101
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Moberget T, Hilland E, Andersson S, Lundar T, Due-Tønnessen BJ, Heldal A, Ivry RB, Endestad T. Patients with focal cerebellar lesions show reduced auditory cortex activation during silent reading. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2016; 161:18-27. [PMID: 26341544 PMCID: PMC4775464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies consistently report language-related cerebellar activations, but evidence from the clinical literature is less conclusive. Here, we attempt to bridge this gap by testing the effect of focal cerebellar lesions on cerebral activations in a reading task previously shown to involve distinct cerebellar regions. Patients (N=10) had lesions primarily affecting medial cerebellum, overlapping cerebellar regions activated during the presentation of random word sequences, but distinct from activations related to semantic prediction generation and prediction error processing. In line with this pattern of activation-lesion overlap, patients did not differ from matched healthy controls (N=10) in predictability-related activations. However, whereas controls showed increased activation in bilateral auditory cortex and parietal operculum when silently reading familiar words relative to viewing letter strings, this effect was absent in the patients. Our results highlight the need for careful lesion mapping and suggest possible roles for the cerebellum in visual-to-auditory mapping and/or inner speech.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Hilland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Andersson
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tryggve Lundar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aasta Heldal
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tor Endestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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102
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Kell CA, Darquea M, Behrens M, Cordani L, Keller C, Fuchs S. Phonetic detail and lateralization of reading-related inner speech and of auditory and somatosensory feedback processing during overt reading. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:493-508. [PMID: 27622923 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonetic detail and lateralization of inner speech during covert sentence reading as well as overt reading in 32 right-handed healthy participants undergoing 3T fMRI were investigated. The number of voiceless and voiced consonants in the processed sentences was systematically varied. Participants listened to sentences, read them covertly, silently mouthed them while reading, and read them overtly. Condition comparisons allowed for the study of effects of externally versus self-generated auditory input and of somatosensory feedback related to or independent of voicing. In every condition, increased voicing modulated bilateral voice-selective regions in the superior temporal sulcus without any lateralization. The enhanced temporal modulation and/or higher spectral frequencies of sentences rich in voiceless consonants induced left-lateralized activation of phonological regions in the posterior temporal lobe, regardless of condition. These results provide evidence that inner speech during reading codes detail as fine as consonant voicing. Our findings suggest that the fronto-temporal internal loops underlying inner speech target different temporal regions. These regions differ in their sensitivity to inner or overt acoustic speech features. More slowly varying acoustic parameters are represented more anteriorly and bilaterally in the temporal lobe while quickly changing acoustic features are processed in more posterior left temporal cortices. Furthermore, processing of external auditory feedback during overt sentence reading was sensitive to consonant voicing only in the left superior temporal cortex. Voicing did not modulate left-lateralized processing of somatosensory feedback during articulation or bilateral motor processing. This suggests voicing is primarily monitored in the auditory rather than in the somatosensory feedback channel. Hum Brain Mapp 38:493-508, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Kell
- Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany
| | - Maritza Darquea
- Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany
| | - Marion Behrens
- Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cordani
- Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany
| | - Christian Keller
- Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, 60598, Germany
| | - Susanne Fuchs
- Center for General Linguistics, Schuetzenstrasse 18, Berlin, 10117, Germany
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103
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Netsell R, Kleinsasser S, Daniel T. The Rate of Expanded Inner Speech During Spontaneous Sentence Productions. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 123:383-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512516664992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Netsell
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Missouri State University, MO, USA
- RStats Institute, Missouri State University, MO, USA
| | - Steven Kleinsasser
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Missouri State University, MO, USA
- RStats Institute, Missouri State University, MO, USA
| | - Todd Daniel
- RStats Institute, Missouri State University, MO, USA
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104
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Word pair classification during imagined speech using direct brain recordings. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25803. [PMID: 27165452 PMCID: PMC4863149 DOI: 10.1038/srep25803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
People that cannot communicate due to neurological disorders would benefit from an internal speech decoder. Here, we showed the ability to classify individual words during imagined speech from electrocorticographic signals. In a word imagery task, we used high gamma (70–150 Hz) time features with a support vector machine model to classify individual words from a pair of words. To account for temporal irregularities during speech production, we introduced a non-linear time alignment into the SVM kernel. Classification accuracy reached 88% in a two-class classification framework (50% chance level), and average classification accuracy across fifteen word-pairs was significant across five subjects (mean = 58%; p < 0.05). We also compared classification accuracy between imagined speech, overt speech and listening. As predicted, higher classification accuracy was obtained in the listening and overt speech conditions (mean = 89% and 86%, respectively; p < 0.0001), where speech stimuli were directly presented. The results provide evidence for a neural representation for imagined words in the temporal lobe, frontal lobe and sensorimotor cortex, consistent with previous findings in speech perception and production. These data represent a proof of concept study for basic decoding of speech imagery, and delineate a number of key challenges to usage of speech imagery neural representations for clinical applications.
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105
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Yoshimura N, Nishimoto A, Belkacem AN, Shin D, Kambara H, Hanakawa T, Koike Y. Decoding of Covert Vowel Articulation Using Electroencephalography Cortical Currents. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:175. [PMID: 27199638 PMCID: PMC4853397 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the goal of providing assistive technology for the communication impaired, we proposed electroencephalography (EEG) cortical currents as a new approach for EEG-based brain-computer interface spellers. EEG cortical currents were estimated with a variational Bayesian method that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data as a hierarchical prior. EEG and fMRI data were recorded from ten healthy participants during covert articulation of Japanese vowels /a/ and /i/, as well as during a no-imagery control task. Applying a sparse logistic regression (SLR) method to classify the three tasks, mean classification accuracy using EEG cortical currents was significantly higher than that using EEG sensor signals and was also comparable to accuracies in previous studies using electrocorticography. SLR weight analysis revealed vertices of EEG cortical currents that were highly contributive to classification for each participant, and the vertices showed discriminative time series signals according to the three tasks. Furthermore, functional connectivity analysis focusing on the highly contributive vertices revealed positive and negative correlations among areas related to speech processing. As the same findings were not observed using EEG sensor signals, our results demonstrate the potential utility of EEG cortical currents not only for engineering purposes such as brain-computer interfaces but also for neuroscientific purposes such as the identification of neural signaling related to language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsue Yoshimura
- Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of NeuroscienceTokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishimoto
- Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of NeuroscienceTokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyo, Japan
| | | | - Duk Shin
- Department of Electronics and Mechatronics, Tokyo Polytechnic UniversityAtsugi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kambara
- Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of NeuroscienceTokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Koike
- Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyo, Japan
- Solution Science Research Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
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106
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Keller C, Kell CA. Asymmetric intra- and interhemispheric interactions during covert and overt sentence reading. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:448-465. [PMID: 27055948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Covert and overt sentence reading evoke lateralized activations in overall bihemispheric networks. We assumed that the study of functional connectivity may reveal underlying principles of functional lateralization. Left-lateralized activations could relate to stronger reading-related modulation of intrahemispheric functional connectivity in the left than the right hemisphere. Alternatively, left-lateralization could result from suppression of contralateral processing and thus reflect asymmetric interhemispheric interactions. To address this issue, this functional MRI study investigated the regional lateralization of covert and overt German sentence reading in 39 healthy participants. Further, it revealed the modulation of the lateralized brain regions' functional connectivity and their contralateral homotopes by covert and overt reading (psychophysiological interactions). Left-lateralization during covert reading was associated with stronger intrahemispheric coupling particularly in the left dorsal stream rather than with suppression of contralateral processing. Lateralization during overt sentence reading instead went along with additional recruitment of right perisylvian cortices involved in articulation by asymmetric positive heterotopic interhemispheric interactions. Given the paucity of interhemispheric anti-correlations with homotopic regions, functional lateralization is likely a consequence of a task-dependent interplay between asymmetric positive intra- and interhemispheric coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Keller
- Brain Imaging Center and Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian A Kell
- Brain Imaging Center and Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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107
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What infants know about the unsaid: Phonological categorization in the absence of auditory input. Cognition 2016; 152:53-60. [PMID: 27023736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acquiring a lexicon constitutes an essential step in early language development. From an early age on, infants store words with well-specified phonological representations, and they can spontaneously activate these representations on the basis of visual information only (Mani & Plunkett, 2010a, 2011). To what extent can infants inspect and categorize phonological representations in the absence of auditory input? The present study focuses on words that infants comprehend but do not attempt to pronounce yet, and introduces a novel methodology based on anticipatory eye-movements. In two experiments, 21-month-old French-learning infants were silently presented with images of familiar objects whose labels they comprehended but did not pronounce yet. We tested whether they could activate the phonological representation of these labels and categorize them based on their length. Infants' performance exceeded chance when the target words were mono- and trisyllabic, but not when they were mono- and disyllabic. Thus, even in the absence of auditory input infants can activate the phonological representation of words they do not pronounce yet, and use this representation to perform a categorization based on word length, provided the length difference is substantial.
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108
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Laurent L, Millot JL, Andrieu P, Camos V, Floccia C, Mathy F. Inner speech sustains predictable task switching: direct evidence in adults. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1164173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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109
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Perrone-Bertolotti M, Cerles M, Ramdeen KT, Boudiaf N, Pichat C, Hot P, Baciu M. The Self-Pleasantness Judgment Modulates the Encoding Performance and the Default Mode Network Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:121. [PMID: 27047364 PMCID: PMC4796013 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we evaluated the effect of self-relevance on cerebral activity and behavioral performance during an incidental encoding task. Recent findings suggest that pleasantness judgments reliably induce self-oriented (internal) thoughts and increase default mode network (DMN) activity. We hypothesized that this increase in DMN activity would relate to increased memory recognition for pleasantly-judged stimuli (which depend on internally-oriented attention) but decreased recognition for unpleasantly-judged items (which depend on externally-oriented attention). To test this hypothesis, brain activity was recorded from 21 healthy participants while they performed a pleasantness judgment requiring them to rate visual stimuli as pleasant or unpleasant. One hour later, participants performed a surprise memory recognition test outside of the scanner. Thus, we were able to evaluate the effects of pleasant and unpleasant judgments on cerebral activity and incidental encoding. The behavioral results showed that memory recognition was better for items rated as pleasant than items rated as unpleasant. The whole brain analysis indicated that successful encoding (SE) activates the inferior frontal and lateral temporal cortices, whereas unsuccessful encoding (UE) recruits two key medial posterior DMN regions, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus (PCU). A region of interest (ROI) analysis including classic DMN areas, revealed significantly greater involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in pleasant compared to unpleasant judgments, suggesting this region’s involvement in self-referential (i.e., internal) processing. This area may be responsible for the greater recognition performance seen for pleasant stimuli. Furthermore, a significant interaction between the encoding performance (successful vs. unsuccessful) and pleasantness was observed for the PCC, PCU and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Overall, our results suggest the involvement of medial frontal and parietal DMN regions during the evaluation of self-referential pleasantness. We discuss these results in terms of the introspective referential of pleasantness judgments and the differential brain modulation based on internally- vs. externally-oriented attention during encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
| | - Melanie Cerles
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, France
| | - Kylee T Ramdeen
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France; School of Psychology, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Naila Boudiaf
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
| | - Cedric Pichat
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
| | - Pascal Hot
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Savoie Mont BlancChambéry, France
| | - Monica Baciu
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France; Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition (LPNC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5105Grenoble, France
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110
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Tamayo-Agudelo W, Vélez-Urrego JD, Gaviria-Castaño G, Perona-Garcelán S. [Multidimensionality of inner speech and its relationship with abnormal perceptions]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 45:238-244. [PMID: 27842736 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inner speech is a common human experience. Recently, there have been studies linking this experience with cognitive functions, such as problem solving, reading, writing, autobiographical memory, and some disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In addition, inner speech is recognised as the main source of auditory hallucinations. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study is to establish the factor structure of Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire (VISQ) in a sample of the Colombian population. Furthermore, it aims at establishing a link between VISQ and abnormal perceptions. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study in which 232 college students were assessed using the VISQ and the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS). RESULTS Through an exploratory factor analysis, a structure of three factors was found: Other Voices in the Internal Speech, Condensed Inner speech, and Dialogical/Evaluative Inner speech, all of them with acceptable levels of reliability. Gender differences were found in the second and third factor, with higher averages for women. Positive correlations were found among the three VISQ and the two CAPS factors: Multimodal Perceptual Alterations and Experiences Associated with the Temporal Lobe. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with previous findings linking the factors of inner speech with the propensity to auditory hallucination, a phenomenon widely associated with temporal lobe abnormalities. The hallucinations associated with other perceptual systems, however, are still weakly explained.
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111
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Neural correlates of binding lyrics and melodies for the encoding of new songs. Neuroimage 2016; 127:333-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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112
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Alderson-Day B, Fernyhough C. Auditory verbal hallucinations: Social, but how? JOURNAL OF CONSCIOUSNESS STUDIES : CONTROVERSIES IN SCIENCE & THE HUMANITIES 2016; 23:163-194. [PMID: 29238264 PMCID: PMC5724750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are experiences of hearing voices in the absence of an external speaker. Standard explanatory models propose that AVH arise from misattributed verbal cognitions (i.e. inner speech), but provide little account of how heard voices often have a distinct persona and agency. Here we review the argument that AVH have important social and agent-like properties and consider how different neurocognitive approaches to AVH can account for these elements, focusing on inner speech, memory, and predictive processing. We then evaluate the possible role of separate social-cognitive processes in the development of AVH, before outlining three ways in which speech and language processes already involve socially important information, such as cues to interact with others. We propose that when these are taken into account, the social characteristics of AVH can be explained without an appeal to separate social-cognitive systems.
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113
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Baldo JV, Paulraj SR, Curran BC, Dronkers NF. Impaired reasoning and problem-solving in individuals with language impairment due to aphasia or language delay. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1523. [PMID: 26578991 PMCID: PMC4620683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise nature of the relationship between language and thought is an intriguing and challenging area of inquiry for scientists across many disciplines. In the realm of neuropsychology, research has investigated the inter-dependence of language and thought by testing individuals with compromised language abilities and observing whether performance in other cognitive domains is diminished. One group of such individuals is patients with aphasia who have an impairment in speech and language arising from a brain injury, such as a stroke. Our previous research has shown that the degree of language impairment in these individuals is strongly associated with the degree of impairment on complex reasoning tasks, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) and Raven’s Matrices. In the current study, we present new data from a large group of individuals with aphasia that show a dissociation in performance between putatively non-verbal tasks on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that require differing degrees of reasoning (Picture Completion vs. Picture Arrangement tasks). We also present an update and replication of our previous findings with the WCST showing that individuals with the most profound core language deficits (i.e., impaired comprehension and disordered language output) are particularly impaired on problem-solving tasks. In the second part of the paper, we present findings from a neurologically intact individual known as “Chelsea” who was not exposed to language due to an unaddressed hearing loss that was present since birth. At the age of 32, she was fitted with hearing aids and exposed to spoken and signed language for the first time, but she was only able to acquire a limited language capacity. Chelsea was tested on a series of standardized neuropsychological measures, including reasoning and problem-solving tasks. She was able to perform well on a number of visuospatial tasks but was disproportionately impaired on tasks that required reasoning, such as Raven’s Matrices and the WAIS Picture Arrangement task. Together, these findings suggest that language supports complex reasoning, possibly due to the facilitative role of verbal working memory and inner speech in higher mental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvi R Paulraj
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA USA ; Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Brian C Curran
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA USA
| | - Nina F Dronkers
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA USA ; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA ; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow Russian Federation
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114
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Moseley P, Smailes D, Ellison A, Fernyhough C. The effect of auditory verbal imagery on signal detection in hallucination-prone individuals. Cognition 2015; 146:206-16. [PMID: 26435050 PMCID: PMC4675095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigated relation between hallucinations, mental imagery and signal detection. Individuals prone to hallucinations showed a lower SDT response bias with imagery. Finding held for both instructed and self-reported use of auditory verbal imagery. Atypical auditory imagery may lead to the generation of auditory hallucinations.
Cognitive models have suggested that auditory hallucinations occur when internal mental events, such as inner speech or auditory verbal imagery (AVI), are misattributed to an external source. This has been supported by numerous studies indicating that individuals who experience hallucinations tend to perform in a biased manner on tasks that require them to distinguish self-generated from non-self-generated perceptions. However, these tasks have typically been of limited relevance to inner speech models of hallucinations, because they have not manipulated the AVI that participants used during the task. Here, a new paradigm was employed to investigate the interaction between imagery and perception, in which a healthy, non-clinical sample of participants were instructed to use AVI whilst completing an auditory signal detection task. It was hypothesized that AVI-usage would cause participants to perform in a biased manner, therefore falsely detecting more voices in bursts of noise. In Experiment 1, when cued to generate AVI, highly hallucination-prone participants showed a lower response bias than when performing a standard signal detection task, being more willing to report the presence of a voice in the noise. Participants not prone to hallucinations performed no differently between the two conditions. In Experiment 2, participants were not specifically instructed to use AVI, but retrospectively reported how often they engaged in AVI during the task. Highly hallucination-prone participants who retrospectively reported using imagery showed a lower response bias than did participants with lower proneness who also reported using AVI. Results are discussed in relation to prominent inner speech models of hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moseley
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - David Smailes
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Psychology, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Amanda Ellison
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Charles Fernyhough
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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115
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Alderson-Day B, Fernyhough C. Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology. Psychol Bull 2015; 141:931-65. [PMID: 26011789 PMCID: PMC4538954 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inner speech-also known as covert speech or verbal thinking-has been implicated in theories of cognitive development, speech monitoring, executive function, and psychopathology. Despite a growing body of knowledge on its phenomenology, development, and function, approaches to the scientific study of inner speech have remained diffuse and largely unintegrated. This review examines prominent theoretical approaches to inner speech and methodological challenges in its study, before reviewing current evidence on inner speech in children and adults from both typical and atypical populations. We conclude by considering prospects for an integrated cognitive science of inner speech, and present a multicomponent model of the phenomenon informed by developmental, cognitive, and psycholinguistic considerations. Despite its variability among individuals and across the life span, inner speech appears to perform significant functions in human cognition, which in some cases reflect its developmental origins and its sharing of resources with other cognitive processes.
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116
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Neural correlates of active vision: An fMRI comparison of natural reading and scene viewing. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:109-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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117
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Alderson-Day B, Fernyhough C. Relations among questionnaire and experience sampling measures of inner speech: a smartphone app study. Front Psychol 2015; 6:517. [PMID: 25964773 PMCID: PMC4410513 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner speech is often reported to be a common and central part of inner experience, but its true prevalence is unclear. Many questionnaire-based measures appear to lack convergent validity and it has been claimed that they overestimate inner speech in comparison to experience sampling methods (which involve collecting data at random timepoints). The present study compared self-reporting of inner speech collected via a general questionnaire and experience sampling, using data from a custom-made smartphone app (Inner Life). Fifty-one university students completed a generalized self-report measure of inner speech (the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire, VISQ) and responded to at least seven random alerts to report on incidences of inner speech over a 2-week period. Correlations and pairwise comparisons were used to compare generalized endorsements and randomly sampled scores for each VISQ subscale. Significant correlations were observed between general and randomly sampled measures for only two of the four VISQ subscales, and endorsements of inner speech with evaluative or motivational characteristics did not correlate at all across different measures. Endorsement of inner speech items was significantly lower for random sampling compared to generalized self-report, for all VISQ subscales. Exploratory analysis indicated that specific inner speech characteristics were also related to anxiety and future-oriented thinking.
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Lavigne KM, Rapin LA, Metzak PD, Whitman JC, Jung K, Dohen M, Lœvenbruck H, Woodward TS. Left-dominant temporal-frontal hypercoupling in schizophrenia patients with hallucinations during speech perception. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:259-67. [PMID: 24553150 PMCID: PMC4266284 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Task-based functional neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia have not yet replicated the increased coordinated hyperactivity in speech-related brain regions that is reported with symptom-capture and resting-state studies of hallucinations. This may be due to suboptimal selection of cognitive tasks. METHODS In the current study, we used a task that allowed experimental manipulation of control over verbal material and compared brain activity between 23 schizophrenia patients (10 hallucinators, 13 nonhallucinators), 22 psychiatric (bipolar), and 27 healthy controls. Two conditions were presented, one involving inner verbal thought (in which control over verbal material was required) and another involving speech perception (SP; in which control verbal material was not required). RESULTS A functional connectivity analysis resulted in a left-dominant temporal-frontal network that included speech-related auditory and motor regions and showed hypercoupling in past-week hallucinating schizophrenia patients (relative to nonhallucinating patients) during SP only. CONCLUSIONS These findings replicate our previous work showing generalized speech-related functional network hypercoupling in schizophrenia during inner verbal thought and SP, but extend them by suggesting that hypercoupling is related to past-week hallucination severity scores during SP only, when control over verbal material is not required. This result opens the possibility that practicing control over inner verbal thought processes may decrease the likelihood or severity of hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucile A. Rapin
- Department of Linguistics, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul D. Metzak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer C. Whitman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kwanghee Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marion Dohen
- Speech and Cognition Department, Grenoble University, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Todd S. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;,BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Room 117, 3rd Floor, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; tel: 604-875-2000 x 4724, fax: 604-875-3871, e-mail:
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120
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Wood G, Kober SE, Witte M, Neuper C. On the need to better specify the concept of "control" in brain-computer-interfaces/neurofeedback research. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:171. [PMID: 25324735 PMCID: PMC4179325 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming at a better specification of the concept of “control” in brain-computer-interfaces (BCIs) and neurofeedback (NF) research, we propose to distinguish “self-control of brain activity” from the broader concept of “BCI control”, since the first describes a neurocognitive phenomenon and is only one of the many components of “BCI control”. Based on this distinction, we developed a framework based on dual-processes theory that describes the cognitive determinants of self-control of brain activity as the interplay of automatic vs. controlled information processing. Further, we distinguish between cognitive processes that are necessary and sufficient to achieve a given level of self-control of brain activity and those which are not. We discuss that those cognitive processes which are not necessary for the learning process can hamper self-control because they cannot be completely turned-off at any time. This framework aims at a comprehensive description of the cognitive determinants of the acquisition of self-control of brain activity underlying those classes of BCI which require the user to achieve regulation of brain activity as well as NF learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wood
- Department of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz Graz, Austria ; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Erika Kober
- Department of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz Graz, Austria ; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Witte
- Department of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz Graz, Austria ; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Christa Neuper
- Department of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz Graz, Austria ; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
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121
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Medalla M, Barbas H. Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate prefrontal-temporal pathways. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:77. [PMID: 24795553 PMCID: PMC3997038 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No other modality is more frequently represented in the prefrontal cortex than the auditory, but the role of auditory information in prefrontal functions is not well understood. Pathways from auditory association cortices reach distinct sites in the lateral, orbital, and medial surfaces of the prefrontal cortex in rhesus monkeys. Among prefrontal areas, frontopolar area 10 has the densest interconnections with auditory association areas, spanning a large antero-posterior extent of the superior temporal gyrus from the temporal pole to auditory parabelt and belt regions. Moreover, auditory pathways make up the largest component of the extrinsic connections of area 10, suggesting a special relationship with the auditory modality. Here we review anatomic evidence showing that frontopolar area 10 is indeed the main frontal “auditory field” as the major recipient of auditory input in the frontal lobe and chief source of output to auditory cortices. Area 10 is thought to be the functional node for the most complex cognitive tasks of multitasking and keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a particular emphasis on area 10. Then we explore ideas on how the elusive role of area 10 in complex cognition may be related to the specialized relationship with auditory association cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
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