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Noss EH, Watts GFM, Zocco D, Keller TL, Whitman M, Blobel CP, Lee DM, Brenner MB. Evidence for cadherin-11 cleavage in the synovium and partial characterization of its mechanism. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:126. [PMID: 25975695 PMCID: PMC4449585 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Engagement of the homotypic cell-to-cell adhesion molecule cadherin-11 on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts with a chimeric molecule containing the cadherin-11 extracellular binding domain stimulated cytokine, chemokine, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) release, implicating cadherin-11 signaling in RA pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine if cadherin-11 extracellular domain fragments are found inside the joint and if a physiologic synovial fibroblast cleavage pathway releases those fragments. Methods Cadherin-11 cleavage fragments were detected by western blot in cell media or lysates. Cleavage was interrupted using chemical inhibitors or short-interfering RNA (siRNA) gene silencing. The amount of cadherin-11 fragments in synovial fluid was measured by western blot and ELISA. Results Soluble cadherin-11 extracellular fragments were detected in human synovial fluid at significantly higher levels in RA samples compared to osteoarthritis (OA) samples. A cadherin-11 N-terminal extracellular binding domain fragment was shed from synovial fibroblasts after ionomycin stimulation, followed by presenilin 1 (PSN1)-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the retained membrane-bound C-terminal fragments. In addition to ionomycin-induced calcium flux, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α also stimulated cleavage in both two- and three-dimensional fibroblast cultures. Although cadherin-11 extracellular domains were shed by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 in several cell types, a novel ADAM- and metalloproteinase-independent activity mediated shedding in primary human fibroblasts. Conclusions Cadherin-11 undergoes ectodomain shedding followed by regulated intramembrane proteolysis in synovial fibroblasts, triggered by a novel sheddase that generates extracelluar cadherin-11 fragments. Cadherin-11 fragments were enriched in RA synovial fluid, suggesting they may be a marker of synovial burden and may function to modify cadherin-11 interactions between synovial fibroblasts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0647-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika H Noss
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Gerald F M Watts
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Davide Zocco
- Exosomics Siena S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Tracy L Keller
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, REB 505, 190 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Malcolm Whitman
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, REB 505, 190 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 east 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - David M Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Building 69/Room 206, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Smith Research Building, 5th floor, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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102
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Early etiology of Alzheimer's disease: tipping the balance toward autophagy or endosomal dysfunction? Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:363-81. [PMID: 25556159 PMCID: PMC4331606 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. This brain neuropathology is characterized by a progressive synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss, which lead to decline in memory and other cognitive functions. Histopathologically, AD manifests via synaptic abnormalities, neuronal degeneration as well as the deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles. While the exact pathogenic contribution of these two AD hallmarks and their abundant constituents [aggregation-prone amyloid β (Aβ) peptide species and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, respectively] remain debated, a growing body of evidence suggests that their development may be paralleled or even preceded by the alterations/dysfunctions in the endolysosomal and the autophagic system. In AD-affected neurons, abnormalities in these cellular pathways are readily observed already at early stages of disease development, and even though many studies agree that defective lysosomal degradation may relate to or even underlie some of these deficits, specific upstream molecular defects are still deliberated. In this review we summarize various pathogenic events that may lead to these cellular abnormalities, in light of our current understanding of molecular mechanisms that govern AD progression. In addition, we also highlight the increasing evidence supporting mutual functional dependence of the endolysosomal trafficking and autophagy, in particular focusing on those molecules and processes which may be of significance to AD.
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Acne Inversa Caused by Missense Mutations in NCSTN Is Not Fully Compatible with Impairments in Notch Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:618-620. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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De Strooper B, Chávez Gutiérrez L. Learning by Failing: Ideas and Concepts to Tackle γ-Secretases in Alzheimer's Disease and Beyond. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 55:419-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
| | - Lucía Chávez Gutiérrez
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
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105
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Plastid intramembrane proteolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:910-4. [PMID: 25528366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) in recent years has not surpassed plant biology. Nevertheless, reports on RIP in plants, and especially in chloroplasts, are still scarce. Of the four different families of intramembrane proteases, only two have been linked to chloroplasts so far, rhomboids and site-2 proteases (S2Ps). The lack of chloroplast-located rhomboid proteases was associated with reduced fertility and aberrations in flower morphology, probably due to perturbations in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, which occurs in chloroplasts. Mutations in homologues of S2P resulted in chlorophyll deficiency and impaired chloroplast development, through a yet unknown mechanism. To date, the only known substrate of RIP in chloroplasts is a PHD transcription factor, located in the envelope. Upon proteolytic cleavage by an unknown protease, the soluble N-terminal domain of this protein is released from the membrane and relocates to the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of the ABA response gene ABI4. Continuing studies on these proteases and substrates, as well as identification of the genes responsible for different chloroplast mutant phenotypes, are expected to shed more light on the roles of intramembrane proteases in chloroplast biology.
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Cheng YL, Choi Y, Sobey CG, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Emerging roles of the γ-secretase-notch axis in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:80-90. [PMID: 25448038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a distinct proteolytic complex required for the activation of many transmembrane proteins. The cleavage of substrates by γ-secretase plays diverse biological roles in producing essential products for the organism. More than 90 transmembrane proteins have been reported to be substrates of γ-secretase. Two of the most widely known and studied of these substrates are the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the Notch receptor, which are precursors for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), respectively. The wide spectrum of γ-secretase substrates has made analyses of the pathology of γ-secretase-related diseases and underlying mechanisms challenging. Inflammation is an important aspect of disease pathology that requires an in-depth analysis. γ-Secretase may contribute to disease development or progression by directly increasing and regulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes recent evidence for a role of γ-secretase in inflammatory diseases, and discusses the potential use of γ-secretase inhibitors as an effective future treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Franco R, Cedazo-Minguez A. Successful therapies for Alzheimer's disease: why so many in animal models and none in humans? Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 25009496 PMCID: PMC4070393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peering into the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the outsider realizes that many of the therapeutic strategies tested (in animal models) have been successful. One also may notice that there is a deficit in translational research, i.e., to take a successful drug in mice and translate it to the patient. Efforts are still focused on novel projects to expand the therapeutic arsenal to “cure mice.” Scientific reasons behind so many successful strategies are not obvious. This article aims to review the current approaches to combat AD and to open a debate on common mechanisms of cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. In short, either the rodent models are not good and should be discontinued, or we should extract the most useful information from those models. An example of a question that may be debated for the advancement in AD therapy is: In addition to reducing amyloid and tau pathologies, would it be necessary to boost synaptic strength and cognition? The debate could provide clues to turn around the current negative output in generating effective drugs for patients. Furthermore, discovery of biomarkers in human body fluids, and a clear distinction between cognitive enhancers and disease modifying strategies, should be instrumental for advancing in anti-AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Division of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, Spain ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden
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Jurisch-Yaksi N, Annaert W. Protein quality control by Rer1p in the early secretory pathway: from mechanism to implication in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:61. [PMID: 24314151 PMCID: PMC3978424 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase-mediated production of amyloid β from the amyloid precursor protein is recognized as a central player in the neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the most peculiar features of this enzymatic activity is the fact that it targets transmembrane domains of mostly type I integral membrane proteins and thus manages to proteolyse peptide bonds within the hydrophobic lipid bilayers. In addition, γ-secretase does not exert its activity solely towards amyloid precursor protein, but to an increasing number of membrane proteins, including Notch, cadherins, syndecans, and so on. Because of the requirement of intramembrane proteolysis for a plethora of signaling pathways and cellular processes during embryonic development and organ physiology, this enzyme has drawn a lot of attention in the past 20 years. γ-Secretase is a multimeric transmembrane complex consisting of the catalytic presenilin, nicastrin, presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN2) and anterior-pharynx defective-1 (APH1) subunits. Proper assembly into functional complexes requires quality control mechanisms associated with the early biosynthetic compartments and allows mature complexes to transit to distal compartments where its activity is required. We previously identified Retrieval to ER protein 1 (Rer1p) as the first negative regulator of the stepwise assembly of γ-secretase during endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport. We review here the state of the art on how Rer1p regulates complex assembly, particularly γ-secretase, and evaluate the therapeutic potential of such regulatory processes in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, POB 6023000, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg, O&N4, POB 6023000, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Urban S. Mechanisms and cellular functions of intramembrane proteases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2797-800. [PMID: 23831604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The turn of the millennium coincided with the branding of a fundamentally different class of enzyme - proteases that reside immersed inside the membrane. This new field was the convergence of completely separate lines of research focused on cholesterol homeostasis, Alzheimer's disease, and developmental genetics. None intended their ultimate path, but soon became a richly-integrated fabric for an entirely new field: regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Our aim in this Special Issue is to focus on the ancient and nearly ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze this unexpected yet important reaction. The pace of progress has been dramatic, resulting in a rapidly-expanding universe of known cellular functions, and a paradigm shift in the biochemical understanding of these once heretical enzymes. More recently, the first therapeutic successes have been attained by targeting an intramembrane protease. We consider these advances and identify oncoming opportunities in four parts: growing spectra of cellular roles, insights into biochemical mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and newly-emerging topics. Recent studies also expose challenges for the future, including non-linear relationships between substrate identification and physiological functions, and the need for potent and specific, not broad-class, inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Urban
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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