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Varshosaz J, Farzan M. Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of therapeutics and small interfering RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12022-12041. [PMID: 26576089 PMCID: PMC4641122 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5th most common malignancy which is responsible for more than half million annual mortalities; also, it is the third leading cause of cancer related death. Unfavorable systemic side-effects of chemotherapeutic agents and susceptibility to the degradation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can knock down a specific gene involved in the disease, have hampered their clinical application. So, it could be beneficial to develop an efficient carrier for the stabilization and specific delivery of drugs and siRNA to cells. Targeted nanoparticles have gained considerable attention as an efficient drug and gene delivery system, which is due to their capability in achieving the highest accumulation of cytotoxic agents in tumor tissue, modifiable drug pharmacokinetic- and bio-distribution, improved effectiveness of treatment, and limited side-effects. Recent studies have shed more light on the advantages of novel drug loaded carrier systems vs free drugs. Most of the animal studies have reported improvement in treatment efficacy and survival rate using novel carrier systems. Targeted delivery may be achieved passively or actively. In passive targeting, no ligand as homing device is used, while targeting is achieved by incorporating the therapeutic agent into a macromolecule or nanoparticle that passively reaches the target organ. However, in active targeting, the therapeutic agent or carrier system is conjugated to a tissue or cell-specific receptor which is over-expressed in a special malignancy using a ligand called a homing device. This review covers a broad spectrum of targeted nanoparticles as therapeutic and non-viral siRNA delivery systems, which are developed for enhanced cellular uptake and targeted gene silencing in vitro and in vivo and their characteristics and opportunities for the clinical applications of drugs and therapeutic siRNA are discussed in this article. Asialoglycoprotein receptors, low-density lipoprotein, ganglioside GM1 cell surface ligand, epidermal growth factor receptor receptors, monoclonal antibodies, retinoic acid receptors, integrin receptors targeted by Arg-Gly-Asp peptide, folate, and transferrin receptors are the most widely studied cell surface receptors which are used for the site specific delivery of drugs and siRNA-based therapeutics in HCC and discussed in detail in this article.
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Arabi L, Badiee A, Mosaffa F, Jaafari MR. Targeting CD44 expressing cancer cells with anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody improves cellular uptake and antitumor efficacy of liposomal doxorubicin. J Control Release 2015; 220:275-286. [PMID: 26518722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although liposomes improve the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of free drugs, they have not sufficiently enhanced the therapeutic efficacy compared to them. To address this problem, targeted therapy of tumor cells holds great promise to further enhance therapeutic index and decreases off-target effects compared with non-targeted liposomes. In the context of antibody-mediated targeted cancer therapy, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity and therapeutic efficacy of Doxil, and that of Doxil modified with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD44, which is one of the most well-known surface markers associated with Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). Flow cytometry analyses and confocal laser scanning microscopy results showed significant enhanced cellular uptake of CD44-targeted Doxil (CD44-Doxil) in CD44-positive C-26 cells compared to Doxil. However, CD44-negative NIH-3T3 cells showed a similar uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity with both CD44-Doxil and non-targeted Doxil. In BALB/c mice bearing C-26 murine carcinoma, CD44-Doxil groups exhibited significantly higher doxorubicin concentration (than Doxil) inside the tumor cells, while their circulation time and distribution profile remained comparable. CD44-Doxil at doses of either 10 or 15 mg/kg resulted in superior tumor growth inhibition and higher inclination to tumor, indicating the potential of anti-CD44 mAb targeting in therapeutic efficacy improvement. This study provides proof-of-principle for actively tumor-targeting concept and merits further investigations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/chemistry
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/analogs & derivatives
- Doxorubicin/chemistry
- Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Compounding
- Female
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacokinetics
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Arabi
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91775-1365, Iran.
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103
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Satapathy SR, Siddharth S, Das D, Nayak A, Kundu CN. Enhancement of Cytotoxicity and Inhibition of Angiogenesis in Oral Cancer Stem Cells by a Hybrid Nanoparticle of Bioactive Quinacrine and Silver: Implication of Base Excision Repair Cascade. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4011-25. [PMID: 26448277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based uniform (50-100 nm) hybrid nanoparticle (QAgNP) with positive zeta potential (0.52 ± 0.09 mV) was prepared by single emulsion solvent evaporation method with bioactive small molecule quinacrine (QC) in organic phase and silver (Ag) in aqueous phase. Physiochemical properties established it as a true hybrid nanoparticle and not a mixture of QC and Ag. Antitumor activity of QAgNP was evaluated by using various cancer cell lines including H-357 oral cancer cells and OSCC-cancer stem cell in an in vitro model system. QAgNP caused more cytotoxicity in cancer cells than normal epithelial cells by increasing BAX/BCL-XL, cleaved product PARP-1, and arresting the cells at S phase along with DNA damage. In addition, QAgNPs offered greater ability to kill the OSCC-CSCs compared to NQC and AgNPs. QAgNP offered anticancer action in OSCC-CSCs by inhibiting the base excision repair (BER) within the cells. Interestingly, alteration of BER components (Fen-1 and DNA polymerases (β, δ, and ε) and unalteration of NHEJ (DNA-PKC) or HR (Rad-51) components was noted in QAgNP treated OSCC-CSC cells. Furthermore, QAgNP significantly reduced angiogenesis in comparison to physical mixture of NQC and AgNP in fertilized eggs. Thus, these hybrid nanoparticles caused apoptosis in OSCC-CSCs by inhibiting the angiogenesis and BER in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Dipon Das
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Anmada Nayak
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
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104
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Mattheolabakis G, Milane L, Singh A, Amiji MM. Hyaluronic acid targeting of CD44 for cancer therapy: from receptor biology to nanomedicine. J Drug Target 2015; 23:605-18. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1052072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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105
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Shen S, Xia JX, Wang J. Nanomedicine-mediated cancer stem cell therapy. Biomaterials 2015; 74:1-18. [PMID: 26433488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Circumstantial evidence suggests that most tumours are heterogeneous and contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that exhibit distinctive self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capabilities, which are believed to play a crucial role in tumour progression, drug resistance, recurrence and metastasis in multiple malignancies. Given that the existence of CSCs is a primary obstacle to cancer therapy, a tremendous amount of effort has been put into the development of anti-CSC strategies, and several potential approaches to kill therapeutically-resistant CSCs have been explored, including inhibiting ATP-binding cassette transporters, blocking essential signalling pathways involved in self-renewal and survival of CSCs, targeting CSCs surface markers and destroying the tumour microenvironment. Meanwhile, an increasing number of therapeutic agents (e.g. small molecule drugs, nucleic acids and antibodies) to selectively target CSCs have been screened or proposed in recent years. Drug delivery technology-based approaches hold great potential for tackling the limitations impeding clinical applications of CSC-specific agents, such as poor water solubility, short circulation time and inconsistent stability. Properly designed nanocarrier-based therapeutic agents (or nanomedicines) offer new possibilities of penetrating CSC niches and significantly increasing therapeutic drug accumulation in CSCs, which are difficult for free drug counterparts. In addition, intelligent nanomedicine holds great promise to overcome pump-mediated multidrug resistance which is driven by ATP and to decrease detrimental effects on normal somatic stem cells. In this review, we summarise the distinctive biological processes related to CSCs to highlight strategies against inherently drug-resistant CSCs. We then focus on some representative examples that give a glimpse into state-of-the-art nanomedicine approaches developed for CSCs elimination. A perspective on innovative therapeutic strategies and the potential direction of nanomedicine-based CSC therapy in the near future is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Shen
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Jin-Xing Xia
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be markedly resistant to conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that selectively target CSCs will ultimately lead to better cancer treatments. Currently, accessible conventional therapeutic agents mainly eliminate the bulk tumor but do not eliminate CSCs. Therefore, the discovery and improvement of CSC-targeting therapeutic agents are necessary. Nanoparticles effectively inhibit multiple types of CSCs by targeting specific signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, transforming growth factor-β, and hedgehog signaling) and/or specific markers (aldehyde dehydrogenases, CD44, CD90, and CD133) critically involved in CSC function and maintenance. In this review article, we summarized a number of findings to provide current information about their therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in various cancer cell types and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sun Hong
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Beom Jang
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Yong Lee
- The Faculty of Liberal Arts, Jungwon University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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108
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Fang Z, Wan LY, Chu LY, Zhang YQ, Wu JF. 'Smart' nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for applications in tumor therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1943-53. [PMID: 26193970 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the therapy of clinical diseases such as cancer, it is important to deliver drugs directly to tumor sites in order to maximize local drug concentration and reduce side effects. This objective may be realized by using 'smart' nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems, because they enable dramatic conformational changes in response to specific physical/chemical stimuli from the diseased cells for targeted and controlled drug release. AREAS COVERED In this review, we first briefly summarize the characteristics of 'smart' NPs as drug delivery systems in medical therapy, and then discuss their targeting transport, transmembrane and endosomal escape behaviors. Lastly, we focus on the applications of 'smart' NPs as drug delivery systems for tumor therapy. EXPERT OPINION Biodegradable 'smart' NPs have the potential to achieve maximum efficacy and drug availability at the desired sites, and reduce the harmful side effects for healthy tissues in tumor therapy. It is necessary to select appropriate NPs and modify their characteristics according to treatment strategies of tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ;
| | - Lin-Yan Wan
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ; .,b 2 China Three Gorges University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- c 3 Sichuan University, School of Chemical Engineering , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.,d 4 Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomaterials Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Zhang
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ;
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ; .,b 2 China Three Gorges University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
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109
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Raucher D, Ryu JS. Cell-penetrating peptides: strategies for anticancer treatment. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:560-70. [PMID: 26186888 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) provide an efficient strategy for the intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules in various biomedical applications. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of CPPs to deliver anticancer therapeutics and imaging reagents to cancer cells, along with CPP contributions to novel tumor-targeting techniques. CPPs are now used extensively to deliver a variety of therapeutics, despite lacking cell specificity and having a short duration of action. Resolution of these shortcomings to enable increased cancer cell and/or tumor specificity could improve CPP-based drug delivery strategies, expand combined drug delivery possibilities, and strengthen future clinical applications of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Raucher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Jung Su Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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110
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Novel drug delivery liposomes targeted with a fully human anti-VEGF165 monoclonal antibody show superior antitumor efficacy in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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111
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Du W, Tao H, Zhao S, He ZX, Li Z. Translational applications of molecular imaging in cardiovascular disease and stem cell therapy. Biochimie 2015; 116:43-51. [PMID: 26134715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Molecular imaging techniques provide valuable information at cellular and molecular level, as opposed to anatomical and structural layers acquired from traditional imaging modalities. More specifically, molecular imaging employs imaging probes which interact with specific molecular targets and therefore makes it possible to visualize biological processes in vivo. Molecular imaging technology is now progressing towards preclinical and clinical application that gives an integral and comprehensive guidance for the investigation of cardiovascular disease. In addition, cardiac stem cell therapy holds great promise for clinical translation. Undoubtedly, combining stem cell therapy with molecular imaging technology will bring a broad prospect for the study and treatment of cardiac disease. This review will focus on the progresses of molecular imaging strategies in cardiovascular disease and cardiac stem cell therapy. Furthermore, the perspective on the future role of molecular imaging in clinical translation and potential strategies in defining safety and efficacy of cardiac stem cell therapies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Tao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shihua Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo-Xiang He
- Department of Nuclear Imaging, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zongjin Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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112
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Fernandes E, Ferreira JA, Andreia P, Luís L, Barroso S, Sarmento B, Santos LL. New trends in guided nanotherapies for digestive cancers: A systematic review. J Control Release 2015; 209:288-307. [PMID: 25957905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Digestive tract tumors are among the most common and deadliest malignancies worldwide, mainly due to late diagnosis and lack of efficient therapeutics. Current treatments essentially rely on surgery associated with (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy agents. Despite an upfront response, conventional drugs often fail to eliminate highly aggressive clones endowed with chemoresistant properties, which are responsible for tumor recurrence and disease dissemination. Synthetic drugs also present severe adverse systemic effects, hampering the administration of biologically effective dosages. Nanoencapsulation of chemotherapeutic agents within biocompatible polymeric or lipid matrices holds great potential to improve the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of conventional chemotherapy while reducing systemic toxicity. Tagging nanoparticle surfaces with specific ligands for cancer cells, namely monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments, has provided means to target more aggressive clones, further improving the selectivity and efficacy of nanodelivery vehicles. In fact, over the past twenty years, significant research has translated into a wide array of guided nanoparticles, providing the molecular background for a new generation of intelligent and more effective anti-cancer agents. Attempting to bring awareness among the medical community to emerging targeted nanopharmaceuticals and foster advances in the field, we have conducted a systematic review about this matter. Emphasis was set on ongoing preclinical and clinical trials for liver, colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancers. To the best of our knowledge this is the first systematic and integrated overview on this field. Using a specific query, 433 abstracts were gathered and narrowed to 47 manuscripts when matched against inclusion/exclusion criteria. All studies showed that active targeting improves the effectiveness of the nanodrugs alone, while lowering its side effects. The main focus has been on hepatocarcinomas, mainly by exploring glycans as homing molecules. Other ligands such as peptides/small proteins and antibodies/antibody fragments, with affinity to either tumor vasculature or tumor cells, have also been widely and successfully applied to guide nanodrugs to gastrointestinal carcinomas. Conversely, few solutions have been presented for pancreatic tumors. To this date only three nanocomplexes have progressed beyond pre-clinical stages: i) PK2, a galactosamine-functionalized polymeric-DOX formulation for hepatocarcinomas; ii) MCC-465, an anti-(myosin heavy chain a) immunoliposome for advanced stage metastatic solid tumors; and iii) MBP-426, a transferrin-liposome-oxaliplatin conjugate, also for advanced stage tumors. Still, none has been approved for clinical use. However, based on the high amount of pre-clinical studies showing enthusiastic results, the number of clinical trials is expected to increase in the near future. A more profound understanding about the molecular nature of chemoresistant clones and cancer stem cell biology will also contribute to boost the field of guided nanopharmacology towards more effective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Fernandes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal; I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Peixoto Andreia
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lima Luís
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal; Nucleo de Investigação em Farmácia - Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), Health School of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Barroso
- Serviço de Oncologia, Hospital de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal; Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
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113
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Jordan AR, Racine RR, Hennig MJP, Lokeshwar VB. The Role of CD44 in Disease Pathophysiology and Targeted Treatment. Front Immunol 2015; 6:182. [PMID: 25954275 PMCID: PMC4404944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-surface glycoprotein CD44 is involved in a multitude of important physiological functions including cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, hematopoiesis, and lymphocyte activation. The diverse physiological activity of CD44 is manifested in the pathology of a number of diseases including cancer, arthritis, bacterial and viral infections, interstitial lung disease, vascular disease, and wound healing. This diversity in biological activity is conferred by both a variety of distinct CD44 isoforms generated through complex alternative splicing, posttranslational modifications (e.g., N- and O-glycosylation), interactions with a number of different ligands, and the abundance and spatial distribution of CD44 on the cell surface. The extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA) is the principle ligand of CD44. This review focuses both CD44-hyaluronan dependent and independent CD44 signaling and the role of CD44–HA interaction in various pathophysiologies. The review also discusses recent advances in novel treatment strategies that exploit the CD44–HA interaction either for direct targeting or for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre R Jordan
- Sheila and David Fuente Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Ronny R Racine
- Department of Urology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Martin J P Hennig
- Department of Urology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Urology and Uro-oncology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Miami Clinical Translational Institute, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
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114
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Kos P, Lächelt U, Herrmann A, Mickler FM, Döblinger M, He D, Krhač Levačić A, Morys S, Bräuchle C, Wagner E. Histidine-rich stabilized polyplexes for cMet-directed tumor-targeted gene transfer. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5350-5362. [PMID: 25721131 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06556e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor/c-Met proto oncogene on the surface of a variety of tumor cells gives an opportunity to specifically target cancerous tissues. Herein, we report the first use of c-Met as receptor for non-viral tumor-targeted gene delivery. Sequence-defined oligomers comprising the c-Met binding peptide ligand cMBP2 for targeting, a monodisperse polyethylene glycol (PEG) for polyplex surface shielding, and various cationic (oligoethanamino) amide cores containing terminal cysteines for redox-sensitive polyplex stabilization, were assembled by solid-phase supported syntheses. The resulting oligomers exhibited a greatly enhanced cellular uptake and gene transfer over non-targeted control sequences, confirming the efficacy and target-specificity of the formed polyplexes. Implementation of endosomal escape-promoting histidines in the cationic core was required for gene expression without additional endosomolytic agent. The histidine-enriched polyplexes demonstrated stability in serum as well as receptor-specific gene transfer in vivo upon intratumoral injection. The co-formulation with an analogous PEG-free cationic oligomer led to a further compaction of pDNA polyplexes with an obvious change of shape as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. Such compaction was critically required for efficient intravenous gene delivery which resulted in greatly enhanced, cMBP2 ligand-dependent gene expression in the distant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kos
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Malhi S, Gu X. Nanocarrier-mediated drugs targeting cancer stem cells: an emerging delivery approach. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1177-201. [PMID: 25601619 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.998648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the development of drug resistance, metastasis and recurrence. Current conventional therapies do not commonly target CSCs. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems targeting cancer cells have entered a new era of treatment, where specific targeting to CSCs may offer superior outcomes to efficient cancer therapies. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the involvement of CSCs in tumor progression and relevant mechanisms associated with CSCs resistance to conventional chemo- and radio-therapies. It highlights CSCs-targeted strategies that are either under evaluation or could be explored in the near future, with a focus on various nanocarrier-based delivery systems of drugs and nucleic acids to CSCs. Novel nanocarriers targeting CSCs are presented in a cancer-specific way to provide a current perspective on anti-CSCs therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION The field of CSCs-targeted therapeutics is still emerging with a few small molecules and macromolecules currently proving efficacy in clinical trials. However considering the complexities of CSCs and existing delivery difficulties in conventional anticancer therapies, CSC-specific delivery systems would face tremendous technical and clinical challenges. Nanocarrier-based approaches have demonstrated significant potential in specific drug delivery and targeting; their success in CSCs-targeted drug delivery would not only significantly enhance anticancer treatment but also address current difficulties associated with cancer resistance, metastasis and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarandeep Malhi
- University of Manitoba, College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences , 750 McDermot Avenue Winnipeg, MB R3E 0H5 , Canada
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116
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Wang H, Thorling CA, Liang X, Bridle KR, Grice JE, Zhu Y, Crawford DHG, Xu ZP, Liu X, Roberts MS. Diagnostic imaging and therapeutic application of nanoparticles targeting the liver. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:939-958. [PMID: 32261972 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases, particularly viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are common in clinical practice with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many substances for diagnostic imaging and therapy of liver diseases may have either severe adverse effects or insufficient effectiveness in vivo because of their nonspecific uptake. Therefore, by targeting the delivery of drugs into the liver or specific liver cells, drug efficiency may be largely improved. This review summarizes the up-to-date research progress focusing on nanoparticles targeting the liver for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Targeting strategies, mechanisms of enhanced effects, and clinical applications of nanoparticles are discussed specifically. We believe that new targeting nanotechnology such as nanoprobes for multi-modality imaging and multifunctional nanoparticles would facilitate significant advancements in this active research area in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolu Wang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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117
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Active radar guides missile to its target: receptor-based targeted treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by nanoparticulate systems. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:55-67. [PMID: 25424700 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually present at advanced stages and do not benefit from surgical resection, so drug therapy should deserve a prominent place in unresectable HCC treatment. But chemotherapy agents, such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel, frequently encounter important problems such as low specificity and non-selective biodistribution. Recently, the development of nanotechnology led to significant breakthroughs to overcome these problems. Decorating the surfaces of nanoparticulate-based drug carriers with homing devices has demonstrated its potential in concentrating chemotherapy agents specifically to HCC cells. In this paper, we reviewed the current status of active targeting strategies for nanoparticulate systems based on various receptors such as asialoglycoprotein receptor, transferrin receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, folate receptor, integrin, and CD44, which are abundantly expressed on the surfaces of hepatocytes or liver cancer cells. Furthermore, we pointed out their merits and defects and provided theoretical references for further research.
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118
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Dual targeting biomimetic liposomes for paclitaxel/DNA combination cancer treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15287-303. [PMID: 25177862 PMCID: PMC4200808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs with nucleic acid has shown great promise in cancer therapy. In the present study, paclitaxel (PTX) and DNA were co-loaded in the hyaluronic acid (HA) and folate (FA)-modified liposomes (HA/FA/PPD), to obtain the dual targeting biomimetic nanovector. The prepared HA/FA/PPD exhibited nanosized structure and narrow size distributions (247.4 ± 4.2 nm) with appropriate negative charge of −25.40 ± 2.7 mV. HA/FA/PD (PTX free HA/FA/PPD) showed almost no toxicity on murine malignant melanoma cell line (B16) and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) (higher than 80% cell viability), demonstrating the safety of the blank nanovector. In comparison with the FA-modified PTX/DNA co-loaded liposomes (FA/PPD), HA/FA/PPD showed significant superiority in protecting the nanoparticles from aggregation in the presence of plasma and degradation by DNase I. Moreover, HA/FA/PPD could also significantly improve the transfection efficiency and cellular internalization rates on B16 cells comparing to that of FA/PPD (p < 0.05) and PPD (p < 0.01), demonstrating the great advantages of dual targeting properties. Furthermore, fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry results showed that PTX and DNA could be effectively co-delivered into the same tumor cell via HA/FA/PPD, contributing to PTX/DNA combination cancer treatment. In conclusion, the obtained HA/FA/PPD in the study could effectively target tumor cells, enhance transfection efficiency and subsequently achieve the co-delivery of PTX and DNA, displaying great potential for optimal combination therapy.
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119
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Shao D, Li J, Xiao X, Zhang M, Pan Y, Li S, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zheng H, Zhang X, Chen L. Real-time visualizing and tracing of HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene therapy by near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11082-11090. [PMID: 24972118 DOI: 10.1021/am503998x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploring intracellular behavior of suicide gene is significant for improving the efficacy and safety of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene/ganciclovir (HSV-TK/GCV) system in cancer therapy. Molecular imaging represents a powerful tool to understand gene transportation and function dynamics. In this work, we reported a quantum-dot-based technique for revealing the procedure of HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene therapy by constructing covalent linkage between near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) and TK gene. This stable QD labeling did not influence either the QDs fluorescence or the biological activity of TK gene. Furthermore, we visualized and dynamically traced the intracellular behavior antitumor effect of TK gene in vitro and in vivo. It is demonstrated that TK gene was shuttled to the nucleus after a-24 h treatment; at that time the single dose of GCV administration exerts the gradually increasing lethal effect until to 72 h. Real-time tracing the formation of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene system in vivo by QD-based NIR fluorescence imaging provides useful insight toward QD-based theranostics in future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanomedicine Engineering Laboratory of Jilin Province, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130021, China
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Felice B, Prabhakaran MP, Rodríguez AP, Ramakrishna S. Drug delivery vehicles on a nano-engineering perspective. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:178-95. [PMID: 24907751 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoengineered drug delivery systems (nDDS) have been successfully used as clinical tools for not only modulation of pharmacological drug release profile but also specific targeting of diseased tissues. Until now, encapsulation of anti-cancer molecules such as paclitaxel, vincristin and doxorubicin has been the main target of nDDS, whereby liposomes and polymer-drug conjugates remained as the most popular group of nDDS used for this purpose. The success reached by these nanocarriers can be imitated by careful selection and optimization of the different factors that affect drug release profile (i.e. type of biomaterial, size, system architecture, and biodegradability mechanisms) along with the selection of an appropriate manufacture technique that does not compromise the desired release profile, while it also offers possibilities to scale up for future industrialization. This review focuses from an engineering perspective on the different parameters that should be considered before and during the design of new nDDS, and the different manufacturing techniques available, in such a way to ensure success in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betiana Felice
- Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Av. Kirchner 1800, Tucumán, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina.; START - Thrust 3, Create Research Wing, #03-08, 1 Create Way, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602
| | - Molamma P Prabhakaran
- START - Thrust 3, Create Research Wing, #03-08, 1 Create Way, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602.
| | - Andrea P Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Av. Kirchner 1800, Tucumán, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- START - Thrust 3, Create Research Wing, #03-08, 1 Create Way, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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121
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Leng L, Wang Y, He N, Wang D, Zhao Q, Feng G, Su W, Xu Y, Han Z, Kong D, Cheng Z, Xiang R, Li Z. Molecular imaging for assessment of mesenchymal stem cells mediated breast cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5162-70. [PMID: 24685267 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor tropism of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) makes them an excellent delivery vehicle used in anticancer therapy. However, the exact mechanisms of MSCs involved in tumor microenvironment are still not well defined. Molecular imaging technologies with the versatility in monitoring the therapeutic effects, as well as basic molecular and cellular processes in real time, offer tangible options to better guide MSCs mediated cancer therapy. In this study, an in situ breast cancer model was developed with MDA-MB-231 cells carrying a reporter system encoding a double fusion (DF) reporter gene consisting of firefly luciferase (Fluc) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). In mice breast cancer model, we injected human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) armed with a triple fusion (TF) gene containing the herpes simplex virus truncated thymidine kinase (HSV-ttk), renilla luciferase (Rluc) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) into tumor on day 13, 18, 23 after MDA-MB-231 cells injection. Bioluminescence imaging of Fluc and Rluc provided the real time monitor of tumor cells and hUC-MSCs simultaneously. We found that tumors were significantly inhibited by hUC-MSCs administration, and this effect was enhanced by ganciclovir (GCV) application. To further demonstrate the effect of hUC-MSCs on tumor cells in vivo, we employed the near infrared (NIR) imaging and the results showed that hUC-MSCs could inhibit tumor angiogenesis and increased apoptosis to a certain degree. In conclusion, hUC-MSCs can inhibit breast cancer progression by inducing tumor cell death and suppressing angiogenesis. Moreover, molecular imaging is an invaluable tool in tracking cell delivery and tumor response to hUC-MSCs therapies as well as cellular and molecular processes in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Leng
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, College of Life Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuebing Wang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningning He
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Wang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianjie Zhao
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Feng
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijun Su
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongchao Han
- State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Deling Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, College of Life Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rong Xiang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, College of Life Science, Tianjin, China.
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122
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Bioluminescence imaging of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for treatment of myocardial infarction. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1052:203-15. [PMID: 23733538 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and current treatments fail to address the underlying scarring and cell loss, which is a major cause of heart failure after infarction. The novel strategy, therapeutic angiogenesis and/or vasculogenesis with endothelial progenitor cells transplantation holds great promise to increase blood flow in ischemic areas, thus rebuild the injured heart and reverse the heart failure. Given the potential of self-renewal and differentiation into virtually all cell types, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may provide an alternate source of therapeutic cells by allowing the derivation of large numbers of endothelial cells for therapeutic angiogenesis and/or vasculogenesis of ischemic heart diseases. Moreover, to fully understand the fate of implanted hESCs or hESC derivatives, investigators need to monitor the motility of cells in living animals over time. In this chapter, we describe the application of bioluminescence reporter gene imaging to track the transplanted hESC-derived endothelial cells for treatment of myocardial infarction. The technology of inducing endothelial cells from hESCs will also be discussed.
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123
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Friedlander TW, Premasekharan G, Paris PL. Looking back, to the future of circulating tumor cells. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:271-80. [PMID: 24362084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with metastatic malignancies have become active areas of research in recent years. CTC enumeration has already proven useful in establishing prognosis for patients with metastatic breast, colon, and prostate cancer. More recently, studies are going beyond enumeration, exploring the CTCs as a means to better understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis and the value of CTC characterization for prognosis and tailoring of treatment. Analysis of CTC subpopulations, for example, is highlighting the importance of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process which may be crucial for allowing tumors to invade into and grow at sites distant from the original tumor site. Similarly, the detection of CTCs expressing markers of stemness may also have important implications for treatment resistance. Genomic analysis of CTC and CTC subpopulations may allow for selection of novel therapeutic targets to combat treatment resistance. CTCs become a particularly valuable biospecimen resource when tissue biopsies are unavailable or not feasible and liquid biopsies allow for serial monitoring. Lastly, cultures of patient-derived CTCs may allow for an evaluation of therapeutic strategies performed ex vivo and in real time. This review article will focus on these developments, starting with the CTC pathogenesis, going on to discuss the different platforms available for CTC isolation and their use to date in these arenas, then will explore multiple topics including the existing data concerning CTC subpopulations and their clinical relevance, genomic characterization, and lastly, avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence W Friedlander
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States.
| | - Gayatri Premasekharan
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Pamela L Paris
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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124
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Wang F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Guo S, Jin F. Recent progress of cell-penetrating peptides as new carriers for intracellular cargo delivery. J Control Release 2013; 174:126-36. [PMID: 24291335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane as a selectively permeable barrier of living cells is essential to cell survival and function. In many cases, however, the efficient passage of exogenous bioactive molecules through the plasma membrane remains a major hurdle for intracellular delivery of cargoes. During the last two decades, the potential of peptides for drug delivery into cells has been highlighted by the discovery of numerous cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs serving as carriers can successfully intracellular transport cargoes such as siRNA, nucleic acids, proteins, small molecule therapeutic agents, quantum dots and MRI contrast agents. This review mainly introduces recent advances of CPPs as new carriers for the development of cellular imaging, nuclear localization, pH-sensitive and thermally targeted delivery systems. In particular, we highlight the exploiting of the synergistic effects of targeting ligands and CPPs. What's more, the classification and cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs are briefly discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Zhongshan Beiyi Road, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shengrong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Fang Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Zhongshan Beiyi Road, Shanghai 200437, PR China.
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125
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Muscari C, Giordano E, Bonafè F, Govoni M, Pasini A, Guarnieri C. Molecular mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning as putative therapeutic targets to reduce tumor survival and malignancy. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:1141-5. [PMID: 24230458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In tumors intermittent hypoxia has been reported to be more representative than normoxia or continuous exposure to low oxygen concentrations. Intermittent hypoxia is thought to increase tumor resistance against both anti-cancer therapy and the sustained ischemia that randomly occurs because of the dynamic nature of tumor vasculature. Here, we hypothesize that the molecular mechanisms underlying intermittent hypoxia in tumor cells share some triggers, modulators, and end-effectors of the intermittent episodes of ischemia and reperfusion that characterize ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. These are among the most effective maneuvers protecting cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury. If this hypothesis were confirmed, several well-investigated molecular mediators of pre/post-conditioning could be explored as therapeutic targets against tumor malignancy. For examples, drugs that completely block the cardioprotection induced by ischemic preconditioning, such as mitochondrial potassium ATP channel inhibitors or mitochondrial permeability transition pore openers, could be extraordinarily efficient in counteracting the adaptations of tumor cells and cancer stem cells to intermittent hypoxia. As a consequence, this strategy should be effective in blunting tumor capacity to progress toward malignancy and survive in ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy; BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
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126
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Investigation of the local delivery of an intelligent chitosan-based 188Re thermosensitive in situ-forming hydrogel in an orthotopic hepatoma-bearing rat model. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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127
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Chen YC, Huang SC, Wang YK, Liu YT, Wu TK, Chen TM. Ligand-functionalization of BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi3+,Eu3+ nanophosphors for tumor-cell-targeted imaging applications. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2652-9. [PMID: 23894123 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface-functionalized, branched polyethylenimine (BPEI)-modified YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) nanocrystals (NCs) were successfully synthesized by a simple, rapid, solvent-free hydrothermal method. The BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs with high crystallinity show broad-band excitation in the λ=250 to 400 nm near-ultraviolet (NUV) region and exhibit a sharp-line emission band centered at λ=619 nm under excitation at λ=350 nm. The surface amino groups contributed by the capping agent, BPEI, not only improve the dispersibility and water/buffer stability of the BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs, but also provide a capability for specifically targeted biomolecule conjugation. Folic acid (FA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were further attached to the BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs and exhibited effective positioning of fluorescent NCs toward the targeted folate receptor overexpressed in HeLa cells or EGFR overexpressed in A431 cells with low cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that the ligand-functionalized, BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs show great potential as a new-generation biological luminescent bioprobe for bioimaging applications. Moreover, the unique luminescence properties of BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs show potential to combine with a UVA photosensitizing drug to produce both detective and therapeutic effects for human skin cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Science Building 2, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 300 (Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 3-5723764
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128
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Hendriks BS, Klinz SG, Reynolds JG, Espelin CW, Gaddy DF, Wickham TJ. Impact of tumor HER2/ERBB2 expression level on HER2-targeted liposomal doxorubicin-mediated drug delivery: multiple low-affinity interactions lead to a threshold effect. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1816-28. [PMID: 23723124 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous targeted nanotherapeutics have been described for potential treatment of solid tumors. Although attention has focused on antigen selection and molecular design of these systems, there has been comparatively little study of how cellular heterogeneity influences interaction of targeted nanoparticles with tumor cells. Antigens, such as HER2/ERBB2, are heterogeneously expressed across different indications, across patients, and within individual tumors. Furthermore, antigen expression in nontarget tissues necessitates optimization of the therapeutic window. Understanding the performance of a given nanoparticle under different regimens of antigen expression has the ability to inform patient selection and clinical development decisions. In this work, HER2-targeted liposomal doxorubicin was used as a model-targeted nanoparticle to quantitatively investigate the effect of HER2 expression levels on delivery of doxorubicin to the nucleus. We find quantitatively greater nuclear doxorubicin delivery with increasing HER2 expression, exhibiting a threshold effect at approximately 2 × 10(5) HER2 receptors/cell. Kinetic modeling indicated that the threshold effect arises from multiple low-affinity interactions between the targeted liposome and HER2. These results support previous data showing little or no uptake into human cardiomyocytes, which express levels of HER2 below the threshold. Finally, these results suggest that HER2-targeted liposomal doxorubicin may effectively target tumors that fall below traditional definitions of HER2-positive tumors, thereby expanding the potential population of patients that might benefit from this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart S Hendriks
- Corresponding Author: Bart Hendriks, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, 1 Kendall Square, Suite B7201, Cambridge, MA 02139.
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Ramon AL, Bertrand JR, de Martimprey H, Bernard G, Ponchel G, Malvy C, Vauthier C. siRNA associated with immunonanoparticles directed against cd99 antigen improves gene expression inhibitionin vivoin Ewing's sarcoma. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:318-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. R. Bertrand
- CNRS UMR 8203 Vectorologie et thérapeutiques anticancéreuses; 114 rue Edouard Vaillant; 94805; Villejuif Cedex; France
| | | | | | | | - C. Malvy
- CNRS UMR 8203 Vectorologie et thérapeutiques anticancéreuses; 114 rue Edouard Vaillant; 94805; Villejuif Cedex; France
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130
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Francipane MG, Chandler J, Lagasse E. Cancer Stem Cells: A Moving Target. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 1:111-118. [PMID: 23914341 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Even though the number of anti-cancer drugs entering clinical trials and approved by the FDA has increased in recent years, many cancer patients still experience poor survival outcome. The main explanation for such a dismal prognosis is that current therapies might leave behind a population of cancer cells with the capacity for long-term self-renewal, so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), from which most tumors are believed to be derived and fueled. CSCs might favor local and distant recurrence even many years after initial treatment, thus representing a potential target for therapies aimed at improving clinical outcome. In this review, we will address the CSC hypothesis with a particular emphasis on its current paradigms and debates, and discuss several mechanisms of CSC resistance to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Francipane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA ; RiMed Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Adil M, Belur L, Pearce TR, Levine RM, Tisdale AW, Sorenson BS, McIvor RS, Kokkoli E. PR_b functionalized stealth liposomes for targeted delivery to metastatic colon cancer. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:393-401. [DOI: 10.1039/c2bm00128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dual-functional liposomes based on pH-responsive cell-penetrating peptide and hyaluronic acid for tumor-targeted anticancer drug delivery. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9246-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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SONG KAI, WU JUNHUA, JIANG CHUNPING. Dysregulation of signaling pathways and putative biomarkers in liver cancer stem cells (Review). Oncol Rep 2012; 29:3-12. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Su W, Wang L, Zhou M, Liu Z, Hu S, Tong L, Liu Y, Fan Y, Kong D, Zheng Y, Han Z, Wu JC, Xiang R, Li Z. Human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells as cellular delivery vehicles for treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:2079-90. [PMID: 23067802 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have shown tropism towards primary tumors or metastases and are thus potential vehicles for targeting tumor therapy. However, the source of adult EPCs is limited, which highlights the need for a consistent and renewable source of endothelial cells for clinical applications. Here, we investigated the potential of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs) as cellular delivery vehicles for therapy of metastatic breast cancer. In order to provide an initial assessment of the therapeutic potency of hESC-ECs, we treated human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells with hESC-EC conditioned medium (EC-CM) in vitro. The results showed that hESC-ECs could suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and thereby inhibit the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. To track and evaluate the possibility of hESC-EC-employed therapy, we employed the bioluminescence imaging (BLI) technology. To study the therapeutic potential of hESC-ECs, we established lung metastasis models by intravenous injection of MDA-MB-231 cells labeled with firefly luciferase (Fluc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) to NOD/SCID mice. In mice with lung metastases, we injected hESC-ECs armed with herpes simplex virus truncated thymidine kinase (HSV-ttk) intravenously on days 11, 16, 21, and 26 after MDA-MB-231 cell injection. The NOD/SCID mice were subsequently treated with ganciclovir (GCV), and the growth status of tumor was monitored by Fluc imaging. We found that MDA-MB-231 tumors were significantly inhibited by intravenously injected hESC-ECs. The tumor-suppressive effects of the hESC-ECs, by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and inducing tumor cell death through bystander effect in human metastatic breast cancer model, provide previously unexplored therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Su
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Loizidou M. Towards the small and the beautiful: smart targeting and smart technologies for novel cancer treatments. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:389-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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