101
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Wang A, Li Y, Lv K, Gao R, Wang A, Yan H, Qin X, Xu S, Ma C, Jiang J, Wei Z, Zhang K, Liu M. Optimization and SAR research at the piperazine and phenyl rings of JNJ4796 as new anti-influenza A virus agents, part 1. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113591. [PMID: 34126455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
JNJ4796, a small molecule fuse inhibitor targeting the conserved stem region of hemagglutinin, effectively neutralized a broad spectrum of group 1 influenza A virus (IAV), and protected mice against lethal and sublethal influenza challenge after oral administration. In this study, we reported the modification and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of C (piperazine ring) and E (phenyl ring) rings of JNJ4796. Compound (R)-2c was identified to show excellent in vitro activity against IAV H1N1 and Oseltamivir-resistant IAV H1N1 stains (IC50: 0.03-0.06 μM), low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 μM), accepted oral PK profiles and low inhibition rate of hERG (13.2%, at 10 μM). Evaluation for the in vivo anti-IAV efficacy of (R)-2c will begin soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyu Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kai Lv
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Rongmei Gao
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Apeng Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chao Ma
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zengquan Wei
- Chemical Medicine Department, R&D Center, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin, 300410, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Mingliang Liu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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102
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In vitro Test for Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Parasites using Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus Strain i18, Isolated from a Pineapple Farm in Lampung. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing natural ingredient awareness and utilization has created an increased demand for sources of natural medicinal ingredients, including sources of compound used to treat malaria. Streptomyces is a genus of prokaryote well recognized for its production of antibiotics and other pharmaceutically useful compound. This study aimed to assess the ability of unpurified fermentation metabolites to inhibit Plasmodium parasites. A strain of bacteria identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. hygroscopicus strain i18 were isolated from pineapple fields in Lampung province, and was cultured and fermented on liquid synthetic Gause medium for 10 days. The supernatant was separated from the cells and extracted with ethyl acetate-methanol (1:1). Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 was used for antiplasmodial testing. Metabolites were tested qualitatively using a phytochemical approach. Saponins and triterpenoids were found to be present in the extract. Parasite inhibition as measured using probit analysis and yielded an IC50 value of 11.07 g.m/L. These findings suggest further examinations of this extract (e.g. assessment of off-target effects) are warranted.
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103
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Yadav J, El Hassani M, Sodhi J, Lauschke VM, Hartman JH, Russell LE. Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:207-233. [PMID: 33989099 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition rates. Recently, there have been significant advancements in the development of new in vitro and in vivo strategies to better characterize pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of drug leads. Herein, we review advances in experimental and mathematical models for clearance predictions, advancements in developing novel tools to capture slowly metabolized drugs, in vivo model developments to capture human etiology for supporting drug development, limitations and gaps in these efforts, and a perspective on the future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasleen Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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104
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Weis E, Hayes MA, Johansson MJ, Martín-Matute B. Iridium-catalyzed C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids with application to late-stage functionalizations. iScience 2021; 24:102467. [PMID: 34027322 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) has over the past years emerged as a powerful approach in the drug discovery process. At its best, it allows for rapid access to new analogues from a single drug-like molecule, bypassing the need for de novo synthesis. To be successful, methods able to tolerate the diverse functional groups present in drug-like molecules that perform under mild conditions are required. C-H methylation is of particular interest due to the magic methyl effect in medicinal chemistry. Herein we report an iridium-catalyzed carboxylate-directed ortho C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids. The method uses commercially available reagents and precatalyst and requires no inert atmosphere or exclusion of moisture. Substrates bearing electron-rich and electron-poor groups were successfully methylated, including compounds with competing directing/coordinating groups. The method was also applied to the LSF of several marketed drugs, forming analogues with increased metabolic stability compared with the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Weis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden.,Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Belén Martín-Matute
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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105
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Advancements in practical and scientific bioanalytical approaches to metabolism studies in drug development. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:913-930. [PMID: 33961500 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in metabolism profiling approaches and bioanalytical techniques has been revolutionized over the last two decades. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches along with advanced bioanalytical techniques are enabling the accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites. This review summarizes various modern in vitro and in vivo approaches for executing metabolism studies with special emphasis on the recent advancement in the field. Advanced bioanalytical techniques, which can be employed in metabolism studies, have been discussed suggesting their particular application based on specific study objectives. This article can efficiently guide the researchers to scientifically plan metabolism studies and their bioanalysis during drug development programs taking advantage of a detailed understanding of instances of failure in the past.
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106
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Agnihotri P, Monu, Ramani S, Chakraborty D, Saquib M, Biswas S. Differential Metabolome in Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Brief Perspective. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:42. [PMID: 33913028 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-00989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the synovium that affects the movable joints. It develops due to the infiltration and invasion of the synovial joints by immune cells. Metabolism is anabolic or catabolic chemical reactions occurring in a cell. The biochemical pathways in synovial and immune cells are altered affecting the downstream metabolite formation. Changes in the metabolite levels alter signaling cascades which further intensify the disease. Despite current knowledge of metabolomics, there remain certain features that need to be elucidated to correlate the differential metabolite levels with RA. RECENT FINDINGS Metabolite profiling can be used to find altered patterns of metabolites in RA. Glucose, lipid, amino acid, and estrogen metabolism are the key pathways that are altered and contribute to the aggravation of RA. The altered metabolic pathways involved in different cells in RA results in complex interactions between metabolites and biomacromolecules; thus, it generates autoantigens. Moreover, understanding the correlation between differential metabolites and disease severity might help reveal potential new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for RA pathogenesis. So, considering the multi-faceted role of altered metabolites in the pathogenesis of RA, metabolic pathways of different cells are needed to be studied for a better understanding of their functions in the disease and thus, improving the present therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Agnihotri
- Council of Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Monu
- Council of Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheetal Ramani
- Council of Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debolina Chakraborty
- Council of Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Saquib
- Council of Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sagarika Biswas
- Council of Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007, India.
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107
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Wegler C, Matsson P, Krogstad V, Urdzik J, Christensen H, Andersson TB, Artursson P. Influence of Proteome Profiles and Intracellular Drug Exposure on Differences in CYP Activity in Donor-Matched Human Liver Microsomes and Hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1792-1805. [PMID: 33739838 PMCID: PMC8041379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human liver microsomes (HLM) and human hepatocytes (HH) are important in vitro systems for studies of intrinsic drug clearance (CLint) in the liver. However, the CLint values are often in disagreement for these two systems. Here, we investigated these differences in a side-by-side comparison of drug metabolism in HLM and HH prepared from 15 matched donors. Protein expression and intracellular unbound drug concentration (Kpuu) effects on the CLint were investigated for five prototypical probe substrates (bupropion-CYP2B6, diclofenac-CYP2C9, omeprazole-CYP2C19, bufuralol-CYP2D6, and midazolam-CYP3A4). The samples were donor-matched to compensate for inter-individual variability but still showed systematic differences in CLint. Global proteomics analysis outlined differences in HLM from HH and homogenates of human liver (HL), indicating variable enrichment of ER-localized cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the HLM preparation. This suggests that the HLM may not equally and accurately capture metabolic capacity for all CYPs. Scaling CLint with CYP amounts and Kpuu could only partly explain the discordance in absolute values of CLint for the five substrates. Nevertheless, scaling with CYP amounts improved the agreement in rank order for the majority of the substrates. Other factors, such as contribution of additional enzymes and variability in the proportions of active and inactive CYP enzymes in HLM and HH, may have to be considered to avoid the use of empirical scaling factors for prediction of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wegler
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronica Krogstad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jozef Urdzik
- Department
of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hege Christensen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism,
BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department
of Pharmacy and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
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108
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Mondal S, Ravishankar Rai V. Molecular profiling and anti-infective potency of endophytic actinomycetes inhabiting Madhuca insignis Radlk., from Western Ghats of India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:36. [PMID: 33625604 PMCID: PMC7903210 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Endophytic actinomycetes are well known for their diverse bioactive entities and considered as an important source for drug development research. Results We isolated and identified four potential endophytic Streptomyces species, i.e., Streptomyces misionensis MI22, Streptomyces roietensis MI24, Streptomyces glaucescens MI29, and Streptomyces sp. MI04 inhabiting Madhuca insignis by its characteristic morphological features and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. S. misionensis MI22 exhibits a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (25.00 ± 1.00 mm) followed by Bacillus subtilis (23.66 ± 0.57 mm), Escherichia coli (22.00 ± 0.00 mm), and Candida albicans (18.00 ± 0.00 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the ethyl acetate fraction of S. misionensis MI22 against test pathogens were ranged from 25 to 100 μg/mL. Indeed, strain MI22 also exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity against HeLa cell line with IC50 value 98 μg/mL and showed no cytotoxicity effect to the normal human embryonic kidney cell line in the MTT assay. The anti-microbial metabolites from strain MI22 were detected at Rf 0.55 as depicted by the inhibition zone on the intensive band in TLC-bioautography assay. Conclusion The study indicates that, anti-microbial metabolites of these endophytic Streptomyces species, especially S. misionensis MI22 as a prolific source to discover novel bioactive metabolites to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mondal
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - V Ravishankar Rai
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570006, India.
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109
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Aldewachi H, Al-Zidan RN, Conner MT, Salman MM. High-Throughput Screening Platforms in the Discovery of Novel Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:30. [PMID: 33672148 PMCID: PMC7926814 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Identification of viable therapeutic targets and new treatments for CNS disorders and in particular, for NDDs is a major challenge in the field of drug discovery. These difficulties can be attributed to the diversity of cells involved, extreme complexity of the neural circuits, the limited capacity for tissue regeneration, and our incomplete understanding of the underlying pathological processes. Drug discovery is a complex and multidisciplinary process. The screening attrition rate in current drug discovery protocols mean that only one viable drug may arise from millions of screened compounds resulting in the need to improve discovery technologies and protocols to address the multiple causes of attrition. This has identified the need to screen larger libraries where the use of efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) becomes key in the discovery process. HTS can investigate hundreds of thousands of compounds per day. However, if fewer compounds could be screened without compromising the probability of success, the cost and time would be largely reduced. To that end, recent advances in computer-aided design, in silico libraries, and molecular docking software combined with the upscaling of cell-based platforms have evolved to improve screening efficiency with higher predictability and clinical applicability. We review, here, the increasing role of HTS in contemporary drug discovery processes, in particular for NDDs, and evaluate the criteria underlying its successful application. We also discuss the requirement of HTS for novel NDD therapies and examine the major current challenges in validating new drug targets and developing new treatments for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Aldewachi
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
- College of Pharmacy, Nineveh University, Mosul 41002, Iraq
| | - Radhwan N. Al-Zidan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq;
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Matthew T. Conner
- School of Sciences, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq;
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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110
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Decarli MC, do Amaral RLF, Dos Santos DP, Tofani LB, Katayama E, Rezende RA, Silva JVLD, Swiech K, Suazo CAT, Mota C, Moroni L, Moraes ÂM. Cell spheroids as a versatile research platform: formation mechanisms, high throughput production, characterization and applications. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33592595 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe6f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture has tremendous advantages to closely mimic the in vivo architecture and microenvironment of healthy tissue and organs, as well as of solid tumors. Spheroids are currently the most attractive 3D model to produce uniform reproducible cell structures as well as a potential basis for engineering large tissues and complex organs. In this review we discuss, from an engineering perspective, processes to obtain uniform 3D cell spheroids, comparing dynamic and static cultures and considering aspects such as mass transfer and shear stress. In addition, computational and mathematical modelling of complex cell spheroid systems are discussed. The non-cell-adhesive hydrogel-based method and dynamic cell culture in bioreactors are focused in detail and the myriad of developed spheroid characterization techniques is presented. The main bottlenecks and weaknesses are discussed, especially regarding the analysis of morphological parameters, cell quantification and viability, gene expression profiles, metabolic behavior and high-content analysis. Finally, a vast set of applications of spheroids as tools for in vitro study model systems is examined, including drug screening, tissue formation, pathologies development, tissue engineering and biofabrication, 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, together with their use in high-throughput platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monize Caiado Decarli
- School of Chemical Engineering/Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500 - Bloco A - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, BRAZIL
| | - Robson Luis Ferraz do Amaral
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, no number, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Diogo Peres Dos Santos
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Larissa Bueno Tofani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, no number, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Eric Katayama
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Rodrigo Alvarenga Rezende
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Rod. Dom Pedro I (SP-65), km 143,6 - Amarais, Campinas, SP, 13069-901, BRAZIL
| | - Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Rod. Dom Pedro I (SP-65), km 143,6 - Amarais, Campinas, SP, 13069-901, BRAZIL
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Cláudio Alberto Torres Suazo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration (CTR), University of Maastricht , Universiteitssingel, 40, office 3.541A, Maastricht, 6229 ER, NETHERLANDS
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Universiteitsingel, 40, Maastricht, 6229ER, NETHERLANDS
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- School of Chemical Engineering/Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500 - Bloco A - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, BRAZIL
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111
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Veale CGL. Into the Fray! A Beginner's Guide to Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1199-1225. [PMID: 33591595 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern medicinal chemistry is a complex, multidimensional discipline that operates at the interface of the chemical and biological sciences. The medicinal chemistry contribution to drug discovery is typically described in the context of the well-recited linear progression of the drug discovery pipeline. However, compound optimization is idiosyncratic to each project, and clear definitions of hit and lead molecules and the subsequent progress along the pipeline becomes easily blurred. In addition, this description lacks insight into the entangled relationship between chemical and pharmacological properties, and thus provides limited guidance on how innovative medicinal chemistry strategies can be applied to solve optimization problems, regardless of the stage in the pipeline. Through discussion and illustrative examples, this article seeks to provide insights into the finesse of medicinal chemistry and the subtlety of balancing chemical properties pharmacology. In so doing, it aims to serve as an accessible and simple-to-digest guide for anyone who wishes to learn about the underlying principles of medicinal chemistry, in a context that has been decoupled from the pipeline description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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112
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Panday NK, Thakkar D, Patel S, Shard A, Sengupta P. Metabolite profiling of IMID-2, a novel anticancer molecule of piperazine derivative: In silico prediction, in vitro and in vivo metabolite characterization using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5082. [PMID: 33570183 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IMID-2, a newly identified piperazine-based anticancer molecule, has been shown to be cytotoxic against various cancer cell lines. The primary aim of this research was to identify and characterize possible metabolites of the molecule formed during biotransformation. A metabolite identification study was first executed using an in silico tool to predict the possible metabolism sites of IMID-2. Thereafter, metabolites generated in vitro (rat liver microsomes, rat S9 fractions and human liver microsomes) and in vivo (rat plasma, urine and feces) were identified and characterized employing UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of eight metabolites, among which were six in phase I and two in phase II reactions, were recognized. The plausible structure of the metabolites and probable metabolic pathway have been established based on the mass fragmentation pattern, mass ppm error, ring double bond calculation and nitrogen rule. The majority of phase I metabolites were generated by N-oxidation, hydroxylation, oxidative deamination followed by reduction, oxidative dechlorination, N-dearylation, and N-dealkylation. Glucuronidation played a significant role in the formation of phase II metabolites of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Panday
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, India
| | - Disha Thakkar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, India
| | - Amit Shard
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, India
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113
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Potęga A, Paczkowski S, Paluszkiewicz E, Mazerska Z. Electrochemical simulation of metabolic reduction and conjugation reactions of unsymmetrical bisacridine antitumor agents, C-2028 and C-2053. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113970. [PMID: 33618132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry (EC) coupled with analysis techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed as a powerful tool for drug metabolism simulation. The application of EC in metabolic studies is particularly favourable due to the low matrix contribution compared to in vitro or in vivo biological models. In this paper, the EC(/LC)/MS system was applied to simulate phase I metabolism of the representative two unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs), named C-2028 and C-2053, which contain nitroaromatic group susceptible to reductive transformations. UAs are a novel potent class of antitumor agents of extraordinary structures that may be useful in the treatment of difficult for therapy human solid tumors such as breast, colon, prostate, and pancreatic tumors. It is considered that the biological action of these compounds may be due to the redox properties of the nitroaromatic group. At first, the relevant conditions for the electrochemical conversion and product identification process, including the electrode potential range, electrolyte composition, and working electrode material, were optimized with the application of 1-nitroacridine as a model compound. Electrochemical simulation of C-2028 and C-2053 reductive metabolism resulted in the generation of six and five products, respectively. The formation of hydroxylamine m/z [M+H-14]+, amine m/z [M+H-30]+, and novel N-oxide m/z [M+H-18]+ species from UAs was demonstrated. Furthermore, both studied compounds were shown to be stable, retaining their dimeric forms, during electrochemical experiments. The electrochemical method also indicated the susceptibility of C-2028 to phase II metabolic reactions. The respective glutathione and dithiothreitol adducts of C-2028 were identified as ions at m/z 873 and m/z 720. In conclusion, the electrochemical reductive transformations of antitumor UAs allowed for the synthesis of new reactive intermediate forms permitting the study of their interactions with biologically crucial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Potęga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Szymon Paczkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Ewa Paluszkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Zofia Mazerska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.
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114
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Wei WL, Li HJ, Yang WZ, Qu H, Li ZW, Yao CL, Hou JJ, Wu WY, Guo DA. An integrated strategy for comprehensive characterization of metabolites and metabolic profiles of bufadienolides from Venenum Bufonis in rats. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:136-144. [PMID: 35573889 PMCID: PMC9073132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of metabolites and metabolic profiles in plasma has considerable significance in determining the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in vivo. However, this process is usually hindered by the insufficient characteristic fragments of metabolites, ubiquitous matrix interference, and complicated screening and identification procedures for metabolites. In this study, an effective strategy was established to systematically characterize the metabolites, deduce the metabolic pathways, and describe the metabolic profiles of bufadienolides isolated from Venenum Bufonis in vivo. The strategy was divided into five steps. First, the blank and test plasma samples were injected into an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/linear trap quadrupole-orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS) system in the full scan mode continuously five times to screen for valid matrix compounds and metabolites. Second, an extension-mass defect filter model was established to obtain the targeted precursor ions of the list of bufadienolide metabolites, which reduced approximately 39% of the interfering ions. Third, an acquisition model was developed and used to trigger more tandem MS (MS/MS) fragments of precursor ions based on the targeted ion list. The acquisition mode enhanced the acquisition capability by approximately four times than that of the regular data-dependent acquisition mode. Fourth, the acquired data were imported into Compound Discoverer software for identification of metabolites with metabolic network prediction. The main in vivo metabolic pathways of bufadienolides were elucidated. A total of 147 metabolites were characterized, and the main biotransformation reactions of bufadienolides were hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, and isomerization. Finally, the main prototype bufadienolides in plasma at different time points were determined using LC-MS/MS, and the metabolic profiles were clearly identified. This strategy could be widely used to elucidate the metabolic profiles of TCM preparations or Chinese patent medicines in vivo and provide critical data for rational drug use. Extension-mass defect filter model could reduce about 39% interfering ions. The optimized acquisition mode enhanced about 4 times acquisition capability than regular DDA mode. 147 metabolites were characterized with metabolic network prediction, and the metabolic pathways were deduced in plasmas. The quantitative method of 14 prototypes was established by LC-MS/MS for metabolic profiles study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao-Jv Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhen-Wei Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang-Liang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jin-Jun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wan-Ying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Corresponding author. Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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115
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Shao Y, Zhao XX, Guo M, Zheng YL, Wu RH, Pan LY. Delivery Mechanism of the Pharmaceutical Complex of Genistein-Adenine Based on Spectroscopic and Molecular Modelling at Atomic Scale. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000944. [PMID: 33411381 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GS) exhibits various biological activities, but its clinical application is limited because of the low bioavailability. In this study, a GS-adenine pharmaceutical complex was prepared through solvent evaporation to improve the bioavailability of GS, and a molecular model of a two-component supramolecular pharmacological transport mechanism was established. The structure of GS-adenine was characterized, in addition, interaction patterns between GS and adenine were investigated using density functional theory. The results showed that the solubility of GS-adenine was five times higher than that of GS, and the cumulative release rate of GS-adenine was 86 %. The results of fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulations showed that GS-adenine bound to the Sudlow's site I of HSA mainly through hydrophobic interactions. This study provides a useful reference for synthesizing pharmaceutical complexes to improve solubility and for exploring the mechanism of multiple pharmaceutical components in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shao
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhao
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Wood-Based Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lu Zheng
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Hui Wu
- College of Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Ying Pan
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
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116
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Gao X, Zhang Y, Feng T, Cao L, Wu W, Qin K. Comprehensive identification, fragmentation pattern, and metabolic pathways of gefitinib metabolites via UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS: in vivo study of rat plasma, urine, bile, and faeces. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:355-365. [PMID: 33269993 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1859642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib, the first approved inhibitor for oral epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been proved to be effective in non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutation. However, there are many metabolites of gefitinib that have not been identified in vivo. This study aims to identify the metabolites of gefitinib and its metabolic pathways in rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) detector. Protein precipitation, solid-phase and ultrasonic extraction were used for the pre-treatment of plasma, urine, bile and faeces samples. In this study, a total of 28 compounds were identified in rat plasma, 29 in bile, 20 in urine and 16 in faeces. 20 new compounds were firstly reported as metabolites of gefitinib. Reduction, hydroxylation, dealkylation and dehalogenation were the major metabolic pathways in phase I. For phase II, the main pathways were sulphate and glucuronide conjugation. The fragment ions of gefitinib and its metabolites were usually generated via the fracture of C1-O bond of propoxy on the C6 position of aniline quinazoline ring. The results may be valuable and important for understanding the metabolic process of gefitinib in clinical application and drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Yuanchuang Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, P. R. China
| | - Kunming Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, P. R. China
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117
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Abstract
More than four decades have passed since the first example of a light-activated (caged) compound was described. In the intervening years, a large number of light-responsive derivatives have been reported, several of which have found utility under a variety of in vitro conditions using cells and tissues. Light-triggered bioactivity furnishes spatial and temporal control, and offers the possibility of precision dosing and orthogonal communication with different biomolecules. These inherent attributes of light have been advocated as advantageous for the delivery and/or activation of drugs at diseased sites for a variety of indications. However, the tissue penetrance of light is profoundly wavelength-dependent. Only recently have phototherapeutics that are photoresponsive in the optical window of tissue (600-900 nm) been described. This Review highlights these recent discoveries, along with their limitations and clinical opportunities. In addition, we describe preliminary in vivo studies of prospective phototherapeutics, with an emphasis on the path that remains to be navigated in order to translate light-activated drugs into clinically useful therapeutics. Finally, the unique attributes of phototherapeutics is highlighted by discussing several potential disease applications.
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118
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Yang Y, Zhang S, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Gao Y, Wang H, Li Z, Wu D, Wu Y, Huang YY, Guo L, Luo HB. Discovery of highly selective and orally available benzimidazole-based phosphodiesterase 10 inhibitors with improved solubility and pharmacokinetic properties for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2339-2347. [PMID: 33354505 PMCID: PMC7745062 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization efforts were devoted to discover novel PDE10A inhibitors in order to improve solubility and pharmacokinetics properties for a long-term therapy against pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) starting from the previously synthesized inhibitor A. As a result, a potent and highly selective PDE10A inhibitor, 14·3HCl (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 2.8 nmol/L and >3500-fold selectivity) exhibiting desirable solubility and metabolic stability with a remarkable bioavailability of 50% was identified with the aid of efficient methods of binding free energy predictions. Animal PAH studies showed that the improvement offered by 14·3HCl [2.5 mg/kg, oral administration (p.o.)] was comparable to tadalafil (5.0 mg/kg, p.o.), verifying the feasibility of PDE10A inhibitors for the anti-PAH treatment. The crystal structure of the PDE10A−14 complex illustrates their binding pattern, which provided a guideline for rational design of highly selective PDE10A inhibitors.
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119
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Shanu-Wilson J, Evans L, Wrigley S, Steele J, Atherton J, Boer J. Biotransformation: Impact and Application of Metabolism in Drug Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2087-2107. [PMID: 33214818 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation has a huge impact on the efficacy and safety of drugs. Ultimately the effects of metabolism can be the lynchpin in the discovery and development cycle of a new drug. This article discusses the impact and application of biotransformation of drugs by mammalian systems, microorganisms, and recombinant enzymes, covering active and reactive metabolites, the impact of the gut microbiome on metabolism, and how insights gained from biotransformation studies can influence drug design from the combined perspectives of a CRO specializing in a range of biotransformation techniques and pharma biotransformation scientists. We include a commentary on how biology-driven approaches can complement medicinal chemistry strategies in drug optimization and the in vitro and surrogate systems available to explore and exploit biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, U.K
| | - James Atherton
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Jason Boer
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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120
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Gong X, Yang M, He CN, Bi YQ, Zhang CH, Li MH, Xiao PG. Plant Pharmacophylogeny: Review and Future Directions. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 28:567-574. [PMID: 33170942 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have provided numerous medicinal active ingredients for thousands of years and these ingredients have been used in Chinese medicine (CM) and traditional pharmacologies worldwide. Recently, the exploitation and utilisation of medicinal plant resources has increased significantly. The results of the studies have led to the identification of many active components, such as steroidal alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides, in various medicinal plants with different evolutionary levels. Moreover, research on the chemical classification, molecular phylogeny, and pharmacological activity of medicinal plants is increasing in popularity. Pharmacophylogeny is an interdisciplinary topic that studies the correlation between plant phylogeny, chemical composition, and curative effects (pharmacological activity and the traditional curative effect) of medicinal plants. In addition, it provides the basic tools to enable research and development of CM resources. This literature review, based on the genetic relationship between phytogroup and species, highlights the formation process, research content, applications, and future directions of pharmacophylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Chun-Nian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Bi
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Chun-Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China. .,Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China. .,Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530000, China. .,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China.
| | - Pei-Gen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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121
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Li YL, Zhou BW, Cheng J, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang L, Guo YL. Mass Spectrometry-Based Discovery of New Chemical Scaffold Rearrangement Ions: Aza-biphenylene as a Novel Potent Biradical Agent in Cancer Chemotherapy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14517-14527. [PMID: 33054169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of a new drug is time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Herein, a novel integrative strategy for discovering potential new lead compounds has been developed, which was based on the characteristics of mass spectrometry (MS). MS was used to predict the potential forced degradation products (DPs) and metabolites of drugs by electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation (CID). Special rearrangement ions representing unique predicted DPs and metabolites were identified. The consistency between the predicted and the measured results was proven by in vitro metabolism and forced degradation of a commercial drug, respectively. From this, new chemical scaffold rearrangement ions named (aza)-biphenylenes, as potent anticancer agents, were discovered. As a representative aza-biphenylene analogue, 2-azabiphenylene was proven in vitro to induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of various human cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, 2-azabiphenylene exhibited the best comparable bioactivity with the positive control sorafenib, but showed significantly lower in vitro cytotoxicity than sorafenib (at least a 5-fold decrease in cytotoxicity) because it could be targeted to the tumor microenvironment at low pH. A biradical mechanism accompanied by a mitochondrion-dependent oxidative stress mechanism was proposed to explore its anticancer mechanism. The highly reactive intermediate aza-biphenylenediyl worked as an active pharmaceutical ingredient and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. This provided the basis for the potential applications of CID-induced special rearrangement ions in developing new lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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122
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Ooka M, Lynch C, Xia M. Application of In Vitro Metabolism Activation in High-Throughput Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218182. [PMID: 33142951 PMCID: PMC7663506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro methods which incorporate metabolic capability into the assays allow us to assess the activity of metabolites from their parent compounds. These methods can be applied into high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms, thereby increasing the speed to identify compounds that become active via the metabolism process. HTS was originally used in the pharmaceutical industry and now is also used in academic settings to evaluate biological activity and/or toxicity of chemicals. Although most chemicals are metabolized in our body, many HTS assays lack the capability to determine compound activity via metabolism. To overcome this problem, several in vitro metabolic methods have been applied to an HTS format. In this review, we describe in vitro metabolism methods and their application in HTS assays, as well as discuss the future perspectives of HTS with metabolic activity. Each in vitro metabolism method has advantages and disadvantages. For instance, the S9 mix has a full set of liver metabolic enzymes, but it displays high cytotoxicity in cell-based assays. In vitro metabolism requires liver fractions or the use of other metabolically capable systems, including primary hepatocytes or recombinant enzymes. Several newly developed in vitro metabolic methods, including HepaRG cells, three-dimensional (3D) cell models, and organ-on-a-chip technology, will also be discussed. These newly developed in vitro metabolism approaches offer significant progress in dissecting biological processes, developing drugs, and making toxicology studies quicker and more efficient.
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123
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Goracci L, Desantis J, Valeri A, Castellani B, Eleuteri M, Cruciani G. Understanding the Metabolism of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs): The Next Step toward Pharmaceutical Applications. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11615-11638. [PMID: 33026811 PMCID: PMC8015227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hetero-bifunctional PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new emerging class of small molecules designed to induce polyubiquitylation and proteasomal-dependent degradation of a target protein. Despite the increasing number of publications about the synthesis, biological evaluation, and mechanism of action of PROTACs, the characterization of the pharmacokinetic properties of this class of compounds is still minimal. Here, we report a study on the metabolism of a series of 40 PROTACs in cryopreserved human hepatocytes at multiple time points. Our results indicated that the metabolism of PROTACs could not be predicted from that of their constituent ligands. Their linkers' chemical nature and length resulted in playing a major role in the PROTACs' liability. A subset of compounds was also tested for metabolism by human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and human aldehyde oxidase (hAOX) for more in-depth data interpretation, and both enzymes resulted in active PROTAC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Goracci
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Castellani
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michela Eleuteri
- Montelino
Therapeutics, LLC, 7
Powdermill Lane, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772 Unites States
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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124
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Ma X, An J, Luo S, Weng C, Ding Y, Ling C, Szostak M. Reductive Deuteration of Aromatic Esters for the Synthesis of α,α-Dideuterio Benzyl Alcohols Using D2O as Deuterium Source. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstractα,α-Dideuterio benzyl alcohols are important building blocks for the synthesis of deuterium-labeled medicines and agrochemicals. We have developed the first general single-electron transfer reductive deuteration of readily commercially available aromatic esters for the synthesis of α,α-dideuterio benzyl alcohols using benign D2O and a mild single-electron donor SmI2. This operationally convenient method features very good functional group tolerance and high deuterium incorporations (>95% D2). The potential impact has been exemplified by the synthesis of numerous deuterium labeled building blocks of important bioactive compounds. Most crucially, the method represents the first example of selective reductive deuteration of benzylic-type ketyl radicals using mild and highly chemoselective lanthanide(II) reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University
| | - Shihui Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University
| | - Chaoqun Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University
| | - Yuxuan Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, China Agricultural University
| | - Chen Ling
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University
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125
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Piatek M, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. UtilisingGalleria mellonella larvae for studying in vivo activity of conventional and novel antimicrobial agents. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5917982. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe immune response of insects displays many structural and functional similarities to the innate immune response of mammals. As a result of these conserved features, insects may be used for evaluating microbial virulence or for testing the in vivo efficacy and toxicity of antimicrobial compounds and results show strong similarities to those from mammals. Galleria mellonella larvae are widely used in this capacity and have the advantage of being easy to use, inexpensive to purchase and house, and being free from the ethical and legal restrictions that relate to the use of mammals in these tests. Galleria mellonella larvae may be used to assess the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of novel antimicrobial compounds. A wide range of antibacterial and antifungal therapies have been evaluated in G. mellonella larvae and results have informed subsequent experiments in mammals. While insect larvae are a convenient and reproducible model to use, care must be taken in their use to ensure accuracy of results. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive account of the use of G. mellonella larvae for assessing the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of a wide range of antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piatek
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
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126
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Delcourt V, Barnabé A, Loup B, Garcia P, André F, Chabot B, Trévisiol S, Moulard Y, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. MetIDfyR: An Open-Source R Package to Decipher Small-Molecule Drug Metabolism through High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13155-13162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - François André
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Stéphane Trévisiol
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Yves Moulard
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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127
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Zhang K, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Wu X, Bian H, Zhu P, Chen Z. Nonclinical safety, tolerance and pharmacodynamics evaluation for meplazumab treating chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1680-1693. [PMID: 33088688 PMCID: PMC7564037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meplazumab is an anti-CD147 humanized IgG2 antibody. The purpose of this study was to characterize the nonclinical safety, tolerance and efficacy evaluation of meplazumab treating chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Meplazumab was well tolerated in repeat-dose toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys. No observed adverse effect level was 12 mg/kg. No difference between genders in the primary toxicokinetic parameters after repeat intravenous injection of meplazumab. No increased levels of drug exposure and drug accumulation were observed in different gender and dose groups. Meplazumab had a low cross-reactivity rate in various tissues and did not cause hemolysis or aggregation of red blood cells. The biodistribution and excretion results indicated that meplazumab was mainly distributed in the plasma, whole blood, and hemocytes, and excreted in the urine. Moreover, meplazumab effectively inhibited the parasites from invading erythrocytes in humanized mice in a time-dependent manner and the efficacy is superior to that of chloroquine. All these studies suggested that meplazumab is safe and well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys, and effectively inhibits P. falciparum from invading into human red blood cells. These nonclinical data facilitated the initiation of an ongoing clinical trial of meplazumab for antimalarial therapy.
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Key Words
- ADA, anti-drug antibody
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- Antimalarial therapy
- CD147
- Efficacy
- FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
- Fab, variable region of monoclonal antibody
- Fc, crystalline region of monoclonal antibody
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IR, inhibition rate
- Meplazumab
- NOG mice, NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγ null mice
- Nonclinical
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PC50, median parasite clearance time
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Pr, parasitemia
- RAP2, rhoptry-associated protein 2
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RH5, reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5
- RO, receptor occupancy
- SD rats, Sprague–Dawley rats
- Safety
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Tolerance
- WHO, World Health Organization
- huRBCs, human red blood cells
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
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128
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Li H, Peng Y, Zheng J. Dioscorea bulbifera L.-induced hepatotoxicity and involvement of metabolic activation of furanoterpenoids. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:568-584. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1800724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang, China
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129
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130
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Simulation of the environmental degradation of diuron (herbicide) using electrochemistry coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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131
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Wang J, Liu Y, Liu C, Shi Q. Characterization of the metabolites of gigantol in rat, dog, monkey, and human hepatocytes using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8810. [PMID: 32267985 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gigantol (3',4-dihydroxy-3,5'-dimethoxybibenzyl) is a bibenzyl compound isolated from Dendrobii Caulis that has been widely used as a medicinal herb in China. To fully understand the mechanism of action of gigantol, it is necessary to determine its metabolic profile. METHODS Gigantol at a concentration of 20 μM was incubated with hepatocytes (rat, dog, monkey, and human) at 37°C. After 120 min incubation, the samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of the metabolites were characterized by their molecular masses, product ions, and retention times. RESULTS A total of 17 metabolites were detected and structurally identified. The metabolism involved the following pathways: (a) oxidation to form quinone-methide species and subsequently conjugation with glutathione (GSH); (b) demethylation to form demethylated gigantol, which was further conjugated with GSH; (c) hydroxylation to yield hydroxyl-gigantol followed by glucuronidation or GSH conjugation; and (d) glucuronidation to form glucuronide conjugates. Glucuronidation was the primary metabolic pathway in all tested species. CONCLUSIONS Hydroxylation, demethylation, glucuronidation, and GSH conjugation were the major metabolic pathways of gigantol. This study provides new information on the metabolic profiles of gigantol and helps us understand the disposition of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiological, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Radiological, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qinghong Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
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132
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Durán-Iturbide N, Díaz-Eufracio BI, Medina-Franco JL. In Silico ADME/Tox Profiling of Natural Products: A Focus on BIOFACQUIM. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16076-16084. [PMID: 32656429 PMCID: PMC7346235 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural products continue to be major sources of bioactive compounds and drug candidates not only because of their unique chemical structures but also because of their overall favorable metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties. The number of publicly accessible natural product databases has increased significantly in the past few years. However, the systematic ADME/Tox profile has been reported on a limited basis. For instance, BIOFACQUIM was recently published as a public database of natural products from Mexico, a country with a rich source of biomolecules. However, its ADME/Tox profile has not been reported. Herein, we discuss the results of an in-depth in silico ADME/Tox profile of natural products in BIOFACQUIM and other large public collections of natural products. It was concluded that the absorption and distribution profiles of compounds in BIOFACQUIM are similar to those of approved drugs, while the metabolism profile is comparable to that in the other natural product databases. The excretion profile of compounds in BIOFACQUIM is different from that of the approved drugs, but their predicted toxicity profile is comparable. This work further contributes to the deeper characterization of natural product collections as major sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi
Angeles Durán-Iturbide
- School of Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bárbara I. Díaz-Eufracio
- School of Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- School of Chemistry, Department
of Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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133
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Miller RR, Madeira M, Wood HB, Geissler WM, Raab CE, Martin IJ. Integrating the Impact of Lipophilicity on Potency and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Enables the Use of Diverse Chemical Space during Small Molecule Drug Optimization. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12156-12170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy R. Miller
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Harold B. Wood
- Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wayne M. Geissler
- Business Development & Licensing, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Conrad E. Raab
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Iain J. Martin
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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134
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Park SK, Byun WS, Lee S, Han YT, Jeong YS, Jang K, Chung SJ, Lee J, Suh YG, Lee SK. A novel small molecule STAT3 inhibitor SLSI-1216 suppresses proliferation and tumor growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells through apoptotic induction. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114053. [PMID: 32450253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer, characterized by the lack of expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Owing to the absence of molecular targets, there are limited treatment options, and TNBC patients exhibit high mortality rates. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is overexpressed and aberrantly activated in TNBC cells. Therefore, inhibition of STAT3-mediated signaling provides a potential strategy for the treatment of TNBC. In this study, A series of synthetic derivatives of SLSI-1 (a STAT3 inhibitor) were designed and evaluated for antitumor activity in TNBC cells. A novel derivative (SLSI-1216) exhibited the most potent anti-proliferative activity. SLSI-1216 effectively inhibited STAT3 activity and activation of STAT3, leading to the downregulation of AXL, a downstream target of STAT3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression. The inhibition of EMT by SLSI-1216 was associated with modulation of E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Furthermore, SLSI-1216 induced apoptosis by targeting STAT3 and effectively inhibited tumor growth in vivo. These findings suggest that SLSI-1216, as a potential inhibitor of STAT3, may be a promising therapeutic agent for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sub Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Taek Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Seong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungkuk Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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135
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Fenbendazole Controls In Vitro Growth, Virulence Potential, and Animal Infection in the Cryptococcus Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00286-20. [PMID: 32253211 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00286-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human diseases caused by the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are associated with high indices of mortality and toxic and/or cost-prohibitive therapeutic protocols. The need for affordable antifungals to combat cryptococcal disease is unquestionable. Previous studies suggested benzimidazoles as promising anticryptococcal agents combining low cost and high antifungal efficacy, but their therapeutic potential has not been demonstrated so far. In this study, we investigated the antifungal potential of fenbendazole, the most effective anticryptococcal benzimidazole. Fenbendazole was inhibitory against 17 different isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii at a low concentration. The mechanism of anticryptococcal activity of fenbendazole involved microtubule disorganization, as previously described for human parasites. In combination with fenbendazole, the concentrations of the standard antifungal amphotericin B required to control cryptococcal growth were lower than those required when this antifungal was used alone. Fenbendazole was not toxic to mammalian cells. During macrophage infection, the anticryptococcal effects of fenbendazole included inhibition of intracellular proliferation rates and reduced phagocytic escape through vomocytosis. Fenbendazole deeply affected the cryptococcal capsule. In a mouse model of cryptococcosis, the efficacy of fenbendazole to control animal mortality was similar to that observed for amphotericin B. These results indicate that fenbendazole is a promising candidate for the future development of an efficient and affordable therapeutic tool to combat cryptococcosis.
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136
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Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Sun J, Tateno C, Saito T. Art of Making Artificial Liver: Depicting Human Liver Biology and Diseases in Mice. Semin Liver Dis 2020; 40:189-212. [PMID: 32074631 PMCID: PMC8629128 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in both bioengineering and cell biology of the liver led to the establishment of the first-generation humanized liver chimeric mouse (HLCM) model in 2001. The HLCM system was initially developed to satisfy the necessity for a convenient and physiologically representative small animal model for studies of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Over the last two decades, the HLCM system has substantially evolved in quality, production capacity, and utility, thereby growing its versatility beyond the study of viral hepatitis. Hence, it has been increasingly employed for a variety of applications including, but not limited to, the investigation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and stem cell biology. To date, more than a dozen distinctive HLCM systems have been established, and each model system has similarities as well as unique characteristics, which are often perplexing for end-users. Thus, this review aims to summarize the history, evolution, advantages, and pitfalls of each model system with the goal of providing comprehensive information that is necessary for researchers to implement the ideal HLCM system for their purposes. Furthermore, this review article summarizes the contribution of HLCM and its derivatives to our mechanistic understanding of various human liver diseases, its potential for novel applications, and its current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California
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137
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Sang Z, Wang K, Bai P, Wu A, Shi J, Liu W, Zhu G, Wang Y, Lan Y, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Qiao Z, Wang C, Tan Z. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel O-carbamoyl ferulamide derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 194:112265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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138
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Li F, MacKenzie KR, Jain P, Santini C, Young DW, Matzuk MM. Metabolism of JQ1, an inhibitor of bromodomain and extra terminal bromodomain proteins, in human and mouse liver microsomes†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:427-436. [PMID: 32285106 PMCID: PMC7401416 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
JQ1 is a small-molecule inhibitor of the bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) protein family that potently inhibits the bromodomain testis-specific protein (BRDT), which is essential for spermatogenesis. JQ1 treatment produces a reversible contraceptive effect by targeting the activity of BRDT in mouse male germ cells, validating BRDT as a male contraceptive target. Although JQ1 possesses favourable physical properties, it exhibits a short half-life. Because the details of xenobiotic metabolism play important roles in the optimization of drug candidates and in determining the role of metabolism in drug efficacy, we investigated the metabolism of JQ1 in human and mouse liver microsomes. We present the first comprehensive view of JQ1 metabolism in liver microsomes, distinguishing nine JQ1 metabolites, including three monohydroxylated, one de-tert-butylated, two dihydroxylated, one monohydroxylated/dehydrogenated, one monohydroxylated-de-tert-butylated and one dihydroxylated/dehydrogenated variant of JQ1. The dominant metabolite (M1) in both human and mouse liver microsomes is monohydroxylated on the fused three-ring core. Using recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, chemical inhibitors and the liver S9 fraction of Cyp3a-null mice, we identify enzymes that contribute to the formation of these metabolites. Cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 (CYP3A4) is the main contributor to the production of JQ1 metabolites in vitro, and the CYP3A4/5 inhibitor ketoconazole strongly inhibits JQ1 metabolism in both human and mouse liver microsomes. Our findings suggest that JQ1 half-life and efficacy might be improved in vivo by co-administration of a selective CYP inhibitor, thereby impacting the use of JQ1 as a probe for BRDT activity in spermatogenesis and as a probe or therapeutic in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,NMR and Drug Metabolism Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin R MacKenzie
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,NMR and Drug Metabolism Core, Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prashi Jain
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Conrad Santini
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Damian W Young
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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139
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Zhang X, Chen Q, Song R, Xu J, Tian W, Li S, Jin Z, Chi YR. Carbene-Catalyzed α,γ-Deuteration of Enals under Oxidative Conditions. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Qiao Chen
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Runjiang Song
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jun Xu
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weiyi Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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140
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Sarver PJ, Bacauanu V, Schultz DM, DiRocco DA, Lam YH, Sherer EC, MacMillan DWC. The merger of decatungstate and copper catalysis to enable aliphatic C(sp3)–H trifluoromethylation. Nat Chem 2020; 12:459-467. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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141
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Huang S, Dong R, Xu G, Liu J, Gao X, Yu S, Qie P, Gou G, Hu M, Wang Y, Peng J, Guang B, Xu Y, Yang T. Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of Desmethyl Anethole Trithione Phosphate Prodrug for Ameliorating Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4595-4602. [PMID: 32175506 PMCID: PMC7066653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anethol trithione (ATT) has a wide range of physiological activities, but its use is limited due to its poor water solubility. To improve the solubility of ATT, we synthesized and characterized a novel phosphate prodrug (ATXP) relying on the availability of the hydroxy group in 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole3-thione (ATX), which was transformed from ATT rapidly and extensively in vivo. Our results showed that ATXP significantly improved drug solubility. ATXP was rapidly converted to ATX and reached a maximum plasma concentration with a T max of approximately 5 min after intravenous (iv) administration. Furthermore, after the oral administration of ATXP, the C max was 3326.30 ± 566.50 ng/mL, which was approximately 5-fold greater than that of the parent drug form, indicating that ATXP has greater absorption than that of ATT. Additionally, the oral phosphate prodrug ATXP increased the ATX in the area under the plasma concentration vs time curves (AUC0-t = 3927.40 ± 321.50 and AUC0-∞ = 4579.0 ± 756.30), making its use in practical applications more meaningful. Finally, compared to the vehicle, ATXP was confirmed to maintain the bioactivity of the parent drug for a significant reduction in infarct volume 24 h after reperfusion. Based on these findings, the phosphate prodrug ATXP is a potentially useful water-soluble prodrug with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Renhan Dong
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu
Beinuokecheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 88, Keyuan South Road, New and High-Tech Zone, Chengdu 610094, Sichuan, China
| | - Gaojie Xu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofang Gao
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Siqi Yu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfan Qie
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Gou
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Hu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Guang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu
Beinuokecheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 88, Keyuan South Road, New and High-Tech Zone, Chengdu 610094, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- The
First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Tai Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
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142
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Locomotor effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its deuterated form in mice: psychostimulant effects, stereotypy, and sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:431-442. [PMID: 31729537 PMCID: PMC7388080 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is a renewed interest in the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for treating psychiatric conditions. Although MDMA has entered phase II clinical trials and shows promise as an adjunct treatment, there is an extensive literature detailing the potential neurotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral effects associated with MDMA use. Previous research indicates that the adverse effects of MDMA may be due to its metabolism into reactive catechols that can enter the brain and serve directly as neurotoxicants. One approach to mitigate MDMA's potential for adverse effects is to reduce O-demethylation by deuterating the methylenedioxy ring of MDMA. There are no studies that have evaluated the effects of deuterating MDMA on behavioral outcomes. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to assess the motor-stimulant effects of deuterated MDMA (d2-MDMA) and compare them to MDMA in male mice. METHODS Two experiments were performed to quantify mouse locomotor activity and to vary the drug administration regimen (single bolus administration or cumulative administration). RESULTS The results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that d2-MDMA is less effective at eliciting horizontal locomotion than MDMA; however, the differences between the compounds diminish as the number of cumulative administrations increase. Both d2-MDMA and MDMA can elicit sensitized responses, and these effects cross-sensitize to the prototypical drug of abuse methamphetamine. Thus, d2-MDMA functions as a locomotor stimulant similar to MDMA, but, depending on the dosing regimen, may be less susceptible to inducing sensitization to stereotyped movements. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that d2-MDMA is behaviorally active and produces locomotor effects that are similar to MDMA, which warrant additional assessments of d2-MDMA's behavioral and physiological effects to determine the conditions under which this compound may serve as a relatively safer alternative to MDMA for clinical use.
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143
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Furman BL, Candasamy M, Bhattamisra SK, Veettil SK. Reduction of blood glucose by plant extracts and their use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus; discrepancies in effectiveness between animal and human studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112264. [PMID: 31600561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The global problem of diabetes, together with the limited access of large numbers of patients to conventional antidiabetic medicines, continues to drive the search for new agents. Ancient Asian systems such as traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine, and Indian Ayurvedic medicine, as well as African traditional medicine and many others have identified numerous plants reported anecdotally to treat diabetes; there are probably more than 800 such plants for which there is scientific evidence for their activity, mostly from studies using various models of diabetes in experimental animals. AIM OF THE REVIEW Rather than a comprehensive coverage of the literature, this article aims to identify discrepancies between findings in animal and human studies, and to highlight some of the problems in developing plant extract-based medicines that lower blood glucose in patients with diabetes, as well as to suggest potential ways forward. METHODS In addition to searching the 2018 PubMed literature using the terms 'extract AND blood glucose, a search of the whole literature was conducted using the terms 'plant extracts' AND 'blood glucose' AND 'diabetes' AND 'double blind' with 'clinical trials' as a filter. A third search using PubMed and Medline was undertaken for systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effects of plant extracts on blood glucose/glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with relevant metabolic pathologies. FINDINGS Despite numerous animal studies demonstrating the effects of plant extracts on blood glucose, few randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have been conducted to confirm efficacy in treating humans with diabetes; there have been only a small number of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of clinical studies. Qualitative and quantitative discrepancies between animal and human clinical studies in some cases were marked; the factors contributing to this included variations in the products among different studies, the doses used, differences between animal models and the human disease, and the impact of concomitant therapy in patients, as well as differences in the duration of treatment, and the fact that treatment in animals may begin before or very soon after the induction of diabetes. CONCLUSION The potential afforded by natural products has not yet been realised in the context of treating diabetes mellitus. A systematic, coordinated, international effort is required to achieve the goal of providing anti-diabetic treatments derived from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Furman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street Glasgow, G4 ORE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sajesh K Veettil
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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144
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Fernandes NDS, Desoti VC, Dias A, da Silva YC, de Azevedo Dos Santos AP, Passarini GM, Nakamura CV, da Veiga Junior VF. Styrylpyrone, isolated from an Amazon plant, induces cell cycle arrest and autophagy in Leishmania amazonensis. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4729-4733. [PMID: 31983230 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1715395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The search for bioactive compounds against diseases is imperative and the richness of the Amazon provides a large source to be explored. Current therapies for the treatment of parasitic infections have severe side effects and low efficacy, which makes the development of an effective chemotherapy extremely important. In this study, we describe the isolation of styrylpyrone 4-methoxy-6-(11,12-methylenedioxy-trans-styryl)-2-pyrone (SP), from the Amazonian tree species, Aniba panurensis, the in vitro activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes, and its in silico pharmacokinetics properties. The results showed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, cell cycle impairment, increased reactive oxygen species production, accumulation of lipid bodies and formation of autophagic vacuoles in SP-treated parasites. In silico studies revealed that the compound has a high drug-score, which is encouraging for further investigation. Our results indicate that SP is a promising drug candidate, which induces alterations in L. amazonensis leading to parasite death through cell cycle arrest and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilma de Souza Fernandes
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vânia Cristina Desoti
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alcilene Dias
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula de Azevedo Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Matos Passarini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Plataforma de Bioensaios em Malária e Leishmaniose, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Valdir Florêncio da Veiga Junior
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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145
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Liu D, An Z, Li P, Chen Y, Zhang R, Liu L, He J, Abliz Z. A targeted neurotransmitter quantification and nontargeted metabolic profiling method for pharmacometabolomics analysis of olanzapine by using UPLC-HRMS. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18305-18314. [PMID: 35517196 PMCID: PMC9053711 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02406f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters (NTs) are specific endogenous metabolites that act as “messengers” in synaptic transmission and are widely distributed in the central nervous system. Olanzapine (OLZ), a first-line antipsychotic drug, plays a key role in sedation and hypnosis, but, it presents clinical problems with a narrow therapeutic window, large individual differences and serious adverse effects, as well as an unclear mechanism in vivo. Herein, a simultaneous targeted NT quantification and nontargeted metabolomics method was developed and validated for pharmacometabolomics analysis of OLZ by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). Considering the low physiological concentrations of NTs, a full MS scan and target selective ion monitoring (tSIM) scan were combined for nontargeted metabolomics and targeted NT quantification, respectively. By using this strategy, NTs at a very low physiological concentration can be accurately detected and quantified in biological samples by tSIM scans. Moreover, simultaneously nontargeted profiling was also achieved by the full MS scan. The newly established UPLC-HRMS method was further used for the pharmacometabolomics study of OLZ. Statistical analysis revealed that tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, γ-aminobutyric acid etc. were significantly downregulated, while tyrosine was significantly upregulated, which suggested that OLZ could promote the downstream phase II reaction of 5-hydroxytryptamine, inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and increase the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase. In conclusion, this method could provide novel insights for revealing the pharmacodynamic effect and mechanism of antipsychotic drugs. We developed a method that would provide novel insights for revealing the pharmacodynamic effect and mechanism of antipsychotic drugs (olanzapine).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
| | - Zhuoling An
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100020
- P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100020
- P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
| | - Lihong Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100020
- P. R. China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
| | - Zeper Abliz
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
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146
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Lu SC, Wu B, Zhang SP, Gong YL, Xu S. K2S2O8-mediated radical cyclisation of 2-alkynylthioanisoles or -selenoanisoles: a green and regioselective route to 3-nitrobenzothiophenes and benzoselenophenes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19083-19087. [PMID: 35518303 PMCID: PMC9054014 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03894f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An acid, transition-metal, and chromatography-free radical nitration/cyclisation of 2-alkynylthioanisoles or -selenoanisoles has been developed. This is the first example of the use of highly unstable 2-nitrovinyl radicals for C–S bond formation. This facile route efficiently produces 3-nitrobenzothiophenes and benzoselenophenes, which are difficult to access via classical methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to probe the reaction mechanism. The resulting products were tested for their in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity, and compounds 2d and 2l showed significant activities against sensitive and drug-resistant strains. This is the first example of highly unstable 2-nitrovinyl radicals for C–S bond formation. The facile route efficiently functionalizes 3-nitrobenzothiophenes and benzoselenophenes, which are difficult to obtain by classical methods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
| | - Botao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- P. R. China
| | - Shi-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
| | - Ya-Ling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
| | - Shu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines
- and Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
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147
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Manevski N, King L, Pitt WR, Lecomte F, Toselli F. Metabolism by Aldehyde Oxidase: Drug Design and Complementary Approaches to Challenges in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10955-10994. [PMID: 31385704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) catalyzes oxidations of azaheterocycles and aldehydes, amide hydrolysis, and diverse reductions. AO substrates are rare among marketed drugs, and many candidates failed due to poor pharmacokinetics, interspecies differences, and adverse effects. As most issues arise from complex and poorly understood AO biology, an effective solution is to stop or decrease AO metabolism. This perspective focuses on rational drug design approaches to modulate AO-mediated metabolism in drug discovery. AO biological aspects are also covered, as they are complementary to chemical design and important when selecting the experimental system for risk assessment. The authors' recommendation is an early consideration of AO-mediated metabolism supported by computational and in vitro experimental methods but not an automatic avoidance of AO structural flags, many of which are versatile and valuable building blocks. Preferably, consideration of AO-mediated metabolism should be part of the multiparametric drug optimization process, with the goal to improve overall drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd King
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - William R Pitt
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lecomte
- UCB Celltech , 208 Bath Road , Slough SL13WE , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Toselli
- UCB BioPharma , Chemin du Foriest 1 , 1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
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148
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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149
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Moridi M, Ghadirinia M, Sharifi-Zarchi A, Zare-Mirakabad F. The assessment of efficient representation of drug features using deep learning for drug repositioning. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:577. [PMID: 31726977 PMCID: PMC6854697 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND De novo drug discovery is a time-consuming and expensive process. Nowadays, drug repositioning is utilized as a common strategy to discover a new drug indication for existing drugs. This strategy is mostly used in cases with a limited number of candidate pairs of drugs and diseases. In other words, they are not scalable to a large number of drugs and diseases. Most of the in-silico methods mainly focus on linear approaches while non-linear models are still scarce for new indication predictions. Therefore, applying non-linear computational approaches can offer an opportunity to predict possible drug repositioning candidates. RESULTS In this study, we present a non-linear method for drug repositioning. We extract four drug features and two disease features to find the semantic relations between drugs and diseases. We utilize deep learning to extract an efficient representation for each feature. These representations reduce the dimension and heterogeneity of biological data. Then, we assess the performance of different combinations of drug features to introduce a pipeline for drug repositioning. In the available database, there are different numbers of known drug-disease associations corresponding to each combination of drug features. Our assessment shows that as the numbers of drug features increase, the numbers of available drugs decrease. Thus, the proposed method with large numbers of drug features is as accurate as small numbers. CONCLUSION Our pipeline predicts new indications for existing drugs systematically, in a more cost-effective way and shorter timeline. We assess the pipeline to discover the potential drug-disease associations based on cross-validation experiments and some clinical trial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Moridi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Amirkabir University of Technology, (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghadirinia
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifi-Zarchi
- Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare-Mirakabad
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Amirkabir University of Technology, (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
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150
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Makhova AA, Shikh EV, Bulko TV, Sizova ZM, Shumyantseva VV. The influence of taurine and L-carnitine on 6 β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio in human urine of healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2019; 34:dmpt-2019-0013. [PMID: 31603853 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450s (CYPs, EC 1.14.14.1) are the main enzymes of drug metabolism. The functional significance of CYPs also includes the metabolism of foreign chemicals and endogenic biologically active compounds. The CYP3A4 isoform contributes to the metabolism of about half of all marketed medicinal preparations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two biologically active compounds: 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid (taurine) and 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate (L-carnitine) on urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol (6β-OHC/cortisol) metabolic ratio as a biomarker of the CYP3A4 activity of healthy volunteers. Taurine is used for the treatment of chronic heart failure and liver disease. Cardiologists, nephrologists, neurologists, gerontologists in addition to the main etiopathogenetic therapies, use L-carnitine. The quantification of the 6β-OHC/cortisol metabolic ratio as a biomarker of CYP3A4 activity in human urine was used for the assessment of CYP3A4 catalytic activity as a non-invasive test. Methods The study included 18 healthy male volunteers (aged from 18 to 35 years old). The volunteers took taurine in a dose of 500 mg twice a day or L-carnitine in a dose of 2.5 mL 3 times a day for 14 consecutive days. The test drug was given 20 min before meals. The collection of urine samples was performed before and after 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after taurine intake. The metabolic ratio of 6β-OHC/cortisol in morning spot urine samples was studied by the liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) method. Results The ratio of 6-6β-OHC/cortisol was used as a biomarker to study the taurine and L-carnitine influence on CYP3A4 metabolism of cortisol. The ratio of urinary 6β-OCH/cortisol in the morning urine samples of volunteers before the beginning of taurine therapy (baseline ratio) was 2.71 ± 0.2. Seven days after the administration of taurine in a dose of 500 mg twice a day, the 6β-OCH/cortisol ratio was 3.3 ± 0.2, which indicated the increased catalytic activity of CYP3A4 towards cortisol. As for the L-carnitine supplementation, analysis of the 6β-OCH/cortisol ratio in the urine for 14 days did not show any significant changes in this baseline ratio, indicating the lack of L-carnitine influence on the catalytic activity of CYP3A4 to cortisol. Conclusions The results obtained demonstrated the influence of taurine on 6β-OCH/cortisol metabolic ratio as a biomarker of CYP3A4 catalytic activity to cortisol. L-carnitine did not affect the activity of CYP3A4. The lack of a clinically meaningful effect of L-carnitine was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Makhova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia V Shikh
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Zhanna M Sizova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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