101
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Abstract
TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1 or MAP3K7) is an intracellular hub molecule that regulates both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways that play key roles in development, cell survival, immune response, metabolism, and carcinogenesis. TAK1 activity is tightly regulated by its binding proteins, TAB1 and TAB2/TAB3, as well as by post-translational modification including ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that TAK1 plays a role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis as a tumor prompter or tumor suppressor. An understanding of the role of TAK1 in liver physiology and diseases is required for the development of therapeutic agencies targeting TAK1. In this review, we highlight the activation mechanism and pathophysiological roles of TAK1 in the liver.
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102
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Jinushi M. Yin and yang of tumor inflammation: how innate immune suppressors shape the tumor microenvironments. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:1277-85. [PMID: 24272248 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition-mediated sensing systems direct host immunity towards either antitumor immunosurveillance or protumorigenic inflammation. These activities imply dual and conflicting roles in the regulation of tumor-associated inflammation. On the one hand, recent evidence has revealed that several signaling components and cell-surface receptors suppress innate immune signals and constitute a negative feedback machinery preventing excess and continuous inflammation within tumor microenvironments. On the other hand, these same components also negatively regulate intrinsic tumorigenic activities by targeting nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-mediated antiapoptotic and inflammatory signals. Furthermore, the activation status of innate immune suppressors may reflect the functional plasticity of interactions between tumor cells and innate immune cells and determine whether tumor inflammation supports anti- or pro-tumorigenic responses. Thus, innate immune suppressors may provide valuable information about the immunogenic or tumorigenic status of tumor-associated inflammation thereby serving as potential biomarkers that predict tumor progression. Comprehensive analysis for identifying general and unique features of each innate immune suppressor in the regulation of tumor inflammation should explore the development of new biomarkers for improving future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
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103
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Clague MJ, Barsukov I, Coulson JM, Liu H, Rigden DJ, Urbé S. Deubiquitylases from genes to organism. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1289-315. [PMID: 23899565 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is a major posttranslational modification that controls most complex aspects of cell physiology. It is reversed through the action of a large family of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) that are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets for a number of disease conditions. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the complement of human DUBs, indicating structural motifs, typical cellular copy numbers, and tissue expression profiles. We discuss the means by which specificity is achieved and how DUB activity may be regulated. Generically DUB catalytic activity may be used to 1) maintain free ubiquitin levels, 2) rescue proteins from ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and 3) control the dynamics of ubiquitin-mediated signaling events. Functional roles of individual DUBs from each of five subfamilies in specific cellular processes are highlighted with an emphasis on those linked to pathological conditions where the association is supported by whole organism models. We then specifically consider the role of DUBs associated with protein degradative machineries and the influence of specific DUBs upon expression of receptors and channels at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clague
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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104
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Pannem RR, Dorn C, Ahlqvist K, Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C, Massoumi R. CYLD controls c-MYC expression through the JNK-dependent signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:461-8. [PMID: 24104553 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of different proteins via direct ubiquitin attachment is vital for mediating various cellular processes. Cylindromatosis (CYLD), a deubiquitination enzyme, is able to cleave the polyubiquitin chains from the substrate and to regulate different signaling pathways. Loss, or reduced expression, of CYLD is observed in different types of human cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanism by which CYLD affects cancerogenesis has to date not been unveiled. The aim of the present study was to examine how CYLD regulates cellular functions and signaling pathways during hepatocancerogenesis. We found that mice lacking CYLD were highly susceptible to chemically induced liver cancer. The mechanism behind proved to be an elevated proliferation rate of hepatocytes, owing to sustained c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1)-mediated signaling via ubiquitination of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 and expression of c-MYC. Overexpression of wild-type CYLD in HCC cell lines prevented cell proliferation, without affecting apoptosis, adhesion and migration. A combined immunohistochemical and tissue microarray analysis of 81 human HCC tissues revealed that CYLD expression is negatively correlated with expression of proliferation markers Ki-67 and c-MYC. To conclude, we found that downregulation of CYLD induces tumor cell proliferation, consequently contributing to the aggressive growth of HCC. Our findings suggest that CYLD holds potential to serve as a marker for HCC progression, and its link to c-MYC via JNK1 may provide the foundation for new therapeutic strategies for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswara Rao Pannem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden
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105
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Nikolaou K, Sarris M, Talianidis I. Molecular pathways: the complex roles of inflammation pathways in the development and treatment of liver cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2810-6. [PMID: 23549874 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory signals from the surrounding microenvironment play important roles in tumor promotion. Key inflammatory mediators and pathways that induce and sustain tumorigenesis have recently been identified in many different cancers. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a paradigm for inflammation-induced cancer, as it most frequently develops in the setting of chronic hepatitis, consecutive cellular damage, and compensatory regeneration. Recent studies revealed that liver damage-mediated inflammation and carcinogenesis are triggered by a complex cross-talk between NF-κB, c-jun-NH2-kinase, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Molecular dissection of the mechanisms involved in the interplay between these pathways identified promising new targets for therapeutic intervention. Targeting different components of the signaling cascades may provide efficient means for blocking the apparently irreversible sequence of events initiated by chronic liver inflammation and culminating in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Nikolaou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
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106
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Regulation of nuclear factor-κB in autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:282-9. [PMID: 23434408 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factors are pivotal regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, and perturbations of NF-κB signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of immunological disorders. NF-κB is a well-known proinflammatory mediator, and its deregulated activation is associated with the chronic inflammation of autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, NF-κB plays a crucial role in the establishment of immune tolerance, including both central tolerance and the peripheral function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Thus, defective or deregulated activation of NF-κB may contribute to autoimmunity and inflammation, highlighting the importance of tightly controlled NF-κB signaling. This review focuses on recent progress regarding NF-κB regulation and its association with autoimmunity.
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107
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Kinoshita H, Okabe H, Beppu T, Chikamoto A, Hayashi H, Imai K, Mima K, Nakagawa S, Yokoyama N, Ishiko T, Shinriki S, Jono H, Ando Y, Baba H. CYLD downregulation is correlated with tumor development in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:309-314. [PMID: 24649166 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene is involved in tumor progression by acting as a negative regulator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). However, the clinical significance of CYLD in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. To demonstrate the clinical significance of CYLD expression, we analyzed CYLD gene expression in 124 paired HCC and non-tumor tissues using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CYLD gene expression was detected in the patients and the cut-off value was determined by the median value of tumor-to-non-tumor (T/N) ratio. qRT-PCR analysis showed that a low CYLD expression was associated with a high serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) value. Patients in the low CYLD expression group exhibited poorer overall survival compared to those in the high expression group (P=0.0406). Protein expression of CYLD was also investigated in 70 patients with HCC using immunohistochemistry. The findings showed that CYLD protein expression in tumor tissue was associated with CYLD gene expression (P=0.031). The findings of the present study suggest that CYLD is clinically associated with tumor development in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toru Beppu
- Department of Multidisciplinary Treatment for Gastroenterological Cancer, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Chikamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naomi Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ishiko
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital; Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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108
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Gautheron J, Luedde T. A novel player in inflammation and cancer: the deubiquitinase CYLD controls HCC development. J Hepatol 2012; 57:937-9. [PMID: 22878470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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109
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Xiao C, Wang RH, Lahusen TJ, Park O, Bertola A, Maruyama T, Reynolds D, Chen Q, Xu X, Young HA, Chen WJ, Gao B, Deng CX. Progression of chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis driven by activation of c-JUN signaling in Sirt6 mutant mice. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41903-13. [PMID: 23076146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.415182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has a remarkable ability to regulate inflammation, a biophysical response triggered by virus infection and tissue damage. Sirt6 is critical for metabolism and lifespan; however, its role in inflammation is unknown. Here we show that Sirt6-null (Sirt6(-/-)) mice developed chronic liver inflammation starting at ∼2 months of age, and all animals were affected by 7-8 months of age. Deletion of Sirt6 in T cells or myeloid-derived cells was sufficient to induce liver inflammation and fibrosis, albeit to a lesser degree than that in the global Sirt6(-/-) mice, suggesting that Sirt6 deficiency in the immune cells is the cause. Consistently, macrophages derived from the bone marrow of Sirt6(-/-) mice showed increased MCP-1, IL-6, and TNFα expression levels and were hypersensitive to LPS stimulation. Mechanistically, SIRT6 interacts with c-JUN and deacetylates histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) at the promoter of proinflammatory genes whose expression involves the c-JUN signaling pathway. Sirt6-deficient macrophages displayed hyperacetylation of H3K9 and increased occupancy of c-JUN in the promoter of these genes, leading to their elevated expression. These data suggest that Sirt6 plays an anti-inflammatory role in mice by inhibiting c-JUN-dependent expression of proinflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Xiao
- Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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110
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Font-Burgada J, Seki E, Karin M. CYLD and HCC: when being too sensitive to your dirty neighbors results in self-destruction. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:711-2. [PMID: 22698394 PMCID: PMC4718070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the outcome of ongoing cycles of cell death and regeneration in chronic liver disease. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Nikolaou et al. show that the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD is critical for controlling the balance between hepatocyte loss, regeneration, and malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of
California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of
California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of
California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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