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Yin Z, Guo J, Wu TY, Chen X, Xu LL, Lin SE, Sun YX, Chan KM, Ouyang H, Li G. Stepwise Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Augments Tendon-Like Tissue Formation and Defect Repair In Vivo. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1106-16. [PMID: 27280798 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Tendon injuries are common and present a clinical challenge, as they often respond poorly to treatment and result in long-term functional impairment. Inferior tendon healing responses are mainly attributed to insufficient or failed tenogenesis. The main objective of this study was to establish an efficient approach to induce tenogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are the most common seed cells in tendon tissue engineering. First, representative reported tenogenic growth factors were used as media supplementation to induce BMSC differentiation, and the expression of teno-lineage transcription factors and matrix proteins was compared. We found that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 significantly induced teno-lineage-specific gene scleraxis expression and collagen production. TGF-β1 combined with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) elevated tenomodulin and Egr1 expression at day 7. Hence, a stepwise tenogenic differentiation approach was established by first using TGF-β1 stimulation, followed by combination with CTGF for another 7 days. Gene expression analysis showed that this stepwise protocol initiated and maintained highly efficient tenogenesis of BMSCs. Finally, regarding in situ rat patellar tendon repair, tendons treated with induced tenogenic BMSCs had better structural and mechanical properties than those of the control group, as evidenced by histological scoring, collagen I and tenomodulin immunohistochemical staining, and tendon mechanical testing. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a reliable and practical strategy of inducing tenogenesis of BMSCs for tendon regeneration and may enhance the effectiveness of cell therapy in treating tendon disorders. SIGNIFICANCE The present study investigated the efficiency of representative tenogenic factors on mesenchymal stem cells' tenogenic differentiation and established an optimized stepwise tenogenic differentiation approach to commit tendon lineage differentiation for functional tissue regeneration. The reliable tenogenic differentiation approach for stem cells not only serves as a platform for further studies of underlying molecular mechanisms but also can be used to enhance cell therapy outcome in treating tendon disorders and develop novel therapeutics for tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Liang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-En Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xin Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ming Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China The Chinese University of Hong Kong-China Astronaut Research and Training Center Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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102
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Yang G, Lin H, Rothrauff BB, Yu S, Tuan RS. Multilayered polycaprolactone/gelatin fiber-hydrogel composite for tendon tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:68-76. [PMID: 26945631 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of injured tendon and ligament (T&L) remains a clinical challenge due to their poor intrinsic healing capacity. Tissue engineering provides a promising alternative treatment approach to facilitate T&L healing and regeneration. Successful tendon tissue engineering requires the use of three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffolds that possess the physical and biochemical features of native tendon tissue. We report here the development and characterization of a novel composite scaffold fabricated by co-electrospinning of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and methacrylated gelatin (mGLT). We found that photocrosslinking retained mGLT, resulted in a uniform distribution of mGLT throughout the depth of scaffold and also preserved scaffold mechanical strength. Moreover, photocrosslinking was able to integrate stacked scaffold sheets to form multilayered constructs that mimic the structure of native tendon tissues. Importantly, cells impregnated into the constructs remained responsive to topographical cues and exogenous tenogenic factors, such as TGF-β3. The excellent biocompatibility and highly integrated structure of the scaffold developed in this study will allow the creation of a more advanced tendon graft that possesses the architecture and cell phenotype of native tendon tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The clinical challenges in tendon repair have spurred the development of tendon tissue engineering approaches to create functional tissue replacements. In this study, we have developed a novel composite scaffold as a tendon graft consisting of aligned poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) microfibers and methacrylated gelatin (mGLT). Cell seeding and photocrosslinking between scaffold layers can be performed simultaneously to create cell impregnated multilayered constructs. This cell-scaffold construct combines the advantages of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds and photocrosslinked gelatin hydrogels to mimic the structure, mechanical anisotropy, and cell phenotype of native tendon tissue. The scaffold engineered here as a building block for multilayer constructs should have applications beyond tendon tissue engineering in the fabrication of tissue grafts that consist of both fibrous and hydrogel components.
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103
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Selvakumar M, Pawar HS, Francis NK, Das B, Dhara S, Chattopadhyay S. Excavating the Role of Aloe Vera Wrapped Mesoporous Hydroxyapatite Frame Ornamentation in Newly Architectured Polyurethane Scaffolds for Osteogenesis and Guided Bone Regeneration with Microbial Protection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5941-5960. [PMID: 26889707 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) scaffolds are unsuccessful in many clinical applications due to a high incidence of postoperative infection. The objective of this work is to fabricate GBR with an anti-infective electrospun scaffold by ornamenting segmented polyurethane (SPU) with two-dimensional Aloe vera wrapped mesoporous hydroxyapatite (Al-mHA) nanorods. The antimicrobial characteristic of the scaffold has been retrieved from the prepared Al-mHA frame with high aspect ratio (∼14.2) via biosynthesis route using Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) extract. The Al-mHA frame was introduced into an unprecedented SPU matrix (solution polymerized) based on combinatorial soft segments of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC), and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), by an in situ technique followed by electrospinning to fabricate scaffolds. For comparison, pristine mHA nanorods are also ornamented into it. An enzymatic ring-opening polymerization technique was adapted to synthesize soft segment of (PCL-PEC-b-PDMS). Structure elucidation of the synthesized polymers is established by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sparingly, Al-mHA ornamented scaffolds exhibit tremendous improvement (175%) in the mechanical properties with promising antimicrobial activity against various human pathogens. After confirmation of high osteoconductivity, improved biodegradation, and excellent biocompatibility against osteoblast-like MG63 cells (in vitro), the scaffolds were implanted in rabbits as an animal model by subcutaneous and intraosseous (tibial) sites. Improved in vivo biocompatibilities, biodegradation, osteoconductivity, and the ability to provide an adequate biomimetic environment for biomineralization for GBR of the scaffolds (SPU and ornamented SPUs) have been found from the various histological sections. Early cartilage formation, endochondral ossification, and rapid bone healing at 4 weeks were found in the defects filled with Al-mHA ornamented scaffold compared to pristine SPU scaffold. Organ toxicity studies further confirm the absence of appreciable tissue architecture abnormalities in the renal hepatic and cardiac tissue sections. The entire results of this study manifest the feasibility of fabricating a mechanically adequate tailored nanofibrous SPU scaffold based on combinatorial soft segments of PCL, PEC, and PDMS by a biomimetic approach and the advantages of an Aloe vera wrapped mHA frame in promoting osteoblast phenotype progression with microbial protection for potential GBR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Selvakumar
- Rubber Technology Centre and ‡School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Pawar
- Rubber Technology Centre and ‡School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Nimmy K Francis
- Rubber Technology Centre and ‡School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Bodhisatwa Das
- Rubber Technology Centre and ‡School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Santanu Dhara
- Rubber Technology Centre and ‡School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Santanu Chattopadhyay
- Rubber Technology Centre and ‡School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur 721302, India
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104
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Joanne P, Kitsara M, Boitard SE, Naemetalla H, Vanneaux V, Pernot M, Larghero J, Forest P, Chen Y, Menasché P, Agbulut O. Nanofibrous clinical-grade collagen scaffolds seeded with human cardiomyocytes induces cardiac remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy. Biomaterials 2016; 80:157-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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105
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Reis TC, Castleberry S, Rego AMB, Aguiar-Ricardo A, Hammond PT. Three-dimensional multilayered fibrous constructs for wound healing applications. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:319-30. [PMID: 26584183 PMCID: PMC4729609 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun materials are promising scaffolds due to their light-weight, high surface-area and low-cost fabrication, however, such scaffolds are commonly obtained as ultrathin two-dimensional non-woven meshes, lacking on topographical specificity and surface side-dependent properties. Herein, it is reported the production of three-dimensional fibrous materials with an asymmetrical inner structure and engineered surfaces. The manufactured constructs evidence fibrous-based microsized conical protrusions [length: (10 ± 3) × 10(2) μm; width: (3.8 ± 0.8) × 10(2) μm] at their top side, with a median peak density of 73 peaks per cm(2), while their bottom side resembles to a non-woven mesh commonly observed in the fabrication of two-dimensional electrospun materials. Regarding their thickness (3.7 ± 0.1 mm) and asymmetric fibrous inner architecture, such materials avoid external liquid absorption while promoting internal liquid uptake. Nevertheless, such constructs also observed the high porosity (89.9%) and surface area (1.44 m(2) g(-1)) characteristic of traditional electrospun mats. Spray layer-by-layer assembly is used to effectively coat the structurally complex materials, allowing to complementary tailor features such as water vapor transmission, swelling ratio and bioactive agent release. Tested as wound dressings, the novel constructs are capable of withstanding (11.0 ± 0.3) × 10(4) kg m(-2) even after 14 days of hydration, while actively promote wound healing (90 ± 0.5% of wound closure within 48 hours) although avoiding cell adhesion on the dressings for a painless removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago C Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Steven Castleberry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ana M B Rego
- CQFM and IN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Aguiar-Ricardo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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106
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Metavarayuth K, Sitasuwan P, Zhao X, Lin Y, Wang Q. Influence of Surface Topographical Cues on the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:142-151. [PMID: 33418629 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cell research has been advanced in recent years because of the cells' attractive abilities of self-renewal and differentiation. Topography of materials is one of the key features that can be harnessed to regulate stem cell behaviors. Stem cells can interact with underlying material through nanosized integrin receptors. Therefore, the manipulation of topographical cues at a nanoscale level can be employed to modulate the cell fate. In this review, we focus our discussion on the different surface topographical cues, especially, with an emphasis on the viral nanoparticle-coated materials, and their effects on stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolrat Metavarayuth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Pongkwan Sitasuwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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107
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Sciancalepore AG, Moffa M, Carluccio S, Romano L, Netti GS, Prattichizzo C, Pisignano D. Bioactive Nanofiber Matrices Functionalized with Fibronectin-Mimetic Peptides Driving the Alignment and Tubular Commitment of Adult Renal Stem Cells. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Sciancalepore
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR; Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT); Via Arnesano I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Maria Moffa
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR; Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT); Via Arnesano I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Simonetta Carluccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali; Università del Salento; Via provinciale per Monteroni I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Luigi Romano
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”; Università del Salentoand Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR; Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT); Via Arnesano I-73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Giuseppe S. Netti
- Clinical Pathology Unit; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University of Foggia; Hospital University “Ospedali Riuniti”; viale Luigi Pinto I-71122 Foggia Italy
| | - Clelia Prattichizzo
- Clinical Pathology Unit; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University of Foggia; Hospital University “Ospedali Riuniti”; viale Luigi Pinto I-71122 Foggia Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”; Università del Salentoand Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR; Euromediterranean Center for Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT); Via Arnesano I-73100 Lecce Italy
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108
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Hua WD, Chen PP, Xu MQ, Ao Z, Liu Y, Han D, He F. Quantitative description of collagen fibre network on trabecular bone surfaces based on AFM imaging. J Microsc 2015; 262:112-22. [PMID: 26583563 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The collagen fibre network is an important part of extracellular matrix (ECM) on trabecular bone surface. The geometry features of the network can provide us insights into its physical and physiological properties. However, previous researches have not focused on the geometry and the quantitative description of the collagen fibre network on trabecular bone surface. In this study,we developed a procedure to quantitatively describe the network and verified the validity of the procedure. The experiment proceeds as follow. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to acquire submicron resolution images of the trabecular surface. Then, an image analysing procedure was built to extract important parameters, including, fibre orientation, fibre density, fibre width, fibre crossing numbers, the number of holes formed by fibre s, and the area of holes from AFM images. In order to verify the validity of the parameters extracted by image analysing methods, we adopted two other methods, which are statistical geometry model and computer simulation, to calculate those same parameters and check the consistency of the three methods' results. Statistical tests indicate that there is no significant difference between three groups. We conclude that, (a) the ECM on trabecular surface mainly consists of random collagen fibre network with oriented fibres; (b) our method based on image analysing can be used to characterize quantitative geometry features of the collagen fibre network effectively. This method may provide a basis for quantitative investigating the architecture and function of collagen fibre network.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-D Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - P-P Chen
- National center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - M-Q Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Z Ao
- National center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D Han
- National center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - F He
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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109
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Bornes TD, Jomha NM, Mulet-Sierra A, Adesida AB. Hypoxic culture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells differentially enhances in vitro chondrogenesis within cell-seeded collagen and hyaluronic acid porous scaffolds. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:84. [PMID: 25900045 PMCID: PMC4431536 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The quality of cartilaginous tissue derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation has been correlated with clinical outcome. Therefore, culture conditions capable of modulating tissue phenotype, such as oxygen tension and scaffold composition, are under investigation. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of hypoxia on in vitro BMSC chondrogenesis within clinically approved porous scaffolds composed of collagen and hyaluronic acid (HA). It was hypothesized that hypoxic isolation/expansion and differentiation would improve BMSC chondrogenesis in each construct. Methods Ovine BMSCs were isolated and expanded to passage 2 under hypoxia (3% oxygen) or normoxia (21% oxygen). Cell proliferation and colony-forming characteristics were assessed. BMSCs were seeded at 10 million cells per cubic centimeter on cylindrical scaffolds composed of either collagen I sponge or esterified HA non-woven mesh. Chondrogenic differentiation was performed in a defined medium under hypoxia or normoxia for 14 days. Cultured constructs were assessed for gene expression, proteoglycan staining, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) quantity, and diameter change. Results Isolation/expansion under hypoxia resulted in faster BMSC population doublings per day (P <0.05), whereas cell and colony counts were not significantly different (P = 0.60 and 0.30, respectively). Collagen and HA scaffolds seeded with BMSCs that were isolated, expanded, and differentiated under hypoxia exhibited superior aggrecan and collagen II mRNA expressions (P <0.05), GAG quantity (P <0.05), and proteoglycan staining in comparison with normoxia. GAG/DNA was augmented with hypoxic isolation/expansion in all constructs (P <0.01). Comparison by scaffold composition indicated increased mRNA expressions of hyaline cartilage-associated collagen II, aggrecan, and SOX9 in collagen scaffolds, although expression of collagen X, which is related to hypertrophic cartilage, was also elevated (P <0.05). Proteoglycan deposition was not significantly improved in collagen scaffolds unless culture involved normoxic isolation/expansion followed by hypoxic differentiation. During chondrogenesis, collagen-based constructs progressively contracted to 60.1% ± 8.9% of the initial diameter after 14 days, whereas HA-based construct size was maintained (109.7% ± 4.2%). Conclusions Hypoxic isolation/expansion and differentiation enhance in vitro BMSC chondrogenesis within porous scaffolds. Although both collagen I and HA scaffolds support the creation of hyaline-like cartilaginous tissue, variations in gene expression, extracellular matrix formation, and construct size occur during chondrogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0075-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Bornes
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Nadr M Jomha
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Aillette Mulet-Sierra
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Adetola B Adesida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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