101
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Zhou B, Zheng L, Peng C, Li D, Li J, Wen S, Shen M, Zhang G, Shi X. Synthesis and characterization of PEGylated polyethylenimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles for blood pool and tumor CT imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17190-9. [PMID: 25208617 DOI: 10.1021/am505006z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) entrapped within polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified polyethylenimine (PEI) for blood pool and tumor computed tomography (CT) imaging are reported. In this approach, partially PEGylated PEI was used as a template for AuNP synthesis, followed by acetylating the PEI remaining surface amines. The synthesized PEGylated PEI-entrapped AuNPs (Au PENPs) were characterized via different methods. Our results reveal that the synthesized Au PENPs can be tuned to have an Au core size in a range of 1.9-4.6 nm and to be water-soluble, stable, and noncytotoxic in a studied concentration range. With a demonstrated better X-ray attenuation property than that of clinically used iodinated small molecular contrast agent (e.g., Omnipaque) and the prolonged half-decay time (11.2 h in rat) confirmed by pharmacokinetics studies, the developed PEGylated Au PENPs enabled efficient and enhanced blood pool CT imaging with imaging time up to 75 min. Likewise, thanks to the enhanced permeability and retention effect, the PEGylated Au PENPs were also able to be used as a contrast agent for effective CT imaging of a tumor model. With the proven organ biocompatibility by histological studies, the designed PEGylated Au PENPs may hold great promise to be used as contrast agents for CT imaging of a variety of biological systems. The significance of this study is that rather than the use of dendrimers as templates, cost-effective branched polymers (e.g., PEI) can be used as templates to generate functionalized AuNPs for CT imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqing Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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102
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Wen S, Zhao Q, An X, Zhu J, Hou W, Li K, Huang Y, Shen M, Zhu W, Shi X. Multifunctional PEGylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes for enhanced blood pool and tumor MR imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1568-77, 1525. [PMID: 24665035 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Long-circulating multifunctional Gd(III)-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified with polyethylene glycol are designed and synthesized. The formed MWCNTs are water-dispersible, stable, and have good cytocompatibility and antifouling property. With the low r 2 /r 1 relaxivity ratio and relatively long blood circulation time, the multifunctional MWCNTs are able to be used as a platform for enhanced blood pool and tumor MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics; Shanghai First People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai 200080 China
| | - Xiao An
- Department of Radiology; Shanghai First People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai 200080 China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Wenxiu Hou
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics; Shanghai First People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai 200080 China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics; Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200003 China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
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103
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Contrast agents for preclinical targeted X-ray imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:116-133. [PMID: 25086373 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is an X-ray based instrument that it is specifically designed for biomedical research at a preclinical stage for live imaging of small animals. This imaging modality is cost-effective, fast, and produces remarkable high-resolution images of X-ray opaque skeleton. Administration of biocompatible X-ray opaque contrast agent allows delineation of the blood vessels, and internal organs and even detection of tumor metastases as small as 300 μm. However, the main limitation of micro-CT lies in the poor efficacy or toxicity of the contrast agents. Moreover, contrast agents for micro-CT have to be stealth nanoparticulate systems, i.e. preventing their rapid renal clearance. The chemical composition and physicochemical properties will condition their uptake and elimination pathways, and therefore all the biological fluids, organs, and tissues trough this elimination route of the nanoparticles will be contrasted. Furthermore, several technologies playing on the nanoparticle properties, aim to influence these biological pathways in order to induce their accumulation onto given targeted sites, organs of tumors. In function of the methodologies carried out, taking benefit or not of the action of immune system, of the natural response of the organism like hepatocyte uptake or enhanced permeation and retention effect, or even accumulation due to ligand/receptor interactions, the technologies are called passive or active targeted imaging. The present review presents the most recent advances in the development of specific contrast agents for targeted X-ray imaging micro-CT, discussing the recent advance of in vivo targeting of nanoparticulate contrast agents, and the influence of the formulations, nature of the nanocarrier, nature and concentration of the X-ray contrasting materials, effect of the surface properties, functionalization and bioconjugation. The pharmacokinetic and versatility of nanometric systems appear particularly advantageous for addressing the versatile biomedical research needs. State of the art investigations are on going to propose contrast agents with tumor accumulating properties and will contribute for development of safer cancer medicine having detection and therapeutic modalities.
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104
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Toy R, Bauer L, Hoimes C, Ghaghada KB, Karathanasis E. Targeted nanotechnology for cancer imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:79-97. [PMID: 25116445 PMCID: PMC4169743 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticle imaging agents provide many benefits and new opportunities to facilitate accurate diagnosis of cancer and significantly impact patient outcome. Due to the highly engineerable nature of nanotechnology, targeted nanoparticles exhibit significant advantages including increased contrast sensitivity, binding avidity and targeting specificity. Considering the various nanoparticle designs and their adjustable ability to target a specific site and generate detectable signals, nanoparticles can be optimally designed in terms of biophysical interactions (i.e., intravascular and interstitial transport) and biochemical interactions (i.e., targeting avidity towards cancer-related biomarkers) for site-specific detection of very distinct microenvironments. This review seeks to illustrate that the design of a nanoparticle dictates its in vivo journey and targeting of hard-to-reach cancer sites, facilitating early and accurate diagnosis and interrogation of the most aggressive forms of cancer. We will report various targeted nanoparticles for cancer imaging using X-ray computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging and optical imaging. Finally, to realize the full potential of targeted nanotechnology for cancer imaging, we will describe the challenges and opportunities for the clinical translation and widespread adaptation of targeted nanoparticles imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Toy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christopher Hoimes
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ketan B Ghaghada
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Efstathios Karathanasis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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105
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Ye K, Qin J, Peng Z, Yang X, Huang L, Yuan F, Peng C, Jiang M, Lu X. Polyethylene glycol-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles enhance CT imaging of blood pool in atherosclerotic mice. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:529. [PMID: 25288918 PMCID: PMC4184899 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a new use of dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with good biocompatibility for in vitro and in vivo imaging of atherosclerotic mice by computed tomography (CT). In this study, Au DENPs were synthesized using poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generation 5 (G5.NH2) modified by PEG monomethyl ether (G5.NH2-mPEG20) as templates. In vitro cytotoxicity and flow cytometry assays show that the formed PEGylated Au DENPs have good biocompatibility and are non-cytotoxic at the Au concentration up to 300 μM. Silver staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further confirm that the Au DENPs are able to be uptaken by macrophages and are located dominantly in the lysosomes of the cells. Importantly, the formed PEGylated Au DENPs are able to be used for CT imaging of murine macrophages in vitro and macrophages in atherosclerotic mice in vivo using apolipoprotein-E-gene-deficient mice as a model. These findings suggest that the formed PEGylated Au DENPs are a promising contrast agent for CT imaging of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Peng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fukang Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Peng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mier Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
- Vascular Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwu Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
- Vascular Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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106
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Cormode DP, Naha PC, Fayad ZA. Nanoparticle contrast agents for computed tomography: a focus on micelles. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 9:37-52. [PMID: 24470293 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is an X-ray-based whole-body imaging technique that is widely used in medicine. Clinically approved contrast agents for CT are iodinated small molecules or barium suspensions. Over the past seven years there has been a great increase in the development of nanoparticles as CT contrast agents. Nanoparticles have several advantages over small molecule CT contrast agents, such as long blood-pool residence times and the potential for cell tracking and targeted imaging applications. Furthermore, there is a need for novel CT contrast agents, owing to the growing population of renally impaired patients and patients hypersensitive to iodinated contrast. Micelles and lipoproteins, a micelle-related class of nanoparticle, have notably been adapted as CT contrast agents. In this review we discuss the principles of CT image formation and the generation of CT contrast. We discuss the progress in developing nontargeted, targeted and cell tracking nanoparticle CT contrast agents. We feature agents based on micelles and used in conjunction with spectral CT. The large contrast agent doses needed will necessitate careful toxicology studies prior to clinical translation. However, the field has seen tremendous advances in the past decade and we expect many more advances to come in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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107
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Huo D, Ding J, Cui YX, Xia LY, Li H, He J, Zhou ZY, Wang HW, Hu Y. X-ray CT and pneumonia inhibition properties of gold–silver nanoparticles for targeting MRSA induced pneumonia. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7032-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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108
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Kapse-Mistry S, Govender T, Srivastava R, Yergeri M. Nanodrug delivery in reversing multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:159. [PMID: 25071577 PMCID: PMC4090910 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms in cancer cells become resistant to one or more chemotherapeutics is known as multidrug resistance (MDR) which hinders chemotherapy efficacy. Potential factors for MDR includes enhanced drug detoxification, decreased drug uptake, increased intracellular nucleophiles levels, enhanced repair of drug induced DNA damage, overexpression of drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein(P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Currently nanoassemblies such as polymeric/solid lipid/inorganic/metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles has emerged as an innovative, effective, and promising platforms for treatment of drug resistant cancer cells. Nanocarriers have potential to improve drug therapeutic index, ability for multifunctionality, divert ABC-transporter mediated drug efflux mechanism and selective targeting to tumor cells, cancer stem cells, tumor initiating cells, or cancer microenvironment. Selective nanocarrier targeting to tumor overcomes dose-limiting side effects, lack of selectivity, tissue toxicity, limited drug access to tumor tissues, high drug doses, and emergence of multiple drug resistance with conventional or combination chemotherapy. Current review highlights various nanodrug delivery systems to overcome mechanism of MDR by neutralizing, evading, or exploiting the drug efflux pumps and those independent of drug efflux pump mechanism by silencing Bcl-2 and HIF1α gene expressions by siRNA and miRNA, modulating ceramide levels and targeting NF-κB. “Theragnostics” combining a cytotoxic agent, targeting moiety, chemosensitizing agent, and diagnostic imaging aid are highlighted as effective and innovative systems for tumor localization and overcoming MDR. Physical approaches such as combination of drug with thermal/ultrasound/photodynamic therapies to overcome MDR are focused. The review focuses on newer drug delivery systems developed to overcome MDR in cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Kapse-Mistry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai Mumbai, India
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, South Africa
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai, India
| | - Mayur Yergeri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai Mumbai, India
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109
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Antibacterial activity of Ag–Au alloy NPs and chemical sensor property of Au NPs synthesized by dextran. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 107:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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110
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Zhu J, Zheng L, Wen S, Tang Y, Shen M, Zhang G, Shi X. Targeted cancer theranostics using alpha-tocopheryl succinate-conjugated multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7635-46. [PMID: 24927683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms for targeted cancer imaging and therapy still remains a great challenge. Herein, we report the use of multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) covalently linked with α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) as a platform for targeted cancer computed tomography (CT) imaging and therapy. In this study, amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of generation 5 (G5.NH2) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI), polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified α-TOS, and PEGylated folic acid (FA) were used as templates to synthesize Au DENPs, followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines. The formed multifunctional Au DENPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the Au DENPs conjugated with approximately 9.8 α-TOS molecules per dendrimer and with an Au core size of 3.3 nm are water-dispersible, and stable under different pH and temperature conditions and in different aqueous media. The FA modification onto the Au DENPs enables efficient targeting of the particles to cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors (FAR), and effective targeted CT imaging of the cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo. Likewise, the covalent conjugation of α-TOS does not compromise its therapeutic activity, instead significantly improves its water solubility. Importantly, thanks to the role of FA-directed targeting, the formed multifunctional Au DENPs are able to exert the specific therapeutic efficacy of α-TOS to the FAR-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo. The developed multifunctional Au DENPs may hold a great promise to be used as a unique theranostic nanoplatform for targeted CT imaging and therapy of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Wen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Tang
- Experiment Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
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111
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Liu H, Wang H, Xu Y, Guo R, Wen S, Huang Y, Liu W, Shen M, Zhao J, Zhang G, Shi X. Lactobionic acid-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles for targeted computed tomography imaging of human hepatocellular carcinoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6944-6953. [PMID: 24712914 DOI: 10.1021/am500761x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel nanomaterial-based contrast agents for targeted computed tomography (CT) imaging of tumors still remains a great challenge. Here we describe a novel approach to fabricating lactobionic acid (LA)-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (LA-Au DENPs) for in vitro and in vivo targeted CT imaging of human hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of generation 5 pre-modified with fluorescein isothiocyanate and poly(ethylene glycol)-linked LA were employed as templates to form Au nanoparticles. The remaining dendrimer terminal amines were subjected to an acetylation reaction to form LA-Au DENPs. The prepared LA-Au DENPs were characterized via different methods. Our results reveal that the multifunctional Au DENPs with a Au core size of 2.7 nm have good stability under different pH (5-8) and temperature (4-50 °C) conditions and in different aqueous media, and are noncytotoxic to normal cells but cytotoxic to the targeted hepatocarcinoma cells in the given concentration range. In vitro flow cytometry data show that the LA-Au DENPs can be specifically uptaken by a model hepatocarcinoma cell line overexpressing asialoglycoprotein receptors through an active receptor-mediated targeting pathway. Importantly, the LA-Au DENPs can be used as a highly effective nanoprobe for specific CT imaging of hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro and the xenoplanted tumor model in vivo. The developed LA-Au DENPs with X-ray attenuation property greater than clinically employed iodine-based CT contrast agents hold a great promise to be used as a nanoprobe for targeted CT imaging of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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112
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Liu H, Wang H, Xu Y, Shen M, Zhao J, Zhang G, Shi X. Synthesis of PEGylated low generation dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles for CT imaging applications. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4521-6. [PMID: 24647803 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06694k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) can be formed using low-generation dendrimers pre-modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The formed PEGylated Au DENPs with desirable stability, cytocompatibility, and X-ray attenuation properties enable efficient computed tomography imaging of the heart and tumor model of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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113
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Dong K, Liu Z, Liu J, Huang S, Li Z, Yuan Q, Ren J, Qu X. Biocompatible and high-performance amino acids-capped MnWO4 nanocasting as a novel non-lanthanide contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography and T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2211-2217. [PMID: 24382605 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel non-lanthanide dual-modality contrast agent, manganese tungstate (MnWO4), has been successfully constructed by a facile and versatile hydrothermal route. With the merits of a high atomic number and a well-positioned K-edge energy of tungsten, our well-prepared non-lanthanide nanoprobes provide a higher contrast efficacy than routine iodine-based agents in clinics. Additionally, the presence of Mn in these nanoparticles endow them with excellent T1-weighted MR imaging capabilities. As an alternative to T2-weighted MRI and CT dual-modality contrast agents, the nanoprobes can provide a positive contrast signal, which prevents confusion with the dark signals from hemorrhage and blood clots. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that a non-lanthanide imaging nanoprobe is applied for CT and T1-weighted MRI simultaneously. Moreover, comparing with gadolinium-based T1-weighted MRI and CT dual-modality contrast agents that were associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), our contrast agents have superior biocompatibility, which is proved by a detailed study of the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and in vivo toxicology. Together with excellent dispersibility, high biocompatibility and superior contrast efficacy, these nanoprobes provide detailed and complementary information from dual-modality imaging over traditional single-mode imaging and bring more opportunities to the new generation of non-lanthanide nanoparticulate-based contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, China.
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114
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Zhang M, Guo R, Kéri M, Bányai I, Zheng Y, Cao M, Cao X, Shi X. Impact of Dendrimer Surface Functional Groups on the Release of Doxorubicin from Dendrimer Carriers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1696-706. [DOI: 10.1021/jp411669k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengen Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mónika Kéri
- Department
of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, H4032 Egyetem t.1, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Bányai
- Department
of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, H4032 Egyetem t.1, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Yun Zheng
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mian Cao
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- CQM-Centro
de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
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115
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Liao H, Liu H, Li Y, Zhang M, Tomás H, Shen M, Shi X. Antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin encapsulated within PEGylated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Liao
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira; Campus da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira; Campus da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal
| | - Mengen Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira; Campus da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira; Campus da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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116
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Zhou Z, Kong B, Yu C, Shi X, Wang M, Liu W, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Yang S. Tungsten oxide nanorods: an efficient nanoplatform for tumor CT imaging and photothermal therapy. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3653. [PMID: 24413483 PMCID: PMC3888983 DOI: 10.1038/srep03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a facile thermal decomposition approach to creating tungsten oxide nanorods (WO2.9 NRs) with a length of 13.1 ± 3.6 nm and a diameter of 4.4 ± 1.5 nm for tumor theranostic applications. The formed WO2.9 NRs were modified with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) carboxyl acid via ligand exchange to have good water dispersability and biocompatibility. With the high photothermal conversion efficiency irradiated by a 980 nm laser and the better X-ray attenuation property than clinically used computed tomography (CT) contrast agent Iohexol, the formed PEGylated WO2.9 NRs are able to inhibit the growth of the model cancer cells in vitro and the corresponding tumor model in vivo, and enable effective CT imaging of the tumor model in vivo. Our “killing two birds with one stone” strategy could be extended for fabricating other nanoplatforms for efficient tumor theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhou
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Kong
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 210620, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Center & Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Center & Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
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117
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Zhou Y, He K, Liu S, Li Y, Nie Z, Huang Y, Yao S. Chemical colorimetric square wave and its derived logic gates based on tunable growth of plasmonic gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AuNP-based chemical colorimetric square wave (CCSW) and logic gates were constructed based on the colorimetric signal change via the controllable growth of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shengquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha, P. R. China
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118
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Kobayashi Y, Inose H, Nagasu R, Nakagawa T, Kubota Y, Gonda K, Ohuchi N. X-ray imaging technique using colloid solution of Au/silica/poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1433075x13y.0000000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kobayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Functional EngineeringCollege of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - H. Inose
- Department of Biomolecular Functional EngineeringCollege of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - R. Nagasu
- Department of Biomolecular Functional EngineeringCollege of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - T. Nakagawa
- Division of Surgical OncologyGraduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Y. Kubota
- Division of Surgical OncologyGraduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - K. Gonda
- Division of Surgical OncologyGraduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - N. Ohuchi
- Division of Surgical OncologyGraduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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119
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Liu H, Zhu J, Zhao J, Zhang G, Shi X. Targeted dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles for computed tomography imaging of cancer cells. J Control Release 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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120
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Li J, Zheng L, Cai H, Sun W, Shen M, Zhang G, Shi X. Facile one-pot synthesis of Fe3O4@Au composite nanoparticles for dual-mode MR/CT imaging applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10357-66. [PMID: 24063810 DOI: 10.1021/am4034526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A facile one-pot hydrothermal approach to synthesizing Fe3O4@Au composite nanoparticles (CNPs) for dual-mode magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) imaging applications is reported. In this work, polyethyleneimine (PEI) partially modified with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (mPEG) was used as a stabilizer to form gold NPs (mPEG-PEI.NH2-Au NPs) with the assistance of sodium borohydride reduction. The mPEG-PEI.NH2-Au NPs were then mixed with iron(II) salt in a basic aqueous solution followed by treatment under an elevated temperature and pressure. This hydrothermal process led to the formation of Fe3O4@Au-mPEG-PEI.NH2 CNPs. The remaining PEI amine groups were finally acetylated to reduce the surface positive charge of the CNPs. The formed Fe3O4@Au-mPEG-PEI.NHAc (Fe3O4@Au) CNPs were characterized via different techniques. The combined in vitro cell viability assay, cell morphology observation, flow cytometry, and hemolysis assay data show that the formed Fe3O4@Au CNPs are noncytotoxic and hemocompatible in the given concentration range. MR and CT imaging data reveal that the formed Fe3O4@Au CNPs have a relatively high r2 relaxivity (146.07 mM(-1) s(-1)) and good X-ray attenuation property, which enables their uses as contrast agents for MR imaging of mouse liver and CT imaging of rat liver and aorta. The Fe3O4@Au CNPs developed via the facile one-pot approach may have promising potential for the dual-mode MR/CT imaging of different biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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121
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Liu Z, Ju E, Liu J, Du Y, Li Z, Yuan Q, Ren J, Qu X. Direct visualization of gastrointestinal tract with lanthanide-doped BaYbF5 upconversion nanoprobes. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7444-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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122
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Wen S, Liu H, Cai H, Shen M, Shi X. Targeted and pH-responsive delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells using multifunctional dendrimer-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:1267-76. [PMID: 23447549 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of multifunctional dendrimer-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for targeted and pH-responsive delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) into cancer cells. In this study, amine-terminated generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers modified with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) and folic acid (FA) were covalently linked to acid-treated MWCNTs, followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines to neutralize the positive surface potential. The formed multifunctional MWCNTs (MWCNT/G5.NHAc-FI-FA) were characterized via different techniques. Then, the MWCNT/G5.NHAc-FI-FA was used to load DOX for targeted and pH-responsive delivery to cancer cells overexpressing high-affinity folic acid receptors (FAR). We showed that the MWCNT/G5.NHAc-FI-FA enabled a high drug payload and encapsulation efficiency both up to 97.8% and the formed DOX/MWCNT/G5.NHAc-FI-FA complexes displayed a pH-responsive release property with fast DOX release under acidic environment and slow release at physiological pH conditions. Importantly, the DOX/MWCNT/G5.NHAc-FI-FA complexes displayed effective therapeutic efficacy, similar to that of free DOX, and were able to target to cancer cells overexpressing high-affinity FAR and effectively inhibit the growth of the cancer cells. The synthesized multifunctional dendrimer-modified MWCNTs may be used as a targeted and pH-responsive delivery system for targeting therapy of different types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical, Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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123
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Physical and Chemical Consequences of Size-Reduction of Gold: Bioresponse and Biodistribution. J CLUST SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-013-0619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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124
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Polyethyleneimine-mediated synthesis of folic acid-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo tumor MR imaging. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8382-92. [PMID: 23932250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated approach to synthesizing folic acid (FA)-targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) for in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors. In this study, stable PEI-coated Fe3O4 NPs were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal route. The aminated Fe3O4 NPs with PEI coating enabled covalent conjugation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI) and folate-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) with one end of carboxyl groups (FA-PEG-COOH). Followed by final acetylation, FA-targeted PEGylated Fe3O4 NPs (Fe3O4-PEI-Ac-FI-PEG-FA NPs) were formed. The formed multifunctional Fe3O4 NPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the PEI-mediated approach along with the PEGylation conjugation enables the generation of water-dispersible and stable multifunctional Fe3O4 NPs, and the particles are quite cytocompatible and hemocompatible in the given concentration range as confirmed by in vitro cytotoxicity assay, cell morphology observation, and hemolysis assay. In addition, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy data show that the multifunctional Fe3O4 NPs are able to target a model cancer cell line (KB cells) overexpressing FA receptors in vitro. Importantly, the FA-targeted Fe3O4 NPs are able to be used as an efficient nanoprobe for MR imaging of cancer cells in vitro and a xenografted tumor model in vivo via an active FA targeting pathway. With the facile PEI-mediated formation strategy and PEGylation conjugation chemistry, the Fe3O4 NPs may be multifunctionalized with other biological ligands for MR imaging of different biological systems.
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125
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Li K, Wen S, Larson AC, Shen M, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Shi X, Zhang G. Multifunctional dendrimer-based nanoparticles for in vivo MR/CT dual-modal molecular imaging of breast cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2589-600. [PMID: 23888113 PMCID: PMC3722039 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s46177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of dual-mode or multi-mode imaging contrast agents is important for accurate and self-confirmatory diagnosis of cancer. We report a new multifunctional, dendrimer-based gold nanoparticle (AuNP) as a dual-modality contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR)/computed tomography (CT) imaging of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, amine-terminated generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers modified with gadolinium chelate (DOTA-NHS) and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether were used as templates to synthesize AuNPs, followed by Gd(III) chelation and acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amine groups; multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped AuNPs (Gd-Au DENPs) were formed. The formed Gd-Au DENPs were used for both in vitro and in vivo MR/CT imaging of human MCF-7 cancer cells. Both MR and CT images demonstrate that MCF-7 cells and the xenograft tumor model can be effectively imaged. The Gd-Au DENPs uptake, mainly in the cell cytoplasm, was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The cell cytotoxicity assay, cell morphology observation, and flow cytometry show that the developed Gd-Au DENPs have good biocompatibility in the given concentration range. Our results clearly suggest that the synthetic Gd-Au DENPs are amenable for dual-modality MR/CT imaging of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangan Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shihui Wen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrew C Larson
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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126
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Chen Q, Li K, Wen S, Liu H, Peng C, Cai H, Shen M, Zhang G, Shi X. Targeted CT/MR dual mode imaging of tumors using multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5200-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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127
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van Dongen MA, Desai A, Orr BG, Baker JR, Holl MMB. Quantitative analysis of generation and branch defects in G5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. POLYMER 2013; 54:4126-4133. [PMID: 24058210 DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although methods have been developed to synthesize and isolate generation 5 (G5) PAMAM dendrimers containing precise numbers of ligands per polymer particle, the presence of skeletal and generational defects in this material can substantially hamper the process. Here we provide a quantitative analysis of G5 PAMAM dendrimer defects via high performance liquid chromatography, potentiometric titration, mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. We identified, isolated, and characterized the major structural defects of G5 dendrimer, trailing generations, and dimer, trimer, and tetramer species. We determine that the G5 material present in the as-received mixture contains 93 arms on average. We have developed two model systems capable of generating the experimentally observed mass range and polydispersity at defect rates of 8-15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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128
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Tu SJ, Yang PY, Hong JH, Lo CJ. Quantitative dosimetric assessment for effect of gold nanoparticles as contrast media on radiotherapy planning. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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129
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Recent advances in theranostic nanocarriers of doxorubicin based on iron oxide and gold nanoparticles. J Control Release 2013; 169:48-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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130
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Wang Z, Niu G, Chen X. Polymeric materials for theranostic applications. Pharm Res 2013; 31:1358-76. [PMID: 23765400 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has continuously contributed to the fast development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Theranostic nanomedicine has encompassed the ongoing efforts on concurrent molecular imaging of biomarkers, delivery of therapeutic agents, and monitoring of therapy response. Among these formulations, polymer-based theranostic agents hold great promise for the construction of multifunctional agents for translational medicine. In this article, we reviewed the state-of-the-art polymeric nanoparticles, from preparation to application, as potential theranostic agents for diagnosis and therapy. We summarized several major polymer formulas, including polymeric conjugate complexes, nanospheres, micelles, and dendrimers for integrated molecular imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 31, 1C22, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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131
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Zhou Z, Zhang C, Qian Q, Ma J, Huang P, Zhang X, Pan L, Gao G, Fu H, Fu S, Song H, Zhi X, Ni J, Cui D. Folic acid-conjugated silica capped gold nanoclusters for targeted fluorescence/X-ray computed tomography imaging. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:17. [PMID: 23718865 PMCID: PMC3669628 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is 2th most common cancer in China, and is still the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. Successful development of safe and effective nanoprobes for in vivo gastric cancer targeting imaging is a big challenge. This study is aimed to develop folic acid (FA)-conjugated silica coated gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) for targeted dual-modal fluorescent and X-ray computed tomography imaging (CT) of in vivo gastric cancer cells. METHOD AuNCs were prepared, silica was coated on the surface of AuNCs, then folic acid was covalently anchored on the surface of AuNCs, resultant FA-conjugated AuNCs@SiO2 nanoprobes were investigated their cytotoxicity by MTT method, and their targeted ability to FR(+) MGC803 cells and FR(-) GES-1 cells. Nude mice model loaded with MGC803 cells were prepared, prepared nanoprobes were injected into nude mice via tail vein, and then were imaged by fluorescent and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. RESULTS FA-conjugated AuNCs@SiO2 nanoprobes exhibited good biocompatibility, and could target actively the FR(+) MGC-803 cells and in vivo gastric cancer tissues with 5 mm in diameter in nude mice models, exhibited excellent red emitting fluorescence imaging and CT imaging. CONCLUSION The high-performance FA-conjugated AuNCs@SiO2 nanoprobes can target in vivo gastric cancer cells, can be used for fluorescent and CT dual-mode imaging, and may own great potential in applications such as targeted dual-mode imaging of in vivo early gastric cancer and other tumors with FR positive expression in near future.
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132
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Liu Z, Pu F, Liu J, Jiang L, Yuan Q, Li Z, Ren J, Qu X. PEGylated hybrid ytterbia nanoparticles as high-performance diagnostic probes for in vivo magnetic resonance and X-ray computed tomography imaging with low systemic toxicity. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:4252-4261. [PMID: 23546530 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel nanoparticulate contrast agents with low systemic toxicity and inexpensive character have exhibited more advantages over routinely used small molecular contrast agents for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. Herein, we designed and synthesized PEGylated hybrid ytterbia nanoparticles as high-performance nanoprobes for X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging both in vitro and in vivo. These well-defined nanoparticles were facile to prepare and cost-effective, meeting the criteria as a biomedical material. Compared with routinely used Iobitridol in clinic, our PEG-Yb2O3:Gd nanoparticles could provide much significantly enhanced contrast upon various clinical voltages ranging from 80 kVp to 140 kVp owing to the high atomic number and well-positioned K-edge energy of ytterbium. By the doping of gadolinium, our nanoparticulate contrast agent could perform perfect MR imaging simultaneously, revealing similar organ enrichment and bio-distribution with the CT imaging results. The super improvement in imaging efficiency was mainly attributed to the high content of Yb and Gd in a single nanoparticle, thus making these nanoparticles suitable for dual-modal diagnostic imaging with a low single-injection dose. In addition, detailed toxicological study in vitro and in vivo indicated that uniformly sized PEG-Yb2O3:Gd nanoparticles possessed excellent biocompatibility and revealed overall safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- State Key laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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133
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Lee N, Choi SH, Hyeon T. Nano-sized CT contrast agents. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2641-60. [PMID: 23553799 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most widely used clinical imaging modalities. In order to increase the sensitivity of CT, small iodinated compounds are used as injectable contrast agents. However, the iodinated contrast agents are excreted through the kidney and have short circulation times. This rapid renal clearance not only restricts in vivo applications that require long circulation times but also sometimes induces serious adverse effects related to the excretion pathway. In addition, the X-ray attenuation of iodine is not efficient for clinical CT that uses high-energy X-ray. Due to these limitations, nano-sized iodinated CT contrast agents have been developed that can increase the circulation time and decrease the adverse effects. In addition to iodine, nanoparticles based on heavy atoms such as gold, lanthanides, and tantalum are used as more efficient CT contrast agents. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses made in nano-sized CT contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohyun Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744 South Korea
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134
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Liu H, Xu Y, Wen S, Chen Q, Zheng L, Shen M, Zhao J, Zhang G, Shi X. Targeted tumor computed tomography imaging using low-generation dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles. Chemistry 2013; 19:6409-16. [PMID: 23505030 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile approach to fabricating low-generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au DSNPs) functionalized with folic acid (FA) for in vitro and in vivo targeted computed tomography (CT) imaging of cancer cells. In this study, amine-terminated generation 2 PAMAM dendrimers were employed as stabilizers to form Au DSNPs without additional reducing agents. The formed Au DSNPs with an Au core size of 5.5 nm were covalently modified with the targeting ligand FA, followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines to endow the particles with targeting specificity and improved biocompatibility. Our characterization data show that the formed FA-modified Au DSNPs are stable at different pH values (5-8) and temperatures (4-50 °C), as well as in different aqueous media. MTT assay data along with cell morphology observations reveal that the FA-modified Au DSNPs are noncytotoxic in the particle concentration range of 0-3000 nM. X-ray attenuation coefficient measurements show that the CT value of FA-modified Au DSNPs is much higher than that of Omnipaque (a clinically used CT contrast agent) at the same concentration of the radiodense elements (Au or iodine). Importantly, the FA-modified Au DSNPs are able to specifically target a model cancer cell line (KB cells, a human epithelial carcinoma cell line) over-expressing FA receptors and they enable targeted CT imaging of the cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo after intravenous administration of the particles. With the simple synthesis approach, easy modification, good cytocompatibility, and high X-ray attenuation coefficient, the FA-modified low-generation Au DSNPs could be used as promising contrast agents for targeted CT imaging of different tumors over-expressing FA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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135
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Lusic
- Boston University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215. Fax: 617-358-3186; Tel: 617-353-3871
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Boston University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215. Fax: 617-358-3186; Tel: 617-353-3871
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136
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137
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Liu Z, Pu F, Huang S, Yuan Q, Ren J, Qu X. Long-circulating Gd2O3:Yb3+, Er3+ up-conversion nanoprobes as high-performance contrast agents for multi-modality imaging. Biomaterials 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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138
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Xiao T, Wen S, Wang H, Liu H, Shen M, Zhao J, Zhang G, Shi X. Facile synthesis of acetylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles with enhanced gold loading for CT imaging applications. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2773-2780. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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139
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Wang H, Zheng L, Peng C, Shen M, Shi X, Zhang G. Folic acid-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as nanoprobes for targeted CT imaging of human lung adencarcinoma. Biomaterials 2013; 34:470-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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140
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Zheng L, Zhu J, Shen M, Chen X, Baker JR, Wang SH, Zhang G, Shi X. Targeted cancer cell inhibition using multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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141
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Liu H, Shen M, Zhao J, Zhu J, Xiao T, Cao X, Zhang G, Shi X. Facile formation of folic acid-modified dendrimer-stabilized gold–silver alloy nanoparticles for potential cellular computed tomography imaging applications. Analyst 2013; 138:1979-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36649a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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142
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Peng C, Qin J, Zhou B, Chen Q, Shen M, Zhu M, Lu X, Shi X. Targeted tumor CT imaging using folic acid-modified PEGylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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143
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Jin Y, Liu J, Zheng Q, Xu J, Sharma BR, He G, Yan M, Zhang L, Song Y, Li T, Yuan Q, Sun Y, Yang H. One-pot synthesis of water-stable gadolinium-doped Yb(OH)CO3 nanoprobes for in vivo dual MR and CT imaging. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00536d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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144
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Size- and Ligand-Specific Bioresponse of Gold Clusters and Nanoparticles: Challenges and Perspectives. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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145
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Liu H, Xu Y, Wen S, Zhu J, Zheng L, Shen M, Zhao J, Zhang G, Shi X. Facile hydrothermal synthesis of low generation dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles for in vivo computed tomography imaging applications. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20993d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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146
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Zhu J, Shi X. Dendrimer-based nanodevices for targeted drug delivery applications. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4199-4211. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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147
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Fang Y, Peng C, Guo R, Zheng L, Qin J, Zhou B, Shen M, Lu X, Zhang G, Shi X. Dendrimer-stabilized bismuth sulfide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and potential computed tomography imaging applications. Analyst 2013; 138:3172-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00237c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Reducing cytotoxicity while improving anti-cancer drug loading capacity of polypropylenimine dendrimers by surface acetylation. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4304-13. [PMID: 22842039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylenimine (PPI) dendrimers have been widely used as effective delivery vehicles for drugs and nucleic acids during the past decade. However, biomedical applications of PPI dendrimers were limited because of their serious cytotoxicity and low drug loading capacity. In the present study, acetylated PPI dendrimers with different degrees of acetylation ranging from 14.2% to 94.3% were synthesized and used to encapsulate drugs, including methotrexate sodium, sodium deoxycholate and doxorubicin. Acetylated PPI dendrimers with a degree of acetylation >80% showed a significantly decreased cytotoxicity (>90% cell viability) on MCF-7 and A549 cells. The drug loading capacity of acetylated PPI dendrimers increased proportionally with the degree of acetylation on the dendrimer surface. In addition, 94.3% acetylated PPI dendrimers exhibited a pH-responsive release profile of anticancer drugs loaded within the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicities of methotrexate sodium and doxorubicin on MCF-7 and A549 cells were significantly reduced when they were complexed with acetylated PPI dendrimers with high degrees of acetylation (>80%), owing to sustained drug release from the dendrimers. The results suggest that surface acetylation can reduce the cytotoxicity and improve the anticancer drug loading capacity of cationic dendrimers, and that acetylated PPI dendrimers are promising vehicles for anticancer drugs in clinical trials.
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149
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Wen S, Li K, Cai H, Chen Q, Shen M, Huang Y, Peng C, Hou W, Zhu M, Zhang G, Shi X. Multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles for dual mode CT/MR imaging applications. Biomaterials 2012. [PMID: 23199745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and utilization of gadolium-loaded dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Gd-Au DENPs) for dual mode computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging applications. In this study, amine-terminated generation five poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G5.NH₂) modified with gadolinium (Gd) chelator and polyethylene glycol (PEG) monomethyl ether were used as templates to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Followed by sequential chelation of Gd(III) and acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amine groups, multifunctional Gd-Au DENPs were formed. The formed Gd-Au DENPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the formed Gd-Au DENPs are colloidally stable and non-cytotoxic at an Au concentration up to 50 μM. With the coexistence of two radiodense imaging elements of AuNPs and Gd(III) within one NP system, the formed Gd-Au DENPs display both r₁ relaxivity for MR imaging mode and X-ray attenuation property for CT imaging mode, which enables CT/MR dual mode imaging of the heart, liver, kidney, and bladder of rat or mouse within a time frame of 45 min. Furthermore, in vivo biodistribution studies reveal that the Gd-Au DENPs have an extended blood circulation time and can be cleared from the major organs within 24 h. The strategy to use facile dendrimer technology to design dual mode contrast agents may be extended to prepare multifunctional platforms for targeted multimode molecular imaging of various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Wen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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150
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Peng C, Li K, Cao X, Xiao T, Hou W, Zheng L, Guo R, Shen M, Zhang G, Shi X. Facile formation of dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles modified with diatrizoic acid for enhanced computed tomography imaging applications. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6768-78. [PMID: 23010987 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile approach to forming dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au DSNPs) through the use of amine-terminated fifth-generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers modified by diatrizoic acid (G5.NH(2)-DTA) as stabilizers for enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging applications. In this study, by simply mixing G5.NH(2)-DTA dendrimers with gold salt in aqueous solution at room temperature, dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) with a mean core size of 2.5 nm were able to be spontaneously formed. Followed by an acetylation reaction to neutralize the dendrimer remaining terminal amines, Au DSNPs with a mean size of 6 nm were formed. The formed DTA-containing [(Au(0))(50)-G5.NHAc-DTA] DSNPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the Au DSNPs are colloid stable in aqueous solution under different pH and temperature conditions. In vitro hemolytic assay, cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometry analysis, and cell morphology observation reveal that the formed Au DSNPs have good hemocompatibility and are non-cytotoxic at a concentration up to 3.0 μM. X-ray absorption coefficient measurements show that the DTA-containing Au DSNPs have enhanced attenuation intensity, much higher than that of [(Au(0))(50)-G5.NHAc] DENPs without DTA or Omnipaque at the same molar concentration of the active element (Au or iodine). The formed DTA-containing Au DSNPs can be used for CT imaging of cancer cells in vitro as well as for blood pool CT imaging of mice in vivo with significantly improved signal enhancement. With the two radiodense elements of Au and iodine incorporated within one particle, the formed DTA-containing Au DSNPs may be applicable for CT imaging of various biological systems with enhanced X-ray attenuation property and detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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