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Bayrasy C, Chabi B, Laguerre M, Lecomte J, Jublanc E, Villeneuve P, Wrutniak-Cabello C, Cabello G. Boosting antioxidants by lipophilization: a strategy to increase cell uptake and target mitochondria. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1979-89. [PMID: 23604925 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the possibility to boost phenolic antioxidants through their structural modification by lipophilization and check the influence of such covalent modification on cellular uptake and mitochondria targeting. METHODS Rosmarinic acid was lipophilized by various aliphatic chain lengths (butyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl) to give rosmarinate alkyl esters which were then evaluated for their ability (i) to reduce the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probe, (ii) to cross fibroblast cell membranes using confocal microscopy, and (iii) to target mitochondria using MitoTracker® Red CMXRos. RESULTS Increasing the chain length led to an improvement of the antioxidant activity until a threshold is reached for medium chain (10 carbon atoms) and beyond which lengthening resulted in a decrease of activity. This nonlinear phenomenon-also known as the cut-off effect-is discussed here in connection to the previously similar results observed in emulsified, liposomal, and cellular systems. Moreover, butyl, octyl, and decyl rosmarinates passed through the membranes in less than 15 min, whereas longer esters did not cross membranes and formed extracellular aggregates. Besides cell uptake, alkyl chain length also determined the subcellular localization of esters: mitochondria for medium chains esters, cytosol for short chains and extracellular media for longer chains. CONCLUSION The localization of antioxidants within mitochondria, the major site and target of ROS, conferred an advantage to medium chain rosmarinates compared to both short and long chains. In conjunction with changes in cellular uptake, this result may explain the observed decrease of antioxidant activity when lengthening the lipid chain of esters. This brings a proof-of-concept that grafting medium chain allows the design of mitochondriotropic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bayrasy
- CIRAD, UMR Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Montpellier 34398, France
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102
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de Brum TF, Zadra M, Piana M, Boligon AA, Fröhlich JK, de Freitas RB, Stefanello ST, Froeder ALF, Belke BV, Nunes LT, da Silva Jesus R, Machado MM, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Soares FAA, Athayde ML. HPLC analysis of phenolics compounds and antioxidant capacity of leaves of Vitex megapotamica (Sprengel) Moldenke. Molecules 2013; 18:8342-57. [PMID: 23863774 PMCID: PMC6269793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitex megapotamica (Sprengel) Moldenke belongs to the Verbenaceae family and is popularly known as "tarumã". The antioxidant capacity of fractions and crude extract from the leaves of V. megapotamica were determined in this study through the capacity to remove reactive species and phenolic compounds were quantified in the various fractions. The IC50 (DPPH) ranged from 14.17 ± 0.76 to 37.63 ± 0.98 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction might contain the strongest lipid peroxidation inhibitory compounds with an IC50 of 16.36 ± 5.09 µg/mL, being also the one with the highest content of polyphenols (522.4 ± 1.12 mg/g), flavonoids (220.48 ± 0.30 mg/g) and condensed tannins (3.86 ± 0.53 mg/g). Compounds quantified by HPLC/DAD in the crude extract and fractions were chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids. Higher dosages of the extracts were more effective in reducing levels of plasma protein carbonyls and were also shown to be able to remove reactive species by a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, reducing oxidative stress in all tested fractions. Results obtained indicated that V. megapotamica exhibits good potential to prevent diseases caused by the overproduction of free radicals and it might also be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiele Faccim de Brum
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Zadra
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Piana
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Janaina Kieling Fröhlich
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Robson Borba de Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sílvio Terra Stefanello
- Post-Graduate Program in Biochemical Toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Luana Forbrig Froeder
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bianca Vargas Belke
- Pharmacy Course, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Teixeira Nunes
- Pharmacy Course, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roberta da Silva Jesus
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Michel Mansur Machado
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa-UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Post-Graduate Program in Biochemical Toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Post-Graduate Program in Biochemical Toxicology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Margareth Linde Athayde
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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103
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Costa P, Gonçalves S, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Romano A. Accumulation of phenolic compounds in in vitro cultures and wild plants of Lavandula viridis L'Hér and their antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase potential. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:69-74. [PMID: 23524312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the phenolic profile, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase potential of different extracts from wild plants and in vitro cultures of Lavandula viridis L'Hér. The HPLC-DAD analysis allowed the identification and quantification of 3-O-caffeoylquinic, 4-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic and rosmarinic acids, and luteolin and pinocembrin. Water/ethanol extract from in vitro cultures contained the highest amount of the identified phenolic compounds (51652.92 mg/kg). To investigate the antioxidant activity we used Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, Fe(2+) chelation activity and the inhibition of Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse brain homogenates (in vitro). Overall, all the extracts from both wild plants and in vitro cultures exhibited ability to scavenge free radicals, to chelate Fe(2+) and to protect against lipid peroxidation. In addition, the extracts from L. viridis were active in inhibiting both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (Ellman's method). Our findings suggest that L. viridis in vitro cultures represent a promising alternative for the production of active metabolites with antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Costa
- IBB-CGB, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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104
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Camilleri A, Zarb C, Caruana M, Ostermeier U, Ghio S, Högen T, Schmidt F, Giese A, Vassallo N. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation by amyloid aggregates and protection by polyphenols. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2532-43. [PMID: 23817009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are neurodegenerative disorders characterised by the misfolding of proteins into soluble prefibrillar aggregates. These aggregate complexes disrupt mitochondrial function, initiating a pathophysiological cascade leading to synaptic and neuronal degeneration. In order to explore the interaction of amyloid aggregates with mitochondrial membranes, we made use of two in vitro model systems, namely: (i) lipid vesicles with defined membrane compositions that mimic those of mitochondrial membranes, and (ii) respiring mitochondria isolated from neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. External application of soluble prefibrillar forms, but not monomers, of amyloid-beta (Aβ42 peptide), wild-type α-synuclein (α-syn), mutant α-syn (A30P and A53T) and tau-441 proteins induced a robust permeabilisation of mitochondrial-like vesicles, and triggered cytochrome c release (CCR) from isolated mitochondrial organelles. Importantly, the effect on mitochondria was shown to be dependent upon cardiolipin, an anionic phospholipid unique to mitochondria and a well-known key player in mitochondrial apoptosis. Pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial ion channels failed to inhibit CCR. Thus, we propose a generic mechanism of thrilling mitochondria in which soluble amyloid aggregates have the intrinsic capacity to permeabilise mitochondrial membranes, without the need of any other protein. Finally, six small-molecule compounds and black tea extract were tested for their ability to inhibit permeation of mitochondrial membranes by Aβ42, α-syn and tau aggregate complexes. We found that black tea extract and rosmarinic acid were the most potent mito-protectants, and may thus represent important drug leads to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Camilleri
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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105
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Phenothiazines inhibit hepatitis C virus entry, likely by increasing the fluidity of cholesterol-rich membranes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2571-81. [PMID: 23529728 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02593-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the development of direct-acting antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus (HCV), more effective therapies are still urgently needed. We and others previously identified three phenothiazine compounds as potent HCV entry inhibitors. In this study, we show that phenothiazines inhibit HCV entry at the step of virus-host cell fusion, by intercalating into cholesterol-rich domains of the target membrane and increasing membrane fluidity. Perturbation of the alignment/packing of cholesterol in lipid membranes likely increases the energy barrier needed for virus-host fusion. A screening assay based on the ability of molecules to selectively increase the fluidity of cholesterol-rich membranes was subsequently developed. One compound that emerged from the library screen, topotecan, is able to very potently inhibit the fusion of liposomes with cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc). These results yield new insights into HCV infection and provide a platform for the identification of new HCV inhibitors.
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106
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Membranar effects exerted in vitro by polyphenols - quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate and curcumin - on HUVEC and Jurkat cells, relevant for diabetes mellitus. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:86-93. [PMID: 23466460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are largely studied for their beneficial action in various pathologies, but the correlation with their effects on cell membranes is still elusive. In the present study we assessed the effects exerted in vitro by quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate and curcumin on membrane fluidity and transmembrane potential of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and Jurkat T lymphoblasts, in experimental conditions mimicking diabetes mellitus, i.e. high glucose conditions or increased concentration of advanced glycation end products. Results showed that the investigated polyphenols had beneficial effects on cell membranes altered in diabetic conditions, by restoring transmembrane potential and by membrane "stiffening". Moreover, they limited the release of pro-inflammatory factors, like monocyte chemotactic protein-1. These effects were more obvious for cells exposed to advanced glycation end products specific for the late stages of diabetes. Apparently, the inhibitory action of polyphenols on lipid peroxidation was associated with a decrease of membrane fluidity. Concluding, our in vitro study highlighted the potential beneficial action of polyphenols mainly in the late stages of diabetes, exerted at the level of membrane fluidity and transmembrane potential, accompanied by an anti-inflammatory effect on endothelial and immune cells.
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107
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Ferreira LG, Celotto AC, Capellini VK, Albuquerque AAS, Nadai TRD, Carvalho MTMD, Evora PRB. Is rosmarinic acid underestimated as an experimental cardiovascular drug? Acta Cir Bras 2013; 28 Suppl 1:83-7. [PMID: 23381830 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502013001300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The rationale of the present review is to analize the activity of Rosmarinus officinalis in the the cardiovascular system METHODS A MEDLINE database search (from January 1970 to December 2011) using only rosmarinic acid as searched term. RESULTS The references search revealed 509 references about rosmarinic acid in 40 years (the first reference is from 1970). There is a powerful prevalence of antioxidant and cancer studies. Other diseases are few cited, as inflammation, brain (Alzheimer and Parkinson disease) and, memory; allergy; diabetes; atherosclerosis, and; hypertension. It is necessary to consider the complete absence of studies on coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, heart failure or ischemia/reperfusion injury. CONCLUSION Rosmarinic acid is underestimated as an experimental cardiovascular drug and deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Garros Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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108
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Costa P, Gonçalves S, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Coelho N, Romano A. Thymus lotocephalus wild plants and in vitro cultures produce different profiles of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2012; 135:1253-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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109
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Wu WY, Wang YP. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications of Salvia miltiorrhiza depside salt and its active components. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1119-30. [PMID: 22941285 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional medical herb known as danshen, has been widely used in China to improve blood circulation, relieve blood stasis, and treat coronary heart disease. S miltiorrhiza depside salt is a novel drug recently developed at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; it contains magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) and its analogs, rosmarinic acid (RA) and lithospermic acid (LA), as active components. The drug has been used in the clinic to improve blood circulation and treat coronary heart disease. The pharmacological effects of the depside salt from S miltiorrhiza and its components have been extensively investigated. Experimental studies have demonstrated that magnesium lithospermate B possesses a variety of biological activities, especially protective effects in the cardiovascular system such as attenuation of atherosclerosis and protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rosmarinic acid and lithospermic acid also show beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. This paper reviews the recent findings regarding the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of the active components of S miltiorrhiza depside salt, based on published works and our own observations.
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110
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Patra D, El Khoury E, Ahmadieh D, Darwish S, Tafech RM. Effect of Curcumin on Liposome: Curcumin as a Molecular Probe for Monitoring Interaction of Ionic Liquids with 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine Liposome. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:317-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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111
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Rosmarinic acid treatment alleviates fibrotic changes in the myocardium induced in a rat model of insulin resistance. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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