B, D'Ottavio S, Alessandrini M. Visual dependency and postural control on swing performance in golf players. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:922-930. [PMID: 30774005 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1571635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Individuals have to reweight the respective contribution of the different sources of sensorial information for regulating posture and balance, especially during fine task execution. Given the evidences indicating strategy during swing performance as associated with prioritization of task-relevant visuospatial information for skill execution, the aim of the present work is to assess differences in visual dependency (VD) and postural control in a population of expert (EXP) and non-expert (NEXP) golfers when compared with healthy subjects (HC) and to discover possible relationships between these outcomes and swing performance. Thus, 15 golfers (EXP = 7; NEXP = 8) and 32 matched HC underwent otoneurological testing including video Head Impulse Test, posturography and Rod and Disk Test (RDT). Golf players also underwent a swing session procedure, which performance was measured by means of the Flightscope X2 Doppler-radar launch monitor system. EXP subjects demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) lower values in i) counter-clockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) dynamic conditions when compared with both NEXP and HC subjects RDT outcome measures and ii) surface and length posturography values as compared with HC subjects. When treating golf players outcomes as 'a continuum', CCW and CW scores were found to positively correlate with both lateral distance and horizontal launch angle and to negatively correlate with spin rpm. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the high-level of visual-independency demonstrated by EXP subjects may be functionally related in expert golfers to an effective motor strategy preferentially not referring to an inappropriate reliance on visual input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy.,b ITER Center for Balance and Rehabilitation Research (ICBRR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrea Viziano
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessia Lanzillotta
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Bruno Ruscello
- c School of Sport and Exercise Science , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano D'Ottavio
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Alessandrini
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine , University of Rome "Tor Vergata" , Rome , Italy
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106
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The effect of contact sport expertise on postural control. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212334. [PMID: 30763383 PMCID: PMC6375620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that expertise in sport influences standing balance ability. However, little is known concerning how physical contact in sport affects balance ability. The aim of this study was to examine whether differences between contact and limited-contact sport experiences results in differences in postural control. Twenty male collegiate athletes (10 soccer/contact, 10 baseball/limited contact) and ten male untrained students stood quietly on a force plate under various bipedal and unipedal conditions, with and without vision. Significant differences for sway area and COP speed were found between the soccer players and the other two groups for unipedal stances without vision. Soccer players were found to have superior postural control compared with participants involved in limited contact sport or no sport at all. Contact sports may lead to increased postural control through enhanced use of proprioceptive and vestibular information.
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107
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Edmunds KJ, Petersen H, Hassan M, Yassine S, Olivieri A, Barollo F, Friðriksdóttir R, Edmunds P, Gíslason MK, Fratini A, Gargiulo P. Cortical recruitment and functional dynamics in postural control adaptation and habituation during vibratory proprioceptive stimulation. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:026037. [PMID: 30754028 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maintaining upright posture is a complex task governed by the integration of afferent sensorimotor and visual information with compensatory neuromuscular reactions. The objective of the present work was to characterize the visual dependency and functional dynamics of cortical activation during postural control. APPROACH Proprioceptic vibratory stimulation of calf muscles at 85 Hz was performed to evoke postural perturbation in open-eye (OE) and closed-eye (CE) experimental trials, with pseudorandom binary stimulation phases divided into four segments of 16 stimuli. 64-channel EEG was recorded at 512 Hz, with perturbation epochs defined using bipolar electrodes placed proximal to each vibrator. Power spectra variation and linearity analysis was performed via fast Fourier transformation into six frequency bands (Δ, 0.5-3.5 Hz; θ, 3.5-7.5 Hz; α, 7.5-12.5 Hz; β, 12.5-30 Hz; [Formula: see text], 30-50 Hz; and [Formula: see text], 50-80 Hz). Finally, functional connectivity assessment was explored via network segregation and integration analyses. MAIN RESULTS Spectra variation showed waveform and vision-dependent activation within cortical regions specific to both postural adaptation and habituation. Generalized spectral variation yielded significant shifts from low to high frequencies in CE adaptation trials, with overall activity suppressed in habituation; OE trials showed the opposite phenomenon, with both adaptation and habituation yielding increases in spectral power. Finally, our analysis of functional dynamics reveals novel cortical networks implicated in postural control using EEG source-space brain networks. In particular, our reported significant increase in local θ connectivity may signify the planning of corrective steps and/or the analysis of falling consequences, while α band network integration results reflect an inhibition of error detection within the cingulate cortex, likely due to habituation. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings principally suggest that specific cortical waveforms are dependent upon the availability of visual feedback, and we furthermore present the first evidence that local and global brain networks undergo characteristic modification during postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Edmunds
- Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavık University, Reykjavık, Iceland
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108
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Wright WG. Tonic Neuromuscular Processing Affects Postural Adaptation Differently in Aging and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1130. [PMID: 30719020 PMCID: PMC6348245 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of phasic and tonic neuromuscular processes are involved in the maintenance of normal upright posture. The latter is of particular importance in some pathologies, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), which is known by one of its cardinal symptoms—tonic dysfunction (i.e., rigidity). Changes in tonic function may also occur during healthy aging. In this investigation, somatosensory input was manipulated by changing the support surface orientation for prolonged periods of quiet stance (QS). The aim was to shed light on how long-term tonic responses called postural lean after-effects are affected by aging and age-related neuropathology. Forty one participants were tested: 19 healthy young (25±5 years), 13 healthy older (63±8 years), and 9 adults with PD (63±5 years). Baseline conditions were eyes-closed QS on a stable surface or standing on an unstable, sway-referenced (SR) surface. Four experimental conditions combined two types of toes-up ramp tilt adaptation (120 s of toes-up static 7° tilt or sinusoidal 7° ± 3° tilt) with two types of post-adaptation (120 s of QS or SR). Results revealed postural after-effects during post-adaptation QS showing significant anterior COP shift for both young and older adults (p < 0.0001), but not PD (p > 0.06, n.s.). Compared to young, postural after-effects in older adults showed longer decay constants and did not return to baseline COP within the 120 s post-adaptation period (p < 0.05). Postural after-effects during SR, which appeared as toes-up surface tilt were highly significant in healthy populations (p = 0.001), but took longer to develop in PD. Younger adults showed significantly larger dorsiflexion (p < 0.01) and faster decay constants than older adults (p < 0.05). In summary, (1) postural after-effects decayed to baseline when post-tilt surface was stable but were retained and even grew larger post-adaptation in the SR surface conditions in all groups, (2) postural after-effects differed between healthy age groups, (3) PD showed less adaptation to surface changes. Differences in size and decay of after-effects between healthy and PD groups suggest tonic neuromuscular processes play a role in how adaptable postural control is to changing surface conditions and this is affected by healthy aging and basal ganglia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Geoffrey Wright
- Neuromotor Sciences Program, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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109
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Hernandez L, Manning J, Zhang S. Voluntary control of breathing affects center of pressure complexity during static standing in healthy older adults. Gait Posture 2019; 68:488-493. [PMID: 30616178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Physiological/biomechanical systems display high degrees of complexity in their corresponding physiological and/or biomechanical outputs, indicative of normal healthy physiological functioning, though little attention has been paid to potential mechanisms which may affect complexity. Center of pressure (CoP) dynamics also display high degrees of complexity and may be affected via altered respiratory-motor interactions such as during voluntary control of breathing. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the complexity of CoP dynamics during autonomous vs. voluntary control of breathing and between different voluntarily controlled breathing conditions. Methods Center of pressure recordings were taken from 18 older adults during static standing under three different breathing conditions: 1) neutral breathing, 2) abdominal breathing, and 3) thoracic breathing, the first constituting the autonomous breathing condition and the latter two constituting voluntarily controlled breathing conditions. CoP dynamics were quantified using sample entropy, standard deviation, 95% sway area, and average radial velocity. Repeated measure MANOVAs were used to assess the effect of breathing on CoP dynamics, with top-down application of ANOVAs and pairwise comparison as needed. Results Voluntary control of breathing during both conditions resulted in significantly higher CoP variability and lower sample entropy than during autonomous control of breathing in the mediolateral direction, indicating less complex dynamics and loss of system control. No significant differences between voluntary breathing conditions were observed. Conclusion Voluntary control of breathing significantly affected on CoP dynamics during static standing. The complexity of the postural control system may be affected via alterations in respiratory-motor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuqi Zhang
- Northern Illinois University, United States.
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110
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Lhomond O, Teasdale N, Simoneau M, Mouchnino L. Supplementary Motor Area and Superior Parietal Lobule Restore Sensory Facilitation Prior to Stepping When a Decrease of Afferent Inputs Occurs. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1132. [PMID: 30662426 PMCID: PMC6328453 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The weighting of the sensory inputs is not uniform during movement preparation and execution. For instance, a transient increase in the transmission to the cortical level of cutaneous input ~700 ms was observed before participants initiated a step forward. The sensory facilitation occurred at a time when feet cutaneous information is critical for setting the forces to be exerted onto the ground to shift the center of mass toward the supporting side prior to foot-off. Despite clear evidence of task-dependent modulation of the early somatosensory signal transmission, the neural mechanisms are mainly unknown. One hypothesis suggests that during movement preparation the premotor cortex and specifically the supplementary motor area (SMA) can be the source of an efferent signal that facilitates the somatosensory processes irrespectively of the amount of sensory inputs arriving at the somatosensory areas. Here, we depressed mechanically the plantar sole cutaneous transmission by increasing pressure under the feet by adding an extra body weight to test whether the task-dependent modulation is present during step preparation. Results showed upregulation of the neural response to tactile stimulation in the extra-weight condition during the stepping preparation whereas depressed neural response was still observed in standing condition. Source localization indicated the SMA and to a lesser extent the superior parietal lobule (SPL) areas as the likely origin of the response modulation. Upregulating cutaneous inputs (when mechanically depressed) at an early stage by efferent signals from the motor system could be an attempt to restore the level of sensory afferents to make it suitable for setting the anticipatory adjustments prior to step initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Lhomond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | - Normand Teasdale
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
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111
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Abstract
PURPOSE Results on reliability and normative data for the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) in children who are developing typically are systematically reviewed. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS Six different TUG protocols are presented for which normative data are available for ages 3 to 18 years. TUG time is consistent within and between raters and sessions and is influenced by age. The choice of protocol, self-selected versus fastest walking speed, and use of a motivational aspect and of the outcome calculation affect TUG time as well as its consistency within and between sessions. CONCLUSIONS A standard protocol for the TUG is lacking and should be developed with attention to reliability. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE If the TUG is to be used as a screening tool for dynamic balance control, clinicians need to apply protocols that include fastest walking speed motivation.
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112
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Effects of Peroneal Muscles Fatigue on Dynamic Stability Following Lateral Hop Landing: Time to Stabilization Versus Dynamic Postural Stability Index. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 28:17-23. [PMID: 28714826 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dynamic stability is a necessary requirement in many sports competitions. Muscle fatigue, which can impair stability, may be occurred in many sports competitions in which lateral movements and landing repeated frequently. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of peroneal muscles fatigue on dynamic stability following lateral hop landing through measuring time to stabilization (TTS) and dynamic postural stability index (DPSI). DESIGN Quasi-experimental. SETTING Laboratory study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 20 recreationally active, healthy males with no lower-extremity injury during the previous 6 months participated in this study. INTERVENTION Participants performed a lateral hop on a force plate before and immediately after a fatigue intervention using a Biodex dynamometer. For inducing fatigue, the participant made a prolonged eversion effort with 40% of the maximal voluntary contraction. Fatigue was met when the eversion torque declined by 50% of the initial value. TTS and DPSI were calculated using sequential averaging method and relevant formulas, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Premeasures and postmeasures of TTS in the anteroposterior, mediolateral and vertical directions, resultant vector of TTS, stability indices in the anteroposterior, mediolateral and vertical directions, and DPSI. RESULTS Means of the DPSI or its components did not change significantly due to fatigue (P > .05). Means of the TTS in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions, and the mean of the resultant vector of the TTS increased significantly after fatigue (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The question that the dynamic stability is affected or not affected by fatigue depends on which of the TTS or DPSI is used for analysis. The TTS may be a sensitive measure to detect subtle changes in postural stability due to fatigue. But, the DPSI which may be changed after a more strenuous fatigue may be related to actual fatiguing situations.
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113
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Choi HS, Lee CH, Shim M, Han JI, Baek YS. Design of an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm for a Low-Cost Insole Sensor to Estimate the Ground Reaction Force (GRF) and Calibrate the Center of Pressure (CoP). SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124349. [PMID: 30544652 PMCID: PMC6308711 DOI: 10.3390/s18124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to high-cost shoe insole pressure sensors that measure the insole pressure distribution and calculate the center of pressure (CoP), researchers developed a foot sensor with FSR sensors on the bottom of the insole. However, the calculations for the center of pressure and ground reaction force (GRF) were not sufficiently accurate because of the fundamental limitations, fixed coordinates and narrow sensing areas, which cannot cover the whole insole. To address these issues, in this paper, we describe an algorithm of virtual forces and corresponding coordinates with an artificial neural network (ANN) for low-cost flexible insole pressure measurement sensors. The proposed algorithm estimates the magnitude of the GRF and the location of the foot plantar CoP. To compose the algorithm, we divided the insole area into six areas and created six virtual forces and the corresponding coordinates. We used the ANN algorithm with the input of magnitudes of FSR sensors, 1st and 2nd derivatives of them to estimate the virtual forces and coordinates. Eight healthy males were selected for data acquisition. They performed an experiment composed of the following motions: standing with weight shifting, walking with 1 km/h and 2 km/h, squatting and getting up from a sitting position to a standing position. The ANN for estimating virtual forces and corresponding coordinates was fitted according to those data, converted to c script, and downloaded to a microcontroller for validation experiments in real time. The results showed an average RMSE the whole experiment of 31.154 N for GRF estimation and 8.07 mm for CoP calibration. The correlation coefficients of the algorithm were 0.94 for GRF, 0.92 and 0.76 for the X and Y coordinate respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Seon Choi
- Motion Control Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Chang Hee Lee
- Motion Control Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Myounghoon Shim
- Motion Control Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jong In Han
- Motion Control Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Yoon Su Baek
- Motion Control Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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114
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Glass SM, Rhea CK, Wittstein MW, Ross SE, Florian JP, Haran FJ. Changes in Posture Following a Single Session of Long-Duration Water Immersion. J Appl Biomech 2018; 34:435-441. [PMID: 29809074 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2017-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transitioning between different sensory environments is known to affect sensorimotor function and postural control. Water immersion presents a novel environmental stimulus common to many professional and recreational pursuits, but is not well-studied with regard to its sensorimotor effects upon transitioning back to land. The authors investigated the effects of long-duration water immersion on terrestrial postural control outcomes in veteran divers. Eleven healthy men completed a 6-hour thermoneutral pool dive (4.57 m) breathing diver air. Center of pressure was observed before and 15 minutes after the dive under 4 conditions: (1) eyes open/stable surface (Open-Stable); (2) eyes open/foam surface (Open-Foam); (3) eyes closed/stable surface (Closed-Stable); and (4) eyes closed/foam surface (Closed-Foam). Postdive decreases in postural sway were observed in all testing conditions except for Open-Stable. The specific pattern of center of pressure changes in the postdive window is consistent with (1) a stiffening/overregulation of the ankle strategy during Open-Foam, Closed-Stable, and Closed-Foam or (2) acute upweighting of vestibular input along with downweighting of somatosensory, proprioceptive, and visual inputs. Thus, our findings suggest that postimmersion decreases in postural sway may have been driven by changes in weighting of sensory inputs and associated changes in balance strategy following adaptation to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - F J Haran
- Navy Experimental Diving Unit
- Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
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115
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Bhatt T, Patel P, Dusane S, DelDonno SR, Langenecker SA. Neural Mechanisms Involved in Mental Imagery of Slip-Perturbation While Walking: A Preliminary fMRI Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:203. [PMID: 30319366 PMCID: PMC6168704 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Behavioral evidence for cortical involvement in reactive balance control in response to environmental perturbation is established, however, the neural correlates are not known. This study aimed to examine the neural mechanisms involved in reactive balance control for recovery from slip-like perturbations using mental imagery and to evaluate the difference in activation patterns between imagined and observed slipping. Methods: Ten healthy young participants after an exposure to regular walking and slip-perturbation trial on a treadmill, performed mental imagery and observation tasks in the MR scanner. Participants received verbal instructions to imagine walking (IW), observe walking (OW), imagine slipping (IS) and observe slipping (OS) while walking. Results: Analysis using general linear model showed increased activation during IS versus IW condition in precentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, superior, middle and transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, insula, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, pons, anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes. During IS versus OS condition, there was additional activation in parahippocampus, cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal, middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Conclusion: The findings of the current study support involvement of higher cortical and subcortical structures in reactive balance control. Greater activation during slipping could be attributed to the complexity of the sensorimotor task and increased demands to maintain postural stability during slipping as compared with regular walking. Furthermore, our findings suggest that mental imagery of slipping recruited greater neural substrates rather than observation of slipping, possibly due to increased sensory, cognitive and perceptual processing demands. New and Noteworthy: The behavioral factors contributing to falls from external perturbations while walking are better understood than neural mechanisms underlying the behavioral response. This study examines the neural activation pattern associated with reactive balance control during slip-like perturbations while walking through an fMRI paradigm. This study identified specific neural mechanisms involved in complex postural movements during sudden perturbations, to particularly determine the role of cortical structures in reactive balance control. It further highlights the specific differences in neural structures involved in regular unperturbed versus perturbed walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Bhatt
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Prakruti Patel
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shamali Dusane
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sophie R. DelDonno
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Scott A. Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Prasertsakul T, Kaimuk P, Chinjenpradit W, Limroongreungrat W, Charoensuk W. The effect of virtual reality-based balance training on motor learning and postural control in healthy adults: a randomized preliminary study. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:124. [PMID: 30227884 PMCID: PMC6145375 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adults with sedentary lifestyles seem to face a higher risk of falling in their later years. Several causes, such as impairment of strength, coordination, and cognitive function, influence worsening health conditions, including balancing ability. Many modalities can be applied to improve the balance function and prevent falling. Several studies have also recorded the effects of balance training in elderly adults for fall prevention. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to define the effect of virtual reality-based balance training on motor learning and postural control abilities in healthy adults. Methods For this study, ten subjects were randomly allocated into either the conventional exercise (CON) or the virtual reality (VR) group. The CON group underwent physical balance training, while the VR group used the virtual reality system 4 weeks. In the VR group, the scores from three game modes were utilized to describe the effect of motor learning and define the learning curves that were derived with the power law function. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was performed to analyze the postural control in five standing tasks, and data were collected with the help of a force plate. Results The average score was used to describe the effect of motor learning by deriving the mathematical models for determining the learning curve. Additionally, the models were classified into two exponential functions that relied on the aim and requirement skills. A negative exponential function was observed in the game mode, which requires the cognitive-motor function. In contrast, a positive exponential function was found in the game with use of only the motor skill. Moreover, this curve and its model were also used to describe the effect of learning in the long term and the ratio of difficulty in each game. In the balance performance, there was a significant decrease in the center of pressure parameters in the VR group, while in the CON group, there was a significant increase in the parameters during some foot placements, especially in the medio-lateral direction. Conclusion The proposed VR-based training relies on the effect of motor learning in long-term training though different kinds of task training. In postural analysis, both exercise programs are emphasized to improve the balance ability in healthy adults. However, the virtual reality system can promote better outcomes to improve postural control post exercising. Trial registration Retrospectively registered on 25 April 2018. Trial number TCTR20180430005 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12938-018-0550-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thunyanoot Prasertsakul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Panya Kaimuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Chinjenpradit
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Warakorn Charoensuk
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon 4 Road., Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Dufvenberg M, Adeyemi F, Rajendran I, Öberg B, Abbott A. Does postural stability differ between adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and typically developed? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2018; 13:19. [PMID: 30186976 PMCID: PMC6120087 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-018-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural stability deficits have been proposed to influence the onset and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This study aimed to systematically identify, critically evaluate and meta-analyse studies assessing postural stability during unperturbed stance with posturography in AIS compared to typically developed adolescents. METHODS Studies from four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PEDro) were searched and case-control methodological quality assessed using a risk-of-bias assessment tool and a posturography methodological quality checklist. Pooled data regarding centre of pressure (COP) parameters such as sway area, Mediolateral (ML) and Anteroposterior (AP) position and range were compared for AIS and typically developed adolescents using Cohen's d effect size (ES) and homogeneity estimates. RESULTS Eighteen studies for quality analysis and 9 of these for meta-analysis were identified from 971 records. Risk-of-bias assessment identified 6 high, 10 moderate and 2 low risk-of-bias studies. The posturography methodological quality checklist identified 4 low, 7 moderate and 7 high-quality studies. Meta-analysis was performed for sway area whereas ML and AP are presented in three different meta-analyses due to divergent measurement units used in the studies: ML position 1 (MLP1), ML position 2 (MLP2) and ML range (MLR); AP position 1 (APP1), AP position 2 (APP2) and AP range (APR). Cohen's d showed a medium ES difference in sway area 0.65, 95% CI (0.49-0.63), whereas ML showed no (MLP1, MLP2) and large (MLR) ES differences; MLP1 0.15, 95% CI (0.08-0.22); MLP2 0.14, 95% CI (0.08-0.19); and MLR 0.94, 95% CI (0.83-1.04). Cohen's d for AP showed small ES (APP1) and large ES difference (APP2 and APR); APP1 0.43, 95% CI (0.31-0.54); APP2 0.85, 95% CI (0.72-0.97); and APR 0.98, 95% CI (0.87-1.09). Cochran's Q and Higgins I2 showed homogeneity between studies. CONCLUSIONS There is moderate quality evidence for decreased postural stability in AIS measured as COP parameters sway area, ML and AP range with a positional shift posteriorly in the sagittal plane. The findings support studying postural stability in early stage AIS and also prospectively identify cause and effect of the curvature as well as effectiveness of postural control interventions in the prevention of scoliosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Dufvenberg
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Fisayo Adeyemi
- Department of Clinical and Rehabilitation Services, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, 2 Promethean Way, Robina, QLD 4226 Australia
| | - Isabelle Rajendran
- Department of Clinical and Rehabilitation Services, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, 2 Promethean Way, Robina, QLD 4226 Australia
| | - Birgitta Öberg
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Allan Abbott
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Rehabilitation Services, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, 2 Promethean Way, Robina, QLD 4226 Australia
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Milleret C, Bui Quoc E. Beyond Rehabilitation of Acuity, Ocular Alignment, and Binocularity in Infantile Strabismus. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 30072876 PMCID: PMC6058758 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile strabismus impairs the perception of all attributes of the visual scene. High spatial frequency components are no longer visible, leading to amblyopia. Binocularity is altered, leading to the loss of stereopsis. Spatial perception is impaired as well as detection of vertical orientation, the fastest movements, directions of movement, the highest contrasts and colors. Infantile strabismus also affects other vision-dependent processes such as control of postural stability. But presently, rehabilitative therapies for infantile strabismus by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists are restricted to preventing or curing amblyopia of the deviated eye, aligning the eyes and, whenever possible, preserving or restoring binocular vision during the critical period of development, i.e., before ~10 years of age. All the other impairments are thus ignored; whether they may recover after strabismus treatment even remains unknown. We argue here that medical and paramedical professionals may extend their present treatments of the perceptual losses associated with infantile strabismus. This hypothesis is based on findings from fundamental research on visual system organization of higher mammals in particular at the cortical level. In strabismic subjects (as in normal-seeing ones), information about all of the visual attributes converge, interact and are thus inter-dependent at multiple levels of encoding ranging from the single neuron to neuronal assemblies in visual cortex. Thus if the perception of one attribute is restored this may help to rehabilitate the perception of other attributes. Concomitantly, vision-dependent processes may also improve. This could occur spontaneously, but still should be assessed and validated. If not, medical and paramedical staff, in collaboration with neuroscientists, will have to break new ground in the field of therapies to help reorganize brain circuitry and promote more comprehensive functional recovery. Findings from fundamental research studies in both young and adult patients already support our hypothesis and are reviewed here. For example, presenting different contrasts to each eye of a strabismic patient during training sessions facilitates recovery of acuity in the amblyopic eye as well as of 3D perception. Recent data also demonstrate that visual recoveries in strabismic subjects improve postural stability. These findings form the basis for a roadmap for future research and clinical development to extend presently applied rehabilitative therapies for infantile strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Milleret
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, College de France, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bui Quoc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Paris, France
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119
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Dutt-Mazumder A, Rand TJ, Mukherjee M, Newell KM. Scaling oscillatory platform frequency reveals recurrence of intermittent postural attractor states. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11580. [PMID: 30068921 PMCID: PMC6070516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of postural control has been dominated by experiments on the maintenance of quiet upright standing balance on flat stationary support surfaces that reveal only limited modes of potential configurations of balance stability/instability. Here we examine the self-organization properties of postural coordination as revealed in a dynamic balance task with a moving platform. We scaled a control parameter (platform frequency) to investigate the evolving nature of the coupled oscillator dynamics between center of mass (CoM) and platform. Recurrent map measures were used to reveal whether episodic postural control strategies exist that can be scaled by systematically changing the magnitude of platform motion. The findings showed that at higher platform frequencies (1.2 Hz), the CoM-Platform coupling was less deterministic than lower platform frequencies and evolved to intermittent postural control strategies that oscillated between periodic-chaotic transitions to maintain upright postural balance. Collectively, the recurrence map measures indicated that quasi-static postural attractor states were progressively emerging to the changing task constraints of platform frequency in the maintenance of postural stability. It appears that several dynamic modes of intermittent coupling in postural control can interchangeably co-exist and are expressed as a function of the control parameter of platform frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviroop Dutt-Mazumder
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
| | - Troy J Rand
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA
| | - Mukul Mukherjee
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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120
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Ünver B, Akbaş E. Effects of plantar sensitivity on balance and mobility in community-dwelling older adults: A Turkish study. Australas J Ageing 2018; 37:288-292. [DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Banu Ünver
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; Faculty of Health Science; Zonguldak Karaelmas University; Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Eda Akbaş
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; Faculty of Health Science; Zonguldak Karaelmas University; Zonguldak Turkey
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121
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Boxum AG, Dijkstra LJ, la Bastide-van Gemert S, Hamer EG, Hielkema T, Reinders-Messelink HA, Hadders-Algra M. Development of postural control in infancy in cerebral palsy and cystic periventricular leukomalacia. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 78:66-77. [PMID: 29787891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of postural problems in Cerebral Palsy (CP) is largely unknown. Postural muscle activity is organized into two levels: 1) direction-specificity; 2) fine-tuning of direction-specific activity. AIM To study development of postural control until 21 months corrected age in subgroups of infants at very high-risk (VHR) of CP: a) with and without CP at 21 months; b) with and without cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL), the brain lesion with highest risk of CP. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Longitudinal electromyography recordings of postural muscles during reaching were made in 38 VHR-infants (severe brain lesion or clear neurological signs) between 4.7 and 22.6 months (18 CP, of which 8 with cPVL). Developmental trajectories were calculated using linear mixed effect models. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS VHR-infants with and without CP showed virtually similar postural development throughout infancy. The subgroup of VHR-infants with cPVL improved performance in direction-specificity with increasing age, while they performed throughout infancy worse in fine-tuning of postural adjustments than infants without cPVL. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS VHR-infants with and without CP have a similar postural development that differs from published trajectories of typically developing infants. Infants with cPVL present from early age onwards dysfunctions in fine-tuning of postural adjustments; they focus on direction-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke G Boxum
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linze-Jaap Dijkstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha la Bastide-van Gemert
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa G Hamer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Hielkema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen A Reinders-Messelink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands; Rehabilitation Center 'Revalidatie Friesland', Beetsterzwaag, The Netherlands
| | - Mijna Hadders-Algra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Paediatrics - Developmental Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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The Use of the Anchor System Reduces Postural Sway During Upright Standing Irrespective of Plantar Flexors Muscle Fatigue in Young and Older Adults. Motor Control 2018; 22:338-357. [PMID: 29256763 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2017-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our purpose was to verify the effects of the use of the anchors on postural control after the fatigue of the plantar flexor muscles in young and older adults. They stood barefoot, with their eyes closed in four conditions combining the use of the anchors and the fatigue. When using the anchors, participants held one cable in each hand and kept the cable taut without removing the loads (125 g) from the ground. The fatigue protocol consisted of performing a single series of bilateral plantar flexion movements. The fatigue protocol increased postural sway in both groups. Both groups reduced postural sway with the anchors, but this effect was independent of fatigue. We conclude that the anchors contributed to the reduction of postural sway in young and older adults, but they were unable to compensate for the disturbing effect in postural control created by fatigue of the plantar flexor muscles.
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123
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Figtree WVC, Migliaccio AA. An Inexpensive 6D Motion Tracking System for Posturography. Front Neurol 2018; 9:507. [PMID: 30013507 PMCID: PMC6036273 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computerized posturography is most often performed with a force plate measuring center-of-pressure (COP). COP is related to postural control actions but does not monitor the outcome of those actions, i.e., center-of-mass (COM) stability. For a more complete analysis of postural control COM should also be measured; however, existing motion tracking technology is prohibitively expensive and overcomplicated for routine use. The objective of this work was to create and validate an inexpensive and convenient stereo vision system which measured a trunk-fixed target's 3D position and orientation relating to COM. The stereo vision system would be complementary to typical force plate methods providing precise 6D position measurements under laboratory conditions. The developed system's measurement accuracy was worst in the inferior-superior axis (depth) and pitch coordinates with accuracy measures 1.1 mm and 0.8°, respectively. The system's precision was worst in the depth and roll coordinates with values 0.1 mm and 0.15°, respectively. Computer modeling successfully predicted this precision with 11.3% mean error. Correlation between in vivo target position (TP) and COP was above 0.73 with COP generally demonstrating larger excursions oscillating around TP. Power spectral analysis of TP revealed 99% of the signal was bound below 1.1 Hz matching expectations for COM. The new complementary measurement method enables identification of postural control strategies and as a result more complete analysis. Stereo vision is a useful complement to typical force plate equipment. The system presented here is inexpensive and convenient demonstrating potential for routine use in clinic and research. In order to use this system in clinic, future work is required in interpretation of this system's data and normal reference values must be established across gender and age in a healthy population followed by values from patients with different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V C Figtree
- Balance and Vision Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Americo A Migliaccio
- Balance and Vision Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Bruyneel AV, Bertrand M, Mesure S. Influence of foot position and vision on dynamic postural strategies during the "grand plié" ballet movement (squatting) in young and adult ballet dancers. Neurosci Lett 2018; 678:22-28. [PMID: 29729353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse dynamic postural strategies during the "grand plié" in two different foot positions (parallel or turned out), with and without vision, and as a function of age in ballet dancers. METHOD Twenty young dancers (YD) aged from 8 to 16 years, and 20 adult dancers (AD) aged from 17 to 30 years were recruited. Center of pressure (CoP) and ground reaction forces (GRF) were recorded (500 Hz) during the grand plié (lowering, squatting and rising). This movement was tested with the feet parallel and with both lower limbs turned out (foot angle >140°), with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Groups were compared using Student t-tests. Repeated analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of eyes and foot conditions, with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS The results of this study showed that dynamic postural strategies during the "grand plié" ballet movement are influenced by age, foot position and visual condition. CoP displacement length (p < 0.003) and CoP speed (p < 0.003) were higher in YD compared with AD. CoP surface (p < 0.05), mediolateral CoP speed (p < 0.048) and GRF parameters, particularly the mediolateral (p < 0.049), were higher than in the parallel than the turned out position. In both groups all CoP (p < 0.042) and GRF parameters (p < 0.049), except the vertical component, were higher with EC than EO. CONCLUSION The effect of foot position was greatest with EO. The parallel position was less stable. The YD were more unstable in the parallel position, particularly with EC. For both groups, the lack of vision increased instability. These results show the importance of integrating balance training in a variety of foot positions and visual conditions, particularly during the initial stages of training to prevent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Violette Bruyneel
- Department of Physiotherapy, HES-SO, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Serge Mesure
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288 Marseille, France
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125
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Jang SH, Lee HD. Recovery of an injured medial lemniscus with concurrent recovery of pusher syndrome in a stroke patient: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10963. [PMID: 29851845 PMCID: PMC6392885 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A 67-year-old, right-handed male patient underwent craniotomy and drainage for hematoma removal related to an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the right thalamus and basal ganglia at the neurosurgery department of a university hospital. PATIENT CONCERNS He presented with severe motor weakness of left extremities, impairment of proprioception, and severe pusher syndrome at the start of rehabilitation. DIAGNOSES He was diagnosed as ICH in the right thalamus and basal ganglia. INTERVENTIONS The patient received comprehensive rehabilitative therapy, movement therapy, and somatosensory stimulation. OUTCOMES Four months after onset, left leg motor function (Motricity Index [MI] = 51) did not show significant recovery from that at two months after onset (MI = 41); however, in the same period, Nottingham Sensory Assessment and scale for contraversive pushing significantly improved. At four months, the patient was able to stand independently but required manual contact of one person during independent walking on an even floor. At seven months after onset, he was able to walk independently on an even floor. LESSONS Recovery of a severely injured medial lemniscus with concurrent recovery of impaired proprioception and pusher syndrome.
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Cramer H, Mehling WE, Saha FJ, Dobos G, Lauche R. Postural awareness and its relation to pain: validation of an innovative instrument measuring awareness of body posture in patients with chronic pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:109. [PMID: 29625603 PMCID: PMC5889545 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Habitual postural patterns are associated with musculoskeletal pain, and improving a maladaptive posture requires postural awareness in order to lead to clinical improvements. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an innovative postural awareness scale. Methods A 12-item Postural Awareness Scale (PAS) was developed and administered to 512 chronic pain patients (50.3 ± 11.4 years, 91.6% female, 37.1% spinal/shoulder pain) to assess its factor structure and reliability. To determine convergent validity, measures of body awareness, body responsiveness, body image, and mindfulness were correlated with the PAS, as were clinical measures of pain intensity, disability, and mental health. Sensitivity to change was assessed in 202 outpatients participating in a 10-week multimodal mind-body program. Results Factor analysis revealed two factors (Ease/Familiarity with Postural Awareness and Need for Attention Regulation with Postural Awareness) that explained 50.8% of the variance. Cronbach’s alpha for the complete scale was 0.80; Spearman-Brown coefficient of split-half reliability was 0.67; and intra-class correlation was ICC2,1 = 0.75 (95% confidence interval = 0.71, 0.78). Significant positive correlations were found for body awareness (r = 0.23), body responsiveness (r = 0.41), body image (r = 0.22–0.32), and mindfulness (r = 0.38); negative correlations for pain intensity (r = − 0.14), disability (r = − 0.12), depression (r = − 0.23), and stress (r = − 0.29). Postural awareness scores increased with a mind-body program (p < 0.001); changes in the PAS were negatively correlated with changes in pain intensity (r = − 0.35) in patients with spinal/shoulder pain. Conclusion Self-reported postural awareness is associated with clinical symptoms in chronic pain patients; improvements in postural awareness are longitudinally associated with reduced pain in patients with spinal/shoulder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. .,Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Wolf E Mehling
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Felix J Saha
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gustav Dobos
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Romy Lauche
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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127
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Relationship between postural control and muscle activity during a handstand in young and adult gymnasts. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 58:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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128
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Ivanenko Y, Gurfinkel VS. Human Postural Control. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:171. [PMID: 29615859 PMCID: PMC5869197 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From ancient Greece to nowadays, research on posture control was guided and shaped by many concepts. Equilibrium control is often considered part of postural control. However, two different levels have become increasingly apparent in the postural control system, one level sets a distribution of tonic muscle activity (“posture”) and the other is assigned to compensate for internal or external perturbations (“equilibrium”). While the two levels are inherently interrelated, both neurophysiological and functional considerations point toward distinct neuromuscular underpinnings. Disturbances of muscle tone may in turn affect movement performance. The unique structure, specialization and properties of skeletal muscles should also be taken into account for understanding important peripheral contributors to postural regulation. Here, we will consider the neuromechanical basis of habitual posture and various concepts that were rather influential in many experimental studies and mathematical models of human posture control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Victor S Gurfinkel
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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129
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Caudron S, Ceyte H, Barraud PA, Cian C, Guerraz M. Perception of body movement when real and simulated displacements are combined. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193174. [PMID: 29509762 PMCID: PMC5839549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-tendon vibration has often been used to study the contribution of proprioception to kinesthesia and postural control. This technique is known to simulate the lengthening of the vibrated muscle and, in the presence of balance constraints, evoke compensatory postural responses. The objective of the present study was to clarify the consequences of this stimulation on the dynamic features of whole-body movement perception in upright stance and in the absence of balance constraints. Eleven participants were restrained in a dark room on a motorized backboard that was able to tilt the upright body around the ankle joints. The participants were passively tilted backwards or forwards with a maximum amplitude of four degrees and at very low acceleration (thus preventing the semicircular canals from contributing to movement perception). In half the trials, the body displacement was combined with continuous vibration of the Achilles tendons, which simulates a forward tilt. Participants used a joystick to report when and in which direction they perceived their own whole-body movement. Our results showed that during backward whole-body displacement, the movement detection threshold (i.e. the minimum angular velocity required to accurately perceive passive displacement) was higher in the presence of vibration, whereas the accuracy rate (i.e. the proportion of the overall trial duration during which the movement was correctly indicated) was lower. Conversely, the accuracy rate for forward displacements was higher in the presence of vibration. In the absence of vibration, forward movement was detected earlier than backward movement. The simulated whole-body displacement evoked by Achilles tendon vibration was therefore able to either enhance or disrupt the perception of real, slow, whole-body tilt movements, depending on the congruence between the direction of real and simulated displacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Caudron
- Université de Lorraine, EA 3450 DevAH-Development, Adaptation & Disability, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Hadrien Ceyte
- Université de Lorraine, EA 3450 DevAH-Development, Adaptation & Disability, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Pierre-Alain Barraud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Cian
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Guerraz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
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130
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Ng TKW, Kwan RLC, Lo SK, Cheing GLY. A Tailor-Made Exercise Program for Improving Balance and Mobility in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. J Gerontol Nurs 2018; 44:41-48. [PMID: 28990633 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20171002-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effectiveness of an exercise program designed for improving postural control and mobility in older adults with type 2 diabetes was investigated. Ninety-three adults 65 or older diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and able to walk unaided were recruited. The intervention group received exercise training focused on ankle strengthening and mobility twice per week for 10 weeks. The control group did not participate in any exercise program. After 10 weeks, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in the mean Sensory Organization Test composite score (4.4 vs. 0.3; p = 0.01) as well as visual ratio (0.1 vs. 0.002; p = 0.01) and vestibular ratio (0.1 vs. 0.003; p < 0.001) than the control group after adjusting for covariates. A greater trend of improvement in the Timed Up and Go and Single-Leg Stance Test was also found in the intervention group. Exercise training focusing on the ankle is effective in enhancing the postural stability of older adults with type 2 diabetes and can potentially be effective in improving single-leg standing balance and mobility. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44(2), 41-48.].
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131
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Hu X, Zhao J, Peng D, Sun Z, Qu X. Estimation of Foot Plantar Center of Pressure Trajectories with Low-Cost Instrumented Insoles Using an Individual-Specific Nonlinear Model. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020421. [PMID: 29389857 PMCID: PMC5855500 DOI: 10.3390/s18020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postural control is a complex skill based on the interaction of dynamic sensorimotor processes, and can be challenging for people with deficits in sensory functions. The foot plantar center of pressure (COP) has often been used for quantitative assessment of postural control. Previously, the foot plantar COP was mainly measured by force plates or complicated and expensive insole-based measurement systems. Although some low-cost instrumented insoles have been developed, their ability to accurately estimate the foot plantar COP trajectory was not robust. In this study, a novel individual-specific nonlinear model was proposed to estimate the foot plantar COP trajectories with an instrumented insole based on low-cost force sensitive resistors (FSRs). The model coefficients were determined by a least square error approximation algorithm. Model validation was carried out by comparing the estimated COP data with the reference data in a variety of postural control assessment tasks. We also compared our data with the COP trajectories estimated by the previously well accepted weighted mean approach. Comparing with the reference measurements, the average root mean square errors of the COP trajectories of both feet were 2.23 mm (±0.64) (left foot) and 2.72 mm (±0.83) (right foot) along the medial–lateral direction, and 9.17 mm (±1.98) (left foot) and 11.19 mm (±2.98) (right foot) along the anterior–posterior direction. The results are superior to those reported in previous relevant studies, and demonstrate that our proposed approach can be used for accurate foot plantar COP trajectory estimation. This study could provide an inexpensive solution to fall risk assessment in home settings or community healthcare center for the elderly. It has the potential to help prevent future falls in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Hu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Dongsheng Peng
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhenglong Sun
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.
| | - Xingda Qu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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132
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Ceyte H, Beis JM, Simon M, Rémy A, Anxionnat R, Paysant J, Caudron S. Lasting improvements in left spatial neglect following a protocol combining neck-muscle vibration and voluntary arm movements: a case-study. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 41:1475-1483. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1430178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Ceyte
- Development, Adaptation and Disability, EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR-STAPS, Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Marie Beis
- Development, Adaptation and Disability, EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR-STAPS, Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Institut Régional de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation de Nancy, Lay-Saint-Christophe, France
| | - Mathilde Simon
- Development, Adaptation and Disability, EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR-STAPS, Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ariane Rémy
- Centre de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Institut Régional de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation de Nancy, Lay-Saint-Christophe, France
| | - René Anxionnat
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, Nancy, France
| | - Jean Paysant
- Development, Adaptation and Disability, EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR-STAPS, Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
- Centre de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Institut Régional de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation de Nancy, Lay-Saint-Christophe, France
| | - Sébastien Caudron
- Development, Adaptation and Disability, EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UFR-STAPS, Université de Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
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133
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Forbes PA, Chen A, Blouin JS. Sensorimotor control of standing balance. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 159:61-83. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63916-5.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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134
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Abstract
Stroke, or cerebrovascular accident, involves injury to the central nervous system as a result of a vascular cause, and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. People with stroke often experience sensory, cognitive, and motor sequelae that can lead to difficulty walking, controlling balance in standing and voluntary tasks, and reacting to prevent a fall following an unexpected postural perturbation. This chapter discusses the interrelationships between stroke-related impairments, problems with control of balance and gait, fall risk, fear of falling, and participation in daily physical activity. Rehabilitation can improve balance and walking function, and consequently independence and quality of life, for those with stroke. This chapter also describes effective interventions for improving balance and walking function poststroke, and identifies some areas for further research in poststroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Mansfield
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network and Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth L Inness
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network and Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William E Mcilroy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo and Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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135
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Abstract
Impairments of balance and gait leading to loss of mobility, falls, and disability are common occurrences in many neurologic conditions and with older age. Much of our current understanding about posture and balance control and its impairments has come from investigations of how healthy individuals and those with neurologic disorders respond to situations that perturb standing balance during instructed voluntary tasks or in reaction to externally imposed challenges to stability. Knowledge obtained from these investigations has come from documenting the physical and physiologic characteristics of the perturbations together with the body's electrophysiologic, structural, kinetic, kinematic, and behavioral responses. From these findings, basic mechanisms, diagnostic and pathologic criteria, and targets for clinical care have been identified while continued gaps in understanding have been exposed. In this chapter, we synthesize and discuss current concepts and understanding concerning the sensorimotor control of posture and balance while standing. We draw insights gained from perturbation studies investigating these functions in healthy adults, and those with neurologic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Rogers
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Marie-Laure Mille
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Physical Activities and Sport, Université de Toulon, La Garde, France; Institute of Movement Sciences ISM UMR7287, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France; Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago IL, United States
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136
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Abstract
Postural control can be improved with balance training. However, the nature and duration of the training required to enhance posture remains unclear. We studied the effects of 5 min of a self-initiated balance exercise along a single axis on postural control in healthy individuals. Postural control was measured before and after a 5-min period where members of the experimental group were asked to lean their entire body forward and backward and members of the control group were asked to remain seated. A significant improvement for sway velocity, a postural control variable significantly associated with an increased risk of falls, was found in the experimental group following the body sway exercise. These data suggest that a basic exercise can rapidly improve postural control and reduce the risk of falls.
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137
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Destabilization of the Upright Posture Through Elevation of the Center of Mass. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 46:318-323. [PMID: 29134294 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The inverted pendulum model predicts that the major challenge for neural control of the upright posture is the inherent instability of the body due to the center of mass (COM) being above the base of support (BOS). If so, even slight elevation of the COM may substantially destabilize posture. The destabilizing effect of heavy load positioned above the COM has been demonstrated. We examined sensitivity of posture to light (1-5% of body weight) load by placing weights on the shoulders and assessing functional reach distance in the forward, right, and left directions and postural sway during quiet stance. At each load level, the quiet stance task was tested with and without vision. The 1% of body weight load significantly shortened reach distance in the forward direction. It also increased postural sway. Interestingly, additional weight did not result in further deficits. The results support high sensitivity of postural stability to COM elevation that increases the challenge for neural control of posture and that can potentially be used for early detection of declines in postural stability.
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138
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Schmuckler MA. Postural response to predictable and nonpredictable visual flow in children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 163:32-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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139
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Colnaghi S, Honeine JL, Sozzi S, Schieppati M. Body Sway Increases After Functional Inactivation of the Cerebellar Vermis by cTBS. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:1-14. [PMID: 26780373 PMCID: PMC5243877 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Balance stability correlates with cerebellar vermis volume. Furthermore, the cerebellum is involved in precise timing of motor processes by fine-tuning the sensorimotor integration. We tested the hypothesis that any cerebellar action in stance control and in timing of visuomotor integration for balance is impaired by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) of the vermis. Ten subjects stood quietly and underwent six sequences of 10-min acquisition of center of foot pressure (CoP) data after cTBS, sham stimulation, and no stimulation. Visual shifts from eyes closed (EC) to eyes open (EO) and vice versa were presented via electronic goggles. Mean anteroposterior and mediolateral CoP position and oscillation, and the time delay at which body sway changed after visual shift were calculated. CoP position under both EC and EO condition was not modified after cTBS. Sway path length was greater with EC than EO and increased in both visual conditions after cTBS. CoP oscillation was also larger with EC and increased under both visual conditions after cTBS. The delay at which body oscillation changed after visual shift was longer after EC to EO than EO to EC, but unaffected by cTBS. The time constant of decrease or increase of oscillation was longer in EC to EO shifts, but unaffected by cTBS. Functional inactivation of the cerebellar vermis is associated with increased sway. Despite this, cTBS does not detectably modify onset and time course of the sensorimotor integration process of adaptation to visual shifts. Cerebellar vermis normally controls oscillation, but not timing of adaptation to abrupt changes in stabilizing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colnaghi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Jean-Louis Honeine
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Sozzi
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Schieppati
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
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140
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Sharbafi MA, Seyfarth A, Zhao G. Locomotor Sub-functions for Control of Assistive Wearable Robots. Front Neurorobot 2017; 11:44. [PMID: 28928650 PMCID: PMC5591611 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2017.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary goal of comparative biomechanics is to understand the fundamental physics of locomotion within an evolutionary context. Such an understanding of legged locomotion results in a transition from copying nature to borrowing strategies for interacting with the physical world regarding design and control of bio-inspired legged robots or robotic assistive devices. Inspired from nature, legged locomotion can be composed of three locomotor sub-functions, which are intrinsically interrelated: Stance: redirecting the center of mass by exerting forces on the ground. Swing: cycling the legs between ground contacts. Balance: maintaining body posture. With these three sub-functions, one can understand, design and control legged locomotory systems with formulating them in simpler separated tasks. Coordination between locomotor sub-functions in a harmonized manner appears then as an additional problem when considering legged locomotion. However, biological locomotion shows that appropriate design and control of each sub-function simplifies coordination. It means that only limited exchange of sensory information between the different locomotor sub-function controllers is required enabling the envisioned modular architecture of the locomotion control system. In this paper, we present different studies on implementing different locomotor sub-function controllers on models, robots, and an exoskeleton in addition to demonstrating their abilities in explaining humans' control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar A Sharbafi
- Electrical and Control Engineering, School of Engineering, University of TehranTehran, Iran.,Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Centre for Cognitive Science, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Andre Seyfarth
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Centre for Cognitive Science, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Centre for Cognitive Science, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
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141
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McGowan C, Hyytiäinen H. Muscular and neuromotor control and learning in the athletic horse. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Athletic performance or the kinematics of locomotion is ultimately the result of the actions of muscles. Muscular actions differ depending on the muscle group involved with anatomical and functional properties depending on the primary roles of the muscle; from stabilisation to powering locomotion. The functional (contractile and metabolic) properties of a muscle are determined by its fibre type or relative fibre type proportions in the muscle. The actions of muscle require the coordination of the nervous system with muscle contraction to produce movement or resist movement to avoid unwanted motion and tissue damage. The coordination of muscular action with the nervous system is termed neuromotor control and it requires precise proprioceptive input from the periphery, processing and input from the central nervous system (including learned or trained movements) and involves timing of muscle recruitment as well as muscle contraction. Training of muscles involves training for strength (or force generation) and stamina with measureable physiological changes with training including increased fibre size, alterations in fibre type, alterations in glycogen concentrations and lactate transport and alterations in mitochondrial and capillary density. As well as standard athletic training, skills training can make the difference in athletic performance and injury prevention in the equine athlete. This involves training of neuromotor control; training motor skills by motor relearning and conditional learning. Practical specific training techniques can be used in injury prevention, rehabilitation post injury and maintenance of the athlete. In this review we will focus on the thoracolumbar and hindlimb areas of the horse and review the importance of muscular control of locomotion, neuromotor control, the physiological effects of training and practical ways to maximise performance potential by specific physiotherapy skills training.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - H.K. Hyytiäinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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142
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Cognitive tasks promote automatization of postural control in young and older adults. Gait Posture 2017; 57:40-45. [PMID: 28570861 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Researchers looking at the effects of performing a concurrent cognitive task on postural control in young and older adults using traditional center-of-pressure measures and complexity measures found discordant results. Results of experiments showing improvements of stability have suggested the use of strategies such as automatization of postural control or stiffening strategy. This experiment aimed to confirm in healthy young and older adults that performing a cognitive task while standing leads to improvements that are due to automaticity of sway by using sample entropy. Twenty-one young adults and twenty-five older adults were asked to stand on a force platform while performing a cognitive task. There were four cognitive tasks: simple reaction time, go/no-go reaction time, equation and occurrence of a digit in a number sequence. Results demonstrated decreased sway area and variability as well as increased sample entropy for both groups when performing a cognitive task. Results suggest that performing a concurrent cognitive task promotes the adoption of an automatic postural control in young and older adults as evidenced by an increased postural stability and postural sway complexity.
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143
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Maitre J, Paillard T. Vestibular Adaptations Induced by Gentle Physical Activity Are Reduced Among Older Women. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:167. [PMID: 28611657 PMCID: PMC5447035 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the ability of older individuals to maintain an efficient upright stance in contexts of vestibular sensory manipulation, according to their physical activity status. Two groups of healthy older women (aged over 65) free from any disorders (i.e., neurological, motor and metabolic disorders) and vestibular disturbances, participated in this study. One group comprised participants who regularly practiced gentle physical activities, i.e., soft gym, aquarobic, active walking, ballroom dancing (active group, age: 73.4 (5.8) years, n = 17), and one group comprised participants who did not practice physical activities (non-active group, age: 73.7 (8.1) years, n = 17). The postural control of the two groups was compared in a bipedal reference condition with their eyes open and two vestibular sensory manipulation conditions (i.e., bipolar binaural galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) at 3 mA, in accordance with two designs). The main results indicate that there was no difference between the active and the non-active groups in all the conditions. It is likely that the aging process and the type of physical practice had limited the ability of the active group to counteract the effects of vestibular sensory manipulation on postural control more efficiently than the non-active group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Maitre
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance et Santé, Département STAPS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'AdourTarbes, France
| | - Thierry Paillard
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance et Santé, Département STAPS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'AdourTarbes, France
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144
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Dupuy EG, Leconte P, Vlamynck E, Sultan A, Chesneau C, Denise P, Besnard S, Bienvenu B, Decker LM. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Hypermobility Type: Impact of Somatosensory Orthoses on Postural Control (A Pilot Study). Front Hum Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28642694 PMCID: PMC5462950 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elhers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is the clinical manifestation of connective tissue disorders, and comprises several clinical forms with no specific symptoms and selective medical examinations which result in a delay in diagnosis of about 10 years. The EDS hypermobility type (hEDS) is characterized by generalized joint hypermobility, variable skin hyperextensibility and impaired proprioception. Since somatosensory processing and multisensory integration are crucial for both perception and action, we put forth the hypothesis that somatosensory deficits in hEDS patients may lead, among other clinical symptoms, to misperception of verticality and postural instability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to assess the impact of somatosensory deficit on subjective visual vertical (SVV) and postural stability; and (ii) to quantify the effect of wearing somatosensory orthoses (i.e., compressive garments and insoles) on postural stability. Six hEDS patients and six age- and gender-matched controls underwent a SVV (sitting, standing, lying on the right side) evaluation and a postural control evaluation on a force platform (Synapsys), with or without visual information (eyes open (EO)/eyes closed (EC)). These two latter conditions performed either without orthoses, or with compression garments (CG), or insoles, or both. Results showed that patients did not exhibit a substantial perceived tilt of the visual vertical in the direction of the body tilt (Aubert effect) as did the control subjects. Interestingly, such differential effects were only apparent when the rod was initially positioned to the left of the vertical axis (opposite the longitudinal body axis). In addition, patients showed greater postural instability (sway area) than the controls. The removal of vision exacerbated this instability, especially in the mediolateral (ML) direction. The wearing of orthoses improved postural stability, especially in the eyes-closed condition, with a particularly marked effect in the anteroposterior (AP) direction. Hence, this study suggests that hEDS is associated with changes in the relative contributions of somatosensory and vestibular inputs to verticality perception. Moreover, postural control impairment was offset, at least partially, by wearing somatosensory orthoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Dupuy
- COMETE, INSERM, UNICAEN, Normandie UniversitéCaen, France
| | | | | | - Audrey Sultan
- COMETE, INSERM, UNICAEN, Normandie UniversitéCaen, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center of Caen, UNICAEN, Normandie UniversitéCaen, France
| | | | - Pierre Denise
- COMETE, INSERM, UNICAEN, Normandie UniversitéCaen, France
| | | | - Boris Bienvenu
- COMETE, INSERM, UNICAEN, Normandie UniversitéCaen, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center of Caen, UNICAEN, Normandie UniversitéCaen, France
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145
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Advantages and problems of nonlinear methods applied to analyze physiological time signals: human balance control as an example. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2464. [PMID: 28550294 PMCID: PMC5446424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes are regulated by nonlinear dynamical systems. Various nonlinear measures have frequently been used for characterizing the complexity of fractal time signals to detect system features that cannot be derived from linear analyses. We analysed human balance dynamics ranging from simple standing to balancing on one foot with closed eyes to study the inherent methodological problems when applying fractal dimension analysis to real-world signals. Higuchi dimension was used as an example. Choice of measurement and analysis parameters has a distinct influence on the computed dimension. Noise increases the fractional dimension which may be misinterpreted as a higher complexity of the signal. Publications without specifying the parameter setting, or without analysing the noise-sensitivity are not comparable to findings of others and therefore of limited scientific value.
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146
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de Luna RA, Mihailovic A, Nguyen AM, Friedman DS, Gitlin LN, Ramulu PY. The Association of Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss and Balance. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:8. [PMID: 28553562 PMCID: PMC5444495 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To relate balance measures to visual field (VF) damage from glaucoma. Methods The OPAL kinematic system measured balance, as root mean square (RMS) sway, on 236 patients with suspect/diagnosed glaucoma. Balance was measured with feet shoulder width apart while standing on a firm/foam surface with eyes opened/closed (Instrumental Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance [ICTSIB] conditions), and eyes open on a firm surface under feet together, semi-tandem, or tandem positions (standing balance conditions). Integrated VF (IVF) sensitivities were calculated by merging right and left eye 24-2 VF data. Results Mean age was 71 years (range, 57–93) and mean IVF sensitivity was 27.1 dB (normal = 31 dB). Lower IVF sensitivity was associated with greater RMS sway during eyes-open foam-surface testing (β = 0.23 z-score units/5 dB IVF sensitivity decrement, P = 0.001), but not during other ICTSIB conditions. Lower IVF sensitivity also was associated with greater RMS sway during feet together standing balance testing (0.10 z-score units/5 dB IVF sensitivity decrement, P = 0.049), but not during other standing balance conditions. Visual dependence of balance was lower in patients with worse IVF sensitivity (β = −21%/5 dB IVF sensitivity decrement, P < 0.001). Neither superior nor inferior IVF sensitivity consistently predicted balance measures better than measures of overall VF sensitivity. Conclusions Balance was worse in glaucoma patients with greater VF damage under foam surface testing (designed to inhibit proprioceptive contributions to balance) as well as feet-together firm-surface conditions when somatosensory inputs were available. Translational Relevance Good balance is essential to avoid unnecessary falls and patients with VF loss from glaucoma may be at higher risk of falls because of poor balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A de Luna
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Angeline M Nguyen
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David S Friedman
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura N Gitlin
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pradeep Y Ramulu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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147
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Peultier L, Lion A, Chary-Valckenaere I, Loeuille D, Zhang Z, Rat AC, Gueguen R, Paysant J, Perrin PP. Influence of meteorological elements on balance control and pain in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:903-910. [PMID: 27832355 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if pain and balance control are related to meteorological modifications in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). One hundred and thirteen patients with knee OA (mean age = 65 ± 9 years old, 78 women) participated in this study. Static posturography was performed, sway area covered and sway path traveled by the center of foot pressure being recorded under six standing postural conditions that combine three visual situations (eyes open, eyes closed, vision altered) with two platform situations (firm and foam supports). Knee pain score was assessed using a visual analog scale. Balance control and pain measurements recorded in the morning were correlated with the meteorological data. Morning and daily values for temperature, precipitation, sunshine, height of rain in 1 h, wind speed, humidity, and atmospheric pressure were obtained from the nearest data collecting weather station. The relationship between postural control, pain, and weather variations were assessed for each patient on a given day with multiple linear regressions. A decrease of postural stability was observed when atmospheric pressure and maximum humidity decreased in the morning (p < 0.05) and when atmospheric pressure decreased within a day (p < 0.05). Patient's knee pain was more enhanced when it is warmer in the morning (p < 0.05) and when it is wetter and warmer within a day (p < 0.05). The relationship between weather, pain, and postural control can help patients and health professionals to better manage daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Peultier
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alexis Lion
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1460, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Isabelle Chary-Valckenaere
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- IMoPA UMR-CNRS, 7365, Paris, France
| | - Damien Loeuille
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- IMoPA UMR-CNRS, 7365, Paris, France
| | - Zheng Zhang
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Anne-Christine Rat
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INSERM, CIC-EC, CIE6, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - René Gueguen
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean Paysant
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
- Regional Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, F-54042, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Philippe P Perrin
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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148
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What Do We Know About the Influence of the Cerebellum on Walking Ability? Promising Findings from Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:859-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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149
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Dalton BH, Rasman BG, Inglis JT, Blouin J. The internal representation of head orientation differs for conscious perception and balance control. J Physiol 2017; 595:2731-2749. [PMID: 28035656 PMCID: PMC5390877 DOI: 10.1113/jp272998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We tested perceived head-on-feet orientation and the direction of vestibular-evoked balance responses in passively and actively held head-turned postures. The direction of vestibular-evoked balance responses was not aligned with perceived head-on-feet orientation while maintaining prolonged passively held head-turned postures. Furthermore, static visual cues of head-on-feet orientation did not update the estimate of head posture for the balance controller. A prolonged actively held head-turned posture did not elicit a rotation in the direction of the vestibular-evoked balance response despite a significant rotation in perceived angular head posture. It is proposed that conscious perception of head posture and the transformation of vestibular signals for standing balance relying on this head posture are not dependent on the same internal representation. Rather, the balance system may operate under its own sensorimotor principles, which are partly independent from perception. ABSTRACT Vestibular signals used for balance control must be integrated with other sensorimotor cues to allow transformation of descending signals according to an internal representation of body configuration. We explored two alternative models of sensorimotor integration that propose (1) a single internal representation of head-on-feet orientation is responsible for perceived postural orientation and standing balance or (2) conscious perception and balance control are driven by separate internal representations. During three experiments, participants stood quietly while passively or actively maintaining a prolonged head-turned posture (>10 min). Throughout the trials, participants intermittently reported their perceived head angular position, and subsequently electrical vestibular stimuli were delivered to elicit whole-body balance responses. Visual recalibration of head-on-feet posture was used to determine whether static visual cues are used to update the internal representation of body configuration for perceived orientation and standing balance. All three experiments involved situations in which the vestibular-evoked balance response was not orthogonal to perceived head-on-feet orientation, regardless of the visual information provided. For prolonged head-turned postures, balance responses consistent with actual head-on-feet posture occurred only during the active condition. Our results indicate that conscious perception of head-on-feet posture and vestibular control of balance do not rely on the same internal representation, but instead treat sensorimotor cues in parallel and may arrive at different conclusions regarding head-on-feet posture. The balance system appears to bypass static visual cues of postural orientation and mainly use other sensorimotor signals of head-on-feet position to transform vestibular signals of head motion, a mechanism appropriate for most daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Dalton
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Brandon G. Rasman
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - J. Timothy Inglis
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- International Collaboration on Repair DiscoveriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jean‐Sébastien Blouin
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive SystemsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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150
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Balestrucci P, Daprati E, Lacquaniti F, Maffei V. Effects of visual motion consistent or inconsistent with gravity on postural sway. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1999-2010. [PMID: 28326440 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vision plays an important role in postural control, and visual perception of the gravity-defined vertical helps maintaining upright stance. In addition, the influence of the gravity field on objects' motion is known to provide a reference for motor and non-motor behavior. However, the role of dynamic visual cues related to gravity in the control of postural balance has been little investigated. In order to understand whether visual cues about gravitational acceleration are relevant for postural control, we assessed the relation between postural sway and visual motion congruent or incongruent with gravity acceleration. Postural sway of 44 healthy volunteers was recorded by means of force platforms while they watched virtual targets moving in different directions and with different accelerations. Small but significant differences emerged in sway parameters with respect to the characteristics of target motion. Namely, for vertically accelerated targets, gravitational motion (GM) was associated with smaller oscillations of the center of pressure than anti-GM. The present findings support the hypothesis that not only static, but also dynamic visual cues about direction and magnitude of the gravitational field are relevant for balance control during upright stance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Balestrucci
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy. .,Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Daprati
- Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.,Centre of Space BioMedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maffei
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
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