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Abstract
The mammalian heart loses its regenerative capacity during early postnatal stages; consequently, individuals surviving myocardial infarction are at risk of heart failure due to excessive fibrosis and maladaptive remodeling. There is an urgent need, therefore, to develop novel therapies for myocardial and coronary vascular regeneration. The epicardium-derived cells present a tractable resident progenitor source with the potential to stimulate neovasculogenesis and contribute de novo cardiomyocytes. The ability to revive ordinarily dormant epicardium-derived cells lies in the identification of key stimulatory factors, such as Tβ4, and elucidation of the molecular cues used in the embryo to orchestrate cardiovascular development. myocardial infarction injury signaling reactivates the adult epicardium; understanding the timing and magnitude of these signals will enlighten strategies for myocardial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Smart
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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102
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Microvesicles derived from endothelial progenitor cells protect the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury by microRNA-dependent reprogramming of resident renal cells. Kidney Int 2012; 82:412-27. [PMID: 22495296 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells are known to reverse acute kidney injury by paracrine mechanisms. We previously found that microvesicles released from these progenitor cells activate an angiogenic program in endothelial cells by horizontal mRNA transfer. Here, we tested whether these microvesicles prevent acute kidney injury in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The RNA content of microvesicles was enriched in microRNAs (miRNAs) that modulate proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. After intravenous injection following ischemia-reperfusion, the microvesicles were localized within peritubular capillaries and tubular cells. This conferred functional and morphologic protection from acute kidney injury by enhanced tubular cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and leukocyte infiltration. Microvesicles also protected against progression of chronic kidney damage by inhibiting capillary rarefaction, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The renoprotective effect of microvesicles was lost after treatment with RNase, nonspecific miRNA depletion of microvesicles by Dicer knock-down in the progenitor cells, or depletion of pro-angiogenic miR-126 and miR-296 by transfection with specific miR-antagomirs. Thus, microvesicles derived from endothelial progenitor cells protect the kidney from ischemic acute injury by delivering their RNA content, the miRNA cargo of which contributes to reprogramming hypoxic resident renal cells to a regenerative program.
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103
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Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor activation prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Apoptosis 2012; 16:1118-27. [PMID: 21785846 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress can cause endothelial cell apoptosis. Low insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been linked to adverse risk profile and increased vascular disease incidence. Since IGF-1 acts as an important survival factor for multiple cell types, we undertook this study to investigate whether IGF-1 favorably affects oxidative-stress mediated apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide induced apoptotic changes (e.g. DNA fragmentation, altered mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 activity) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a time dependent manner. Addition of IGF-1 blocked the oxidative-stress effect parallel to IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression, and silencing the IGF-1R with small interference RNA attenuated the IGF-1 influence. Our findings show that enhanced IGF-1 signaling inhibits oxidative-stress induced apoptosis in HUVECs by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Specifically the protective mechanism of IGF-1 involves preserving the mitochondrial membrane potential, maintaining the mitochondrial retention of cytochrome-c, and reducing caspase-3 activity. These results may have therapeutic implications in preventing/reducing vascular disease associated endothelial dysfunction.
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104
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Apoptotic signaling in endothelial cells with neutrophil activation. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:269-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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105
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Lichtenauer M, Mildner M, Hoetzenecker K, Zimmermann M, Podesser BK, Sipos W, Berényi E, Dworschak M, Tschachler E, Gyöngyösi M, Ankersmit HJ. Secretome of apoptotic peripheral blood cells (APOSEC) confers cytoprotection to cardiomyocytes and inhibits tissue remodelling after acute myocardial infarction: a preclinical study. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:1283-97. [PMID: 21952733 PMCID: PMC3228946 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Our previous observation that injection of apoptotic peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) suspensions was able to restore long-term cardiac function in a rat AMI model prompted us to study the effect of soluble factors derived from apoptotic PBMC on ventricular remodelling after AMI. Cell culture supernatants derived from irradiated apoptotic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (APOSEC) were collected and injected as a single dose intravenously after myocardial infarction in an experimental AMI rat model and in a porcine closed chest reperfused AMI model. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and echocardiography were used to quantitate cardiac function. Analysis of soluble factors present in APOSEC was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and activation of signalling cascades in human cardiomyocytes by APOSEC in vitro was studied by immunoblot analysis. Intravenous administration of a single dose of APOSEC resulted in a reduction of scar tissue formation in both AMI models. In the porcine reperfused AMI model, APOSEC led to higher values of ejection fraction (57.0 vs. 40.5%, p < 0.01), a better cardiac output (4.0 vs. 2.4 l/min, p < 0.001) and a reduced extent of infarction size (12.6 vs. 6.9%, p < 0.02) as determined by MRI. Exposure of primary human cardiac myocytes with APOSEC in vitro triggered the activation of pro-survival signalling-cascades (AKT, Erk1/2, CREB, c-Jun), increased anti-apoptotic gene products (Bcl-2, BAG1) and protected them from starvation-induced cell death. Intravenous infusion of culture supernatant of apoptotic PBMC attenuates myocardial remodelling in experimental AMI models. This effect is probably due to the activation of pro-survival signalling cascades in the affected cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ervin Berényi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory and Imaging Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Martin Dworschak
- Department of Anaesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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106
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Pterostilbene protects vascular endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis 2011; 17:25-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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107
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108
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Spallarossa P, Altieri P, Barisione C, Passalacqua M, Aloi C, Fugazza G, Frassoni F, Podestà M, Canepa M, Ghigliotti G, Brunelli C. p38 MAPK and JNK antagonistically control senescence and cytoplasmic p16INK4A expression in doxorubicin-treated endothelial progenitor cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15583. [PMID: 21187925 PMCID: PMC3004949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients treated with low-dose anthracyclines often show late onset cardiotoxicity. Recent studies suggest that this form of cardiotoxicity is the result of a progenitor cell disease. In this study we demonstrate that Cord Blood Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) exposed to low, sub-apoptotic doses of doxorubicin show a senescence phenotype characterized by increased SA-b-gal activity, decreased TRF2 and chromosomal abnormalities, enlarged cell shape, and disarrangement of F-actin stress fibers accompanied by impaired migratory ability. P16 INK4A localizes in the cytoplasm of doxorubicin-induced senescent EPCs and not in the nucleus as is the case in EPCs rendered senescent by different stimuli. This localization together with the presence of an arrest in G2, and not at the G1 phase boundary, which is what usually occurs in response to the cell cycle regulatory activity of p16INK4A, suggests that doxorubicin-induced p16 INK4A does not regulate the cell cycle, even though its increase is closely associated with senescence. The effects of doxorubicin are the result of the activation of MAPKs p38 and JNK which act antagonistically. JNK attenuates the senescence, p16 INK4A expression and cytoskeleton remodeling that are induced by activated p38. We also found that conditioned medium from doxorubicin-induced senescent cardiomyocytes does not attract untreated EPCs, unlike conditioned medium from apoptotic cardiomyocytes which has a strong chemoattractant capacity. In conclusion, this study provides a better understanding of the senescence of doxorubicin-treated EPCs, which may be helpful in preventing and treating late onset cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spallarossa
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Altieri
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Barisione
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Concetta Aloi
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Fugazza
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Marina Podestà
- 2nd Division, Department of Hematology, S. Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Canepa
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ghigliotti
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Brunelli
- Division of Cardiology, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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109
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Wyler von Ballmoos M, Yang Z, Völzmann J, Baumgartner I, Kalka C, Di Santo S. Endothelial progenitor cells induce a phenotype shift in differentiated endothelial cells towards PDGF/PDGFRβ axis-mediated angiogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14107. [PMID: 21124835 PMCID: PMC2991332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) support neovascularization and regeneration of injured endothelium both by providing a proliferative cell pool capable of differentiation into mature vascular endothelial cells and by secretion of angiogenic growth factors. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PDGF-BB and PDGFRβ in EPC-mediated angiogenesis of differentiated endothelial cells. Methods and Results Conditioned medium from human EPC (EPC-CM) cultured in hypoxic conditions contained substantially higher levels of PDGF-BB as compared to normoxic conditions (P<0.01). EPC-CM increased proliferation (1.39-fold; P<0.001) and migration (2.13-fold; P<0.001) of isolated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), as well as sprouting of vascular structures from ex vivo cultured aortic rings (2.78-fold increase; P = 0.01). The capacity of EPC-CM to modulate the PDGFRβ expression in HUVEC was assessed by western blot and RT-PCR. All the pro-angiogenic effects of EPC-CM on HUVEC could be partially inhibited by inactivation of PDGFRβ (P<0.01). EPC-CM triggered a distinct up-regulation of PDGFRβ (2.5±0.5; P<0.05) and its phosphorylation (3.6±0.6; P<0.05) in HUVEC. This was not observed after exposure of HUVEC to recombinant human PDGF-BB alone. Conclusion These data indicate that EPC-CM sensitize endothelial cells and induce a pro-angiogenic phenotype including the up-regulation of PDGFRβ, thereby turning the PDGF/PDGFRβ signaling-axis into a critical element of EPC-induced endothelial angiogenesis. This finding may be utilized to enhance EPC-based therapy of ischemic tissue in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wyler von Ballmoos
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Völzmann
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Iris Baumgartner
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kalka
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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110
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Mirotsou M, Jayawardena TM, Schmeckpeper J, Gnecchi M, Dzau VJ. Paracrine mechanisms of stem cell reparative and regenerative actions in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 50:280-9. [PMID: 20727900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells play an important role in restoring cardiac function in the damaged heart. In order to mediate repair, stem cells need to replace injured tissue by differentiating into specialized cardiac cell lineages and/or manipulating the cell and molecular mechanisms governing repair. Despite early reports describing engraftment and successful regeneration of cardiac tissue in animal models of heart failure, these events appear to be infrequent and yield too few new cardiomyocytes to account for the degree of improved cardiac function observed. Instead, mounting evidence suggests that stem cell mediated repair takes place via the release of paracrine factors into the surrounding tissue that subsequently direct a number of restorative processes including myocardial protection, neovascularization, cardiac remodeling, and differentiation. The potential for diverse stem cell populations to moderate many of the same processes as well as key paracrine factors and molecular pathways involved in stem cell-mediated cardiac repair will be discussed in this review. This article is part of a special issue entitled, "Cardiovascular Stem Cells Revisited".
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mirotsou
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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111
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Xu ZR, Hu L, Cheng LF, Qian Y, Yang YM. Dihydrotestosterone protects human vascular endothelial cells from H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis through inhibition of caspase-3, caspase-9 and p38 MAPK. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 643:254-9. [PMID: 20599910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is proved to be harmful to the vascular endothelial cells which are important in preventing the formation and progression of atheromatous plaque. This study was designed to investigate the protective effect and potential mechanisms of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV-304). ECV-304 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of DHT (0.01, 0.1 and 1 microM) for 2h, followed by exposure to 100 microM H(2)O(2) for 18h. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cell viability. To detect apoptosis, the cells were assessed by morphologic examination and Annexin V-propidium iodide double staining with flow cytometry. Finally, the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9 and phospho p38 MAPK was assayed by Western blot to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. We found that H(2)O(2) treatment for 18h significantly decrease the viability of ECV-304 cells characterized by a high percentage of apoptotic cells. DHT could antagonize the apoptosis inducing effect of H(2)O(2) in a dose-dependent manner. Consistently, DHT also significantly inhibit the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9 and phospho p38 MAPK induced by H(2)O(2). In summary, pretreatment with DHT can inhibit apoptosis of ECV-304 cells induced by H(2)O(2). The protective effect of DHT was associated with the inhibition of caspase-3, caspase-9 and phospho p38 MAPK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-rong Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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