101
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Takeuchi T, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Sugiura KI, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Galectin LEC-1 plays a defensive role against damage due to oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biochem 2013; 154:455-64. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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102
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Galectin-3 accelerates M2 macrophage infiltration and angiogenesis in tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1821-31. [PMID: 23499465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that robust invasion of tumor-associated macrophages resembling M2 macrophage correlates with disease aggressiveness by affecting cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Many chemokines that induce migration of macrophages have been identified during inflammatory responses; however, further precise analysis of macrophage migration in the tumor microenvironment is required. Here, we analyzed the function of galectin-3 (Gal-3; gene LGALS3, alias Gal3) for macrophage chemotaxis using Gal3(-/-) mice as hosts, and a tumor allograft model. We engineered a concentration gradient of Gal-3 produced by the tumor. In this model, we found that macrophage infiltration was enhanced in tumors developing in these Gal3(-/-) mice relative to the Gal3(+/+) animals. This was accompanied by enhanced tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in Gal3(-/-) mice. We found that macrophages of the M2 phenotype were dominant in infiltrates in the Gal3(-/-) mice and that they expressed only low levels of Gal-3. Gal3 knockdown by siRNA in macrophages resulted in enhanced chemotaxis. These data suggest that M2-like macrophages migrate into the tumor along a Gal-3 gradient and that high-level Gal-3 expression in the tumor results in acceleration of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Therefore, Gal-3 could be a potential target for the development of new treatments to inhibit tumor growth.
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103
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Xibillé-Friedmann D, Bustos Rivera-Bahena C, Rojas-Serrano J, Burgos-Vargas R, Montiel-Hernández JL. A decrease in galectin-1 (Gal-1) levels correlates with an increase in anti-Gal-1 antibodies at the synovial level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 42:102-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2012.725769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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104
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105
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Veschi V, Petroni M, Cardinali B, Dominici C, Screpanti I, Frati L, Bartolazzi A, Gulino A, Giannini G. Galectin-3 impairment of MYCN-dependent apoptosis-sensitive phenotype is antagonized by nutlin-3 in neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49139. [PMID: 23152863 PMCID: PMC3494673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in about 20–25% of human neuroblastomas and characterizes the majority of the high-risk cases, which display less than 50% prolonged survival rate despite intense multimodal treatment. Somehow paradoxically, MYCN also sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to apoptosis, understanding the molecular mechanisms of which might be relevant for the therapy of MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. We recently reported that the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN is linked to stabilization of p53 and its proapoptotic kinase HIPK2. In MYCN primed neuroblastoma cells, further activation of both HIPK2 and p53 by Nutlin-3 leads to massive apoptosis in vitro and to tumor shrinkage and impairment of metastasis in xenograft models. Here we report that Galectin-3 impairs MYCN-primed and HIPK2-p53-dependent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Galectin-3 is broadly expressed in human neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors and is repressed by MYCN to induce the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype. Despite its reduced levels, Galectin-3 can still exert residual antiapoptotic effects in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma cells, possibly due to its specific subcellular localization. Importantly, Nutlin-3 represses Galectin-3 expression, and this is required for its potent cell killing effect on MYCN amplified cell lines. Our data further characterize the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN, expand our understanding of the activity of MDM2-p53 antagonists and highlight Galectin-3 as a potential biomarker for the tailored p53 reactivation therapy in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Veschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK) R8∶04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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106
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Ledeen RW, Wu G, André S, Bleich D, Huet G, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Gabius HJ. Beyond glycoproteins as galectin counterreceptors: tumor-effector T cell growth control via ganglioside GM1. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:206-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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107
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Turner JG, Dawson J, Sullivan DM. Nuclear export of proteins and drug resistance in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1021-32. [PMID: 22209898 PMCID: PMC4521586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular location of a protein is crucial to its normal functioning in a cell. Cancer cells utilize the normal processes of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport through the nuclear pore complex of a cell to effectively evade anti-neoplastic mechanisms. CRM1-mediated export is increased in various cancers. Proteins that are exported in cancer include tumor-suppressive proteins such as retinoblastoma, APC, p53, BRAC1, FOXO proteins, INI1/hSNF5, galectin-3, Bok, nucleophosmin, RASSF2, Merlin, p21(CIP), p27(KIP1), N-WASP/FAK, estradiol receptor and Tob, drug targets topoisomerase I and IIα and BCR-ABL, and the molecular chaperone protein Hsp90. Here, we review in detail the current processes and known structures involved in the export of a protein through the nuclear pore complex. We also discuss the export receptor molecule CRM1 and its binding to the leucine-rich nuclear export signal of the cargo protein and the formation of a nuclear export trimer with RanGTP. The therapeutic potential of various CRM1 inhibitors will be addressed, including leptomycin B, ratjadone, KOS-2464, and specific small molecule inhibitors of CRM1, N-azolylacrylate analogs, FOXO export inhibitors, valtrate, acetoxychavicol acetate, CBS9106, and SINE inhibitors. We will also discuss examples of how drug resistance may be reversed by targeting the exported proteins topoisomerase IIα, BCR-ABL, and galectin-3. As effective and less toxic CRM1 export inhibitors become available, they may be used as both single agents and in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. We believe that the future development of low-toxicity, small-molecule CRM1 inhibitors may provide a new approach to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jana Dawson
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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108
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Galectin-3 genetic variants are associated with platinum-based chemotherapy response and prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:175-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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109
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Silverman AM, Nakata R, Shimada H, Sposto R, DeClerck YA. A galectin-3-dependent pathway upregulates interleukin-6 in the microenvironment of human neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2228-38. [PMID: 22389450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a broad range of physiologic and pathologic functions. Because in cancer, IL-6 contributes to a microenvironment that promotes tumor cell survival, angiogenesis, and inflammation, understanding the mechanism responsible for its production is important. In neuroblastoma, the second most common solid tumor in children, IL-6 is produced not by tumor cells but by stromal cells such as monocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC). Here we show that the production of IL-6 in BMMSCs is in part stimulated by galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) secreted by neuroblastoma cells. We identified a distal region of the IL-6 promoter that contains 3 CCATT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) binding domains involved in the transcriptional upregulation of IL-6 by Gal-3BP. Gal-3BP interacted with Galectin-3 (Gal-3) present in BMMSCs, and a Gal-3BP/Gal-3/Ras/MEK/ERK signaling pathway was responsible for the transcriptional upregulation of IL-6 in BMMSCs in which Gal-3 has a necessary function. In support of the role of this pathway in human neuroblastoma tumors, Gal-3BP was found to be present in tumor cells and in the adjacent extracellular matrix of 96% of 78 primary neuroblastoma tumor samples examined by immunohistochemistry. Considering the protumorigenic function of IL-6 in cancer, this tumor cell-stromal cell interactive pathway could be a target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka M Silverman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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110
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Abstract
Galectins are animal lectins that bind to β-galactosides, such as lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, in free form or contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. They are located intracellularly or extracellularly. In the latter they exhibit bivalent or multivalent interactions with glycans on cell surfaces and induce various cellular responses, including production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, cell adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Furthermore, they can form lattices with membrane glycoprotein receptors and modulate receptor properties. Intracellular galectins can participate in signaling pathways and alter biological responses, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell motility. Current evidence indicates that galectins play important roles in acute and chronic inflammatory responses, as well as other diverse pathological processes. Galectin involvement in some processes in vivo has been discovered, or confirmed, through studies of genetically engineered mouse strains, each deficient in a given galectin. Current evidence also suggests that galectins may be therapeutic targets or employed as therapeutic agents for these inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95816, USA.
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111
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Masuyer G, Jabeen T, Öberg CT, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ, Acharya KR. Inhibition mechanism of human galectin-7 by a novel galactose-benzylphosphate inhibitor. FEBS J 2012; 279:193-202. [PMID: 22059385 PMCID: PMC3328751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are involved in many cellular processes due to their ability to bind carbohydrates. Understanding their functions has shown the necessity for potent and specific galectin inhibitors. Human galectin-7 (hGal-7), in particular, has been highlighted as an important marker in many types of cancer by either inhibiting or promoting tumour growth. Producing ligands able to selectively target hGal-7 will offer promising tools for deciphering cancer processes in which hGal-7 is involved as well as present potential solutions for future therapeutics. Here we report the high resolution crystal structure of hGal-7 in complex with a synthetic 2-O-benzylphosphate-galactoside inhibitor (which is > 60-fold more potent than its parent galactoside). The high resolution crystallographic analysis highlights the validity of using saccharide derivatives, conserving properties of the galactose binding, while enhanced affinity and specificity is provided by the added phosphate group. This structural information will allow the design of further inhibitors with improved potency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talat Jabeen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathUK
| | | | - Hakon Leffler
- Section MIG, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund UniversitySweden
| | | | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathUK
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112
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Larsen L, Chen HY, Saegusa J, Liu FT. Galectin-3 and the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:85-91. [PMID: 21889881 PMCID: PMC3192432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is highly expressed in epithelial cells including keratinocytes and is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases by affecting the functions of immune cells. For example, galectin-3 can contribute to atopic dermatitis (AD) by promoting polarization toward a Th2 immune response by regulating dendritic cell (DC) and T cell functions. In addition, galectin-3 may be involved in the development of contact hypersensitivity by regulating the migratory capacity of antigen presenting cells. Galectin-3 may act as a regulator of epithelial tumor progression and development through various signaling pathways, such as inhibiting keratinocyte apoptosis through regulation of the activation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and activated protein kinase B (AKT). Galectin-3 is detected at different stages of melanoma development. In contrast, a marked decrease in the expression of galectin-3 is observed in non-melanoma skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Galectin-3 may play an important role in tumor cell growth, apoptosis, cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. Galectin-3 may be a novel therapeutic target for a variety of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Larsen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Jun Saegusa
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
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113
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Straube T, Elli AF, Greb C, Hegele A, Elsässer HP, Delacour D, Jacob R. Changes in the expression and subcellular distribution of galectin-3 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:89. [PMID: 21958686 PMCID: PMC3220637 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, a solid growing tumor, is the most common tumor in human kidney. Evaluating the usefulness of β-galactoside binding galectin-3 as a diagnostic marker for this type of cancer could open avenues for preventive and therapeutic strategies by employing specific inhibitors of the lectin. To study a putative correlation between the extent of galectin-3 and the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, we monitored the quantity and distribution of this lectin in tissue samples from 39 patients. Methods Galectin-3 concentrations in normal, intermediate and tumor tissues were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and on immunoblots with antibodies directed against galectin-3 and renal control proteins. The cell nuclei were isolated to determine quantities of galectin-3 that were transferred into this compartment in normal or tumor samples. Results Immunofluorescence data revealed a mosaic pattern of galectin-3 expression in collecting ducts and distal tubules of normal kidney. Galectin-3 expression was significantly increased in 79% of tumor samples as compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, we observed an increase in nuclear translocation of the lectin in tumor tissues. Conclusions Our data indicate that changes in the cellular level of galectin-3 correlate with the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which is in line with previously published data on this specific type of tumor. In most of these studies the lectin tends to be highly expressed in tumor tissues. Furthermore, this study suggests that the increase in the proportion of galectin-3 affects the balance from a cytosolic distribution towards translocation into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Straube
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str,6, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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114
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St-Pierre Y. Galectins in hematological malignancies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2011; 1:119-29. [PMID: 22432074 PMCID: PMC3301428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are traditionally considered to be an important source of energy for living organisms. In the field of biology, they are defined as organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are organized into ring structures. The analysis of these structures and their functions has led to a new field of biology called "glycobiology." In the biomedical sciences, glycobiology is rapidly emerging to be an integral part of complex biological processes. Changes in glycan structures and the interactions of these structures with endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins, known as lectins, are now considered to be potential biomarkers on cancer cells for monitoring tumor progression. Evidence suggesting that the interactions between lectins and their ligands have a major role in the different steps of cancer progression has accumulated at a rapid pace and has gained the attention of several oncologists. This is particularly true for galectin family members because changes in their expression levels correlate with alterations in cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Here we provide an integrated view of the role of galectins in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier Laval, Québec, Canada, H7V 1B7
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115
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Mirandola L, Yu Y, Chui K, Jenkins MR, Cobos E, John CM, Chiriva-Internati M. Galectin-3C inhibits tumor growth and increases the anticancer activity of bortezomib in a murine model of human multiple myeloma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21811. [PMID: 21765917 PMCID: PMC3135605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a human lectin involved in many cellular processes including differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, neoplastic transformation, and metastasis. We evaluated galectin-3C, an N-terminally truncated form of galectin-3 that is thought to act as a dominant negative inhibitor, as a potential treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). Galectin-3 was expressed at varying levels by all 9 human MM cell lines tested. In vitro galectin-3C exhibited modest anti-proliferative effects on MM cells and inhibited chemotaxis and invasion of U266 MM cells induced by stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α. Galectin-3C facilitated the anticancer activity of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor approved by the FDA for MM treatment. Galectin-3C and bortezomib also synergistically inhibited MM-induced angiogenesis activity in vitro. Delivery of galectin-3C intravenously via an osmotic pump in a subcutaneous U266 cell NOD/SCID mouse model of MM significantly inhibited tumor growth. The average tumor volume of bortezomib-treated animals was 19.6% and of galectin-3C treated animals was 13.5% of the average volume of the untreated controls at day 35. The maximal effect was obtained with the combination of galectin-3C with bortezomib that afforded a reduction of 94% in the mean tumor volume compared to the untreated controls at day 35. In conclusion, this is the first study to show that inhibition of galectin-3 is efficacious in a murine model of human MM. Our results demonstrated that galectin-3C alone was efficacious in a xenograft mouse model of human MM, and that it enhanced the anti-tumor activity of bortezomib in vitro and in vivo. These data provide the rationale for continued testing of galectin-3C towards initiation of clinical trials for treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuefei Yu
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kitty Chui
- MandalMed, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marjorie R. Jenkins
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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116
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Comte I, Kim Y, Young CC, van der Harg JM, Hockberger P, Bolam PJ, Poirier F, Szele FG. Galectin-3 maintains cell motility from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2438-47. [PMID: 21693585 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.079954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) produces neuroblasts that migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb (OB) in a specialized niche. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates proliferation and migration in cancer and is expressed by activated macrophages after brain injury. The function of Gal-3 in the normal brain is unknown, but we serendipitously found that it was expressed by ependymal cells and SVZ astrocytes in uninjured mice. Ependymal cilia establish chemotactic gradients and astrocytes form glial tubes, which combine to aid neuroblast migration. Whole-mount preparations and electron microscopy revealed that both ependymal cilia and SVZ astrocytes were disrupted in Gal3(-/-) mice. Interestingly, far fewer new BrdU(+) neurons were found in the OB of Gal3(-/-) mice, than in wild-type mice 2 weeks after labeling. However, SVZ proliferation and cell death, as well as OB differentiation rates were unaltered. This suggested that decreased migration in vivo was sufficient to decrease the number of new OB neurons. Two-photon time-lapse microscopy in forebrain slices confirmed decreased migration; cells were slower and more exploratory in Gal3(-/-) mice. Gal-3 blocking antibodies decreased migration and dissociated neuroblast cell-cell contacts, whereas recombinant Gal-3 increased migration from explants. Finally, we showed that expression of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was increased in Gal3(-/-) mice. These results suggest that Gal-3 is important in SVZ neuroblast migration, possibly through an EGFR-based mechanism, and reveals a role for this lectin in the uninjured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Comte
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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117
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Abstract
Unconventional secretory proteins represent a subpopulation of extracellular factors that are exported from eukaryotic cells by mechanisms that do not depend on the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Various pathways have been implicated in unconventional secretion including those involving intracellular membrane-bound intermediates and others that are based on direct protein translocation across plasma membranes. Interleukin 1β (IL1β) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are classical examples of unconventional secretory proteins with IL1β believed to be present in intracellular vesicles prior to secretion. By contrast, FGF2 represents an example of a non-vesicular mechanism of unconventional secretion. Here, the author discusses the current knowledge about the molecular machinery being involved in FGF2 secretion. To reveal both differential and common requirements, this review further aims at a comprehensive comparison of this mechanism with other unconventional secretory processes. In particular, a potentially general role of tyrosine phosphorylation as a regulatory signal in unconventional protein secretion will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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118
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Diehl C, Engström O, Delaine T, Håkansson M, Genheden S, Modig K, Leffler H, Ryde U, Nilsson UJ, Akke M. Protein flexibility and conformational entropy in ligand design targeting the carbohydrate recognition domain of galectin-3. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14577-89. [PMID: 20873837 PMCID: PMC2954529 DOI: 10.1021/ja105852y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rational drug design is predicated on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the protein-ligand complex and the thermodynamics of ligand binding. Despite the fundamental importance of both enthalpy and entropy in driving ligand binding, the role of conformational entropy is rarely addressed in drug design. In this work, we have probed the conformational entropy and its relative contribution to the free energy of ligand binding to the carbohydrate recognition domain of galectin-3. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and X-ray crystallography, we characterized the binding of three ligands with dissociation constants ranging over 2 orders of magnitude. (15)N and (2)H spin relaxation measurements showed that the protein backbone and side chains respond to ligand binding by increased conformational fluctuations, on average, that differ among the three ligand-bound states. Variability in the response to ligand binding is prominent in the hydrophobic core, where a distal cluster of methyl groups becomes more rigid, whereas methyl groups closer to the binding site become more flexible. The results reveal an intricate interplay between structure and conformational fluctuations in the different complexes that fine-tunes the affinity. The estimated change in conformational entropy is comparable in magnitude to the binding enthalpy, demonstrating that it contributes favorably and significantly to ligand binding. We speculate that the relatively weak inherent protein-carbohydrate interactions and limited hydrophobic effect associated with oligosaccharide binding might have exerted evolutionary pressure on carbohydrate-binding proteins to increase the affinity by means of conformational entropy.
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119
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Abstract
Although members of the serine (S)- and arginine (R)-rich splicing factor family (SR proteins) were initially purified on the basis of their splicing activity in the nucleus, there is recent documentation that they exhibit carbohydrate-binding activity at the cell surface. In contrast, galectins were isolated on the basis of their saccharide-binding activity and cell surface localization. Surprisingly, however, two members (galectin-1 and galectin-3) can be found in association with nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes including the spliceosome and, using a cell-free assay, have been shown to be required splicing factors. Thus, despite the difference in terms of their original points of interest, it now appears that members of the two protein families share four key properties: (a) nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution; (b) pre-mRNA splicing activity; (c) carbohydrate-binding activity; and (d) cell surface localization in specific cells. These findings provoke stimulating questions regarding the relationship between splicing factors in the nucleus and carbohydrate-binding proteins at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Haudek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Fouquaert E, Peumans WJ, Vandekerckhove TTM, Ongenaert M, Van Damme EJM. Proteins with an Euonymus lectin-like domain are ubiquitous in Embryophyta. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:136. [PMID: 19930663 PMCID: PMC2788552 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cloning of the Euonymus lectin led to the discovery of a novel domain that also occurs in some stress-induced plant proteins. The distribution and the diversity of proteins with an Euonymus lectin (EUL) domain were investigated using detailed analysis of sequences in publicly accessible genome and transcriptome databases. RESULTS Comprehensive in silico analyses indicate that the recently identified Euonymus europaeus lectin domain represents a conserved structural unit of a novel family of putative carbohydrate-binding proteins, which will further be referred to as the Euonymus lectin (EUL) family. The EUL domain is widespread among plants. Analysis of retrieved sequences revealed that some sequences consist of a single EUL domain linked to an unrelated N-terminal domain whereas others comprise two in tandem arrayed EUL domains. A new classification system for these lectins is proposed based on the overall domain architecture. Evolutionary relationships among the sequences with EUL domains are discussed. CONCLUSION The identification of the EUL family provides the first evidence for the occurrence in terrestrial plants of a highly conserved plant specific domain. The widespread distribution of the EUL domain strikingly contrasts the more limited or even narrow distribution of most other lectin domains found in plants. The apparent omnipresence of the EUL domain is indicative for a universal role of this lectin domain in plants. Although there is unambiguous evidence that several EUL domains possess carbohydrate-binding activity further research is required to corroborate the carbohydrate-binding properties of different members of the EUL family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Fouquaert
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willy J Peumans
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom TM Vandekerckhove
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maté Ongenaert
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els JM Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Nucleocytoplasmic plant lectins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:190-201. [PMID: 19647040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade it was unambiguously shown that plants synthesize minute amounts of carbohydrate-binding proteins upon exposure to stress situations like drought, high salt, hormone treatment, pathogen attack or insect herbivory. In contrast to the 'classical' plant lectins, which are typically found in storage vacuoles or in the extracellular compartment this new class of lectins is located in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Based on these observations the concept was developed that lectin-mediated protein-carbohydrate interactions in the cytoplasm and the nucleus play an important role in the stress physiology of the plant cell. Hitherto, six families of nucleocytoplasmic lectins have been identified. This review gives an overview of our current knowledge on the occurrence of nucleocytoplasmic plant lectins. The carbohydrate-binding properties of these lectins and potential ligands in the nucleocytoplasmic compartment are discussed in view of the physiological role of the lectins in the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaä Lannoo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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