101
|
|
102
|
Production of chiral β-amino acids using ω-transaminase from Burkholderia graminis. J Biotechnol 2015; 196-197:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
103
|
Narancic T, Davis R, Nikodinovic-Runic J, O’ Connor KE. Recent developments in biocatalysis beyond the laboratory. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:943-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
104
|
Cassimjee KE, Manta B, Himo F. A quantum chemical study of the ω-transaminase reaction mechanism. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8453-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00690b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The detailed half-transamination mechanism of Chromobacterium violaceum ω-transaminase is investigated by means of density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Manta
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- Stockholm University
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Du CJ, Rios-Solis L, Ward JM, Dalby PA, Lye GJ. Evaluation of CV2025 ω-transaminase for the bioconversion of lignin breakdown products into value-added chemicals: synthesis of vanillylamine from vanillin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.976632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
106
|
Borowiecki P, Paprocki D, Dranka M. First chemoenzymatic stereodivergent synthesis of both enantiomers of promethazine and ethopropazine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:3038-55. [PMID: 25670974 PMCID: PMC4311712 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantioenriched promethazine and ethopropazine were synthesized through a simple and straightforward four-step chemoenzymatic route. The central chiral building block, 1-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propan-2-ol, was obtained via a lipase-mediated kinetic resolution protocol, which furnished both enantiomeric forms, with superb enantioselectivity (up to E = 844), from the racemate. Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TL IM have been found as ideal biocatalysts for preparation of highly enantioenriched phenothiazolic alcohols (up to >99% ee), which absolute configurations were assigned by Mosher's methodology and unambiguously confirmed by XRD analysis. Thus obtained key-intermediates were further transformed into bromide derivatives by means of PBr3, and subsequently reacted with appropriate amine providing desired pharmacologically valuable (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers of title drugs in an ee range of 84-98%, respectively. The modular amination procedure is based on a solvent-dependent stereodivergent transformation of the bromo derivative, which conducted in toluene gives mainly the product of single inversion, whereas carried out in methanol it provides exclusively the product of net retention. Enantiomeric excess of optically active promethazine and ethopropazine were established by HPLC measurements with chiral columns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Borowiecki
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Paprocki
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dranka
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Hosford J, Shepherd SA, Micklefield J, Wong LS. A high-throughput assay for arylamine halogenation based on a peroxidase-mediated quinone-amine coupling with applications in the screening of enzymatic halogenations. Chemistry 2014; 20:16759-63. [PMID: 25319801 PMCID: PMC4291110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Arylhalides are important building blocks in many fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and there has been increasing interest in the development of more "green" halogenation methods based on enzyme catalysis. However, the screening and development of new enzymes for biohalogenation has been hampered by a lack of high-throughput screening methods. Described herein is the development of a colorimetric assay for detecting both chemical and enzymatic arylamine halogenation reactions in an aqueous environment. The assay is based on the unique UV/Vis spectrum created by the formation of an ortho-benzoquinone-amine adduct, which is produced by the peroxidase-catalysed benzoquinone generation, followed by Michael addition of either a halogenated or non-halogenated arylamine. This assay is sensitive, rapid and amenable to high-throughput screening platforms. We have also shown this assay to be easily coupled to a flavin-dependent halogenase, which currently lacks any convenient colorimetric assay, in a "one-pot" workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hosford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN (UK)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
|
109
|
Jemli S, Ayadi-Zouari D, Hlima HB, Bejar S. Biocatalysts: application and engineering for industrial purposes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:246-58. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.950550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
110
|
Heel T, McIntosh JA, Dodani SC, Meyerowitz JT, Arnold FH. Non-natural olefin cyclopropanation catalyzed by diverse cytochrome P450s and other hemoproteins. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2556-62. [PMID: 25294253 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that engineered variants of cytochrome P450BM3 (CYP102A1) efficiently catalyze non-natural reactions, including carbene and nitrene transfer reactions. Given the broad substrate range of natural P450 enzymes, we set out to explore if this diversity could be leveraged to generate a broad panel of new catalysts for olefin cyclopropanation (i.e., carbene transfer). Here, we took a step towards this goal by characterizing the carbene transfer activities of four new wild-type P450s that have different native substrates. All four were active and exhibited a range of product selectivities in the model reaction: cyclopropanation of styrene by using ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). Previous work on P450BM3 demonstrated that mutation of the axial coordinating cysteine, universally conserved among P450 enzymes, to a serine residue, increased activity for this non-natural reaction. The equivalent mutation in the selected P450s was found to activate carbene transfer chemistry both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, serum albumins complexed with hemin were also found to be efficient in vitro cyclopropanation catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heel
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Abstract
Natural products are important sources of pharmaceuticals, in part owing to their diverse biological activities. Enzymes from natural product biosynthetic pathways have become attractive candidates as biocatalysts for modifying the structures and bioactivities of these complex compounds. Numerous enzymes have been harvested to generate innovative scaffolds, large-scale synthesis of chiral building blocks, and semisynthesis of medicinally relevant natural product derivatives. This review discusses recent examples from three areas: (a) polyketide catalytic domain engineering geared toward synthesis of new polyketides, (b) engineering of tailoring enzymes (other than oxidative enzymes) as biocatalysts, and (c) in vitro total synthesis of natural products using purified enzyme components. With the availability of exponentially increasing genomic information and new genome mining tools, many new and powerful biocatalysts tailored for pharmaceutical synthesis will likely emerge from secondary metabolism.
Collapse
|
112
|
Pereira PC, Arends IW, Sheldon RA. A green and expedient synthesis of enantiopure diketopiperazines via enzymatic resolution of unnatural amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
113
|
Ferreira IM, Nishimura RH, Souza ABDA, Clososki GC, Yoshioka SA, Porto AL. Highly enantioselective acylation of chlorohydrins using Amano AK lipase from P. fluorescens immobilized on silk fibroin–alginate spheres. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
114
|
Wang ZJ, Renata H, Peck NE, Farwell CC, Coelho PS, Arnold FH. Improved cyclopropanation activity of histidine-ligated cytochrome P450 enables the enantioselective formal synthesis of levomilnacipran. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6810-3. [PMID: 24802161 PMCID: PMC4120663 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering enzymes capable of modes of activation unprecedented in nature will increase the range of industrially important molecules that can be synthesized through biocatalysis. However, low activity for a new function is often a limitation in adopting enzymes for preparative-scale synthesis, reaction with demanding substrates, or when a natural substrate is also present. By mutating the proximal ligand and other key active-site residues of the cytochrome P450 enzyme from Bacillus megaterium (P450-BM3), a highly active His-ligated variant of P450-BM3 that can be employed for the enantioselective synthesis of the levomilnacipran core was engineered. This enzyme, BM3-Hstar, catalyzes the cyclopropanation of N,N-diethyl-2-phenylacrylamide with an estimated initial rate of over 1000 turnovers per minute and can be used under aerobic conditions. Cyclopropanation activity is highly dependent on the electronic properties of the P450 proximal ligand, which can be used to tune this non-natural enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole E. Peck
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
| | - Christopher C. Farwell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
| | - Pedro S. Coelho
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA, 91125 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Steinkellner G, Gruber CC, Pavkov-Keller T, Binter A, Steiner K, Winkler C, Łyskowski A, Schwamberger O, Oberer M, Schwab H, Faber K, Macheroux P, Gruber K. Identification of promiscuous ene-reductase activity by mining structural databases using active site constellations. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4150. [PMID: 24954722 PMCID: PMC4083419 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of catalytic promiscuity and the application of de novo design have recently opened the access to novel, non-natural enzymatic activities. Here we describe a structural bioinformatic method for predicting catalytic activities of enzymes based on three-dimensional constellations of functional groups in active sites ('catalophores'). As a proof-of-concept we identify two enzymes with predicted promiscuous ene-reductase activity (reduction of activated C-C double bonds) and compare them with known ene-reductases, that is, members of the Old Yellow Enzyme family. Despite completely different amino acid sequences, overall structures and protein folds, high-resolution crystal structures reveal equivalent binding modes of typical Old Yellow Enzyme substrates and ligands. Biochemical and biocatalytic data show that the two enzymes indeed possess ene-reductase activity and reveal an inverted stereopreference compared with Old Yellow Enzymes for some substrates. This method could thus be a tool for the identification of viable starting points for the development and engineering of novel biocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinkellner
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Christian C. Gruber
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | | | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Orsolya Schwamberger
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Schwab
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Farwell CC, McIntosh JA, Hyster TK, Wang ZJ, Arnold FH. Enantioselective imidation of sulfides via enzyme-catalyzed intermolecular nitrogen-atom transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8766-71. [PMID: 24901646 PMCID: PMC4154708 DOI: 10.1021/ja503593n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Engineering
enzymes with novel reaction modes promises to expand
the applications of biocatalysis in chemical synthesis and will enhance
our understanding of how enzymes acquire new functions. The insertion
of nitrogen-containing functional groups into unactivated C–H
bonds is not catalyzed by known enzymes but was recently demonstrated
using engineered variants of cytochrome P450BM3 (CYP102A1)
from Bacillus megaterium. Here, we
extend this novel P450-catalyzed reaction to include intermolecular
insertion of nitrogen into thioethers to form sulfimides. An examination
of the reactivity of different P450BM3 variants toward
a range of substrates demonstrates that electronic properties of the
substrates are important in this novel enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Moreover, amino acid substitutions have a large effect on the rate
and stereoselectivity of sulfimidation, demonstrating that the protein
plays a key role in determining reactivity and selectivity. These
results provide a stepping stone for engineering more complex nitrogen-atom-transfer
reactions in P450 enzymes and developing a more comprehensive biocatalytic
repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Farwell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Modukuru NK, Sukumaran J, Collier SJ, Chan AS, Gohel A, Huisman GW, Keledjian R, Narayanaswamy K, Novick SJ, Palanivel SM, Smith D, Wei Z, Wong B, Yeo WL, Entwistle DA. Development of a Practical, Biocatalytic Reduction for the Manufacture of (S)-Licarbazepine Using an Evolved Ketoreductase. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op4003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naga K. Modukuru
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Joly Sukumaran
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Steven J. Collier
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Ann Shu Chan
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Anupam Gohel
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Gjalt W. Huisman
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Raquel Keledjian
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Karthik Narayanaswamy
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Scott J. Novick
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - S. M. Palanivel
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Derek Smith
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Zhang Wei
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Brian Wong
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Wan Lin Yeo
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - David A. Entwistle
- Codexis Laboratories Singapore, 61 Science Park Drive, The Galen, Science Park II, Singapore
- Codexis Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Wang ZJ, Renata H, Peck NE, Farwell CC, Coelho PS, Arnold FH. Improved Cyclopropanation Activity of Histidine-Ligated Cytochrome P450 Enables the Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Levomilnacipran. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
119
|
Zheng RC, Yang ZY, Li CC, Zheng YG, Shen YC. Industrial production of chiral intermediate of cilastatin by nitrile hydratase and amidase catalyzed one-pot, two-step biotransformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
120
|
McIntosh JA, Farwell CC, Arnold FH. Expanding P450 catalytic reaction space through evolution and engineering. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 19:126-34. [PMID: 24658056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Advances in protein and metabolic engineering have led to wider use of enzymes to synthesize important molecules. However, many desirable transformations are not catalyzed by any known enzyme, driving interest in understanding how new enzymes can be created. The cytochrome P450 enzyme family, whose members participate in xenobiotic metabolism and natural products biosynthesis, catalyzes an impressive range of difficult chemical reactions that continues to grow as new enzymes are characterized. Recent work has revealed that P450-derived enzymes can also catalyze useful reactions previously accessible only to synthetic chemistry. The evolution and engineering of these enzymes provides an excellent case study for how to genetically encode new chemistry and expand biology's reaction space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A McIntosh
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Christopher C Farwell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Zhang WW, Wang N, Feng XW, Zhang Y, Yu XQ. Biocatalytic Synthesis of Optically Active Hydroxyesters via Lipase-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Aldol Reaction and Kinetic Resolution. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:535-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
122
|
O'Reilly E, Iglesias C, Turner NJ. Monoamine Oxidase-ω-Transaminase Cascade for the Deracemisation and Dealkylation of Amines. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
123
|
Matthews ML, Chang WC, Layne AP, Miles LA, Krebs C, Bollinger JM. Direct nitration and azidation of aliphatic carbons by an iron-dependent halogenase. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:209-15. [PMID: 24463698 PMCID: PMC4076429 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron-dependent halogenases employ cis-halo-Fe(IV)-oxo (haloferryl) complexes to functionalize unactivated aliphatic carbon centers, a capability elusive to synthetic chemists. Halogenation requires (1) coordination of a halide anion (Cl− or Br−) to the enzyme's Fe(II) cofactor; (2) coupled activation of O2 and decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate to generate the haloferryl intermediate; (3) abstraction of hydrogen (H•) from the substrate by the ferryl oxo group; and (4) transfer of the cis halogen as Cl• or Br• to the substrate radical. This enzymatic solution to an unsolved chemical challenge is potentially generalizable to installation of other functional groups, provided that the corresponding anions can support the four requisite steps. We show here that the wild-type halogenase SyrB2 can indeed direct aliphatic nitration and azidation reactions by the same chemical logic. The discovery and enhancement by mutagenesis of these previously unknown reaction types suggests unrecognized or untapped versatility in ferryl-mediated enzymatic C–H-bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Matthews
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. [2]
| | - Wei-chen Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew P Layne
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linde A Miles
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. [2]
| | - Carsten Krebs
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Martin Bollinger
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Zhang ZJ, Pan J, Ma BD, Xu JH. Efficient Biocatalytic Synthesis of Chiral Chemicals. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 155:55-106. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
125
|
Recent trends and novel concepts in cofactor-dependent biotransformations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1517-29. [PMID: 24362856 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cofactor-dependent enzymes catalyze a broad range of synthetically useful transformations. However, the cofactor requirement also poses economic and practical challenges for the application of these biocatalysts. For three decades, considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of reliable in situ regeneration methods for the most commonly employed cofactors, particularly NADH and NADPH. Today, researchers can choose from a plethora of options, and oxidoreductases are routinely employed even on industrial scale. Nevertheless, more efficient cofactor regeneration methods are still being developed, with the aim of achieving better atom economy, simpler reaction setups, and higher productivities. Besides, cofactor dependence has been recognized as an opportunity to confer novel reactivity upon enzymes by engineering their cofactors, and to couple (redox) biotransformations in multi-enzyme cascade systems. These novel concepts will help to further establish cofactor-dependent biotransformations as an attractive option for the synthesis of biologically active compounds, chiral building blocks, and bio-based platform molecules.
Collapse
|
126
|
Yang H, Srivastava P, Zhang C, Lewis JC. A general method for artificial metalloenzyme formation through strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Chembiochem 2013; 15:223-7. [PMID: 24376040 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) can be used to generate artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) from scaffold proteins containing a p-azido-L-phenylalanine (Az) residue and catalytically active bicyclononyne-substituted metal complexes. The high efficiency of this reaction allows rapid ArM formation when using Az residues within the scaffold protein in the presence of cysteine residues or various reactive components of cellular lysate. In general, cofactor-based ArM formation allows the use of any desired metal complex to build unique inorganic protein materials. SPAAC covalent linkage further decouples the native function of the scaffold from the installation process because it is not affected by native amino acid residues; as long as an Az residue can be incorporated, an ArM can be generated. We have demonstrated the scope of this method with respect to both the scaffold and cofactor components and established that the dirhodium ArMs generated can catalyze the decomposition of diazo compounds and both Si-H and olefin insertion reactions involving these carbene precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Patel RN. Biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols and amino acids for development of pharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2013; 3:741-77. [PMID: 24970190 PMCID: PMC4030968 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become increasingly important in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes derived there from for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of chiral alcohols and unntural aminoacids for pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates Consultation in Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Gong JS, Lu ZM, Li H, Zhou ZM, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Metagenomic technology and genome mining: emerging areas for exploring novel nitrilases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6603-11. [PMID: 23801047 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrilase is one of the most important members in the nitrilase superfamily and it is widely used for bioproduction of commodity chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates as well as bioremediation of nitrile-contaminated wastes. However, its application was hindered by several limitations. Searching for new nitrilases and improving their application performances are the driving force for researchers. Genetic data resources in various databases are quite rich in post-genomic era. Besides, more than 99 % of microbes in the environment are unculturable. Metagenomic technology and genome mining are thus becoming burgeoning areas and provide unprecedented opportunities for searching more useful novel nitrilases due to the abundance of already existing but unexplored gene resources, namely uncharacterized genome information in the database and unculturable microbes in the natural environment. These techniques seem to be innovative and highly efficient. This study reviews the current status and future directions of metagenomics and genome mining in nitrilase exploration. Moreover, it discussed their utilization in coping with the challenges for nitrilase application. In the next several years, with the rapid development of nitrile biocatalysis, these two techniques would be bound to attract increasing attentions and even become a dominant trend for finding more novel nitrilases. Also, this review would provide guidance for exploitation of other commercially important enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|