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Lee HY, Han SS, Rhee H, Park JH, Lee JS, Oh YM, Choi SS, Shin SH, Kim WJ. Differential expression of microRNAs and their target genes in non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2034-40. [PMID: 25376560 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single‑stranded RNA species that constitute a class of non‑coding RNAs, and are emerging as key regulators of gene expression. Since each miRNA is capable of regulating multiple genes, miRNAs are attractive markers for studies of coordinated gene expression. In this study, we investigated miRNA expression profiling using a massively parallel sequencing technique to compare non‑small‑cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue and normal lung tissue. Lung cancer tissue and normal lung tissue were obtained from nine NSCLC patients. RNA isolated from these samples was processed using RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) and the HiSeq 2000 system. Differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed using a t‑test. We selected target pairs that showed a negative correlation among significantly differentially expressed miRNAs and their putative target mRNAs using miRBase Targets. The differences in the expression levels of 222 miRNAs and 1,597 genes were statistically significant, as indicated by an absolute fold change ≥1.5 and P<0.05. miR‑577, miR‑301b, miR‑944, miR‑891a and miR‑615‑3p were generally upregulated, and miR‑338‑3p was generally downregulated. miRNA‑mRNA target pair analysis revealed that 49 miRNAs had 696 target mRNAs. There were significantly differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs between lung cancer and normal tissue. Further investigation of miRNAs and their target genes is warranted to better understand NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Sook Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanseok Rhee
- Macrogen Bioinformatics Center, Macrogen, Seoul 153-023, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Park
- Macrogen Bioinformatics Center, Macrogen, Seoul 153-023, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mok Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Shin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-722, Republic of Korea
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102
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Colavito SA, Zou MR, Yan Q, Nguyen DX, Stern DF. Significance of glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) expression in claudin-low breast cancer and crosstalk with the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) pathway. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:444. [PMID: 25252859 PMCID: PMC4303124 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The recently identified claudin-low subtype of breast cancer is enriched for cells with stem-like and mesenchymal-like characteristics. This subtype is most often triple-negative (lacking the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) as well as lacking epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) amplification) and has a poor prognosis. There are few targeted treatment options available for patients with this highly aggressive type of cancer. Methods Using a high throughput inhibitor screen, we identified high expression of glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), the effector molecule of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway, as a critical determinant of cell lines that have undergone an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Results High GLI1 expression is a property of claudin-low cells and tumors and correlates with markers of EMT and breast cancer stem cells. Knockdown of GLI1 expression in claudin-low cell lines resulted in reduced cell viability, motility, clonogenicity, self-renewal, and reduced tumor growth of orthotopic xenografts. We observed non-canonical activation of GLI1 in claudin-low and EMT cell lines, and identified crosstalk with the NFκB pathway. Conclusions This work highlights the importance of GLI1 in the maintenance of characteristics of metastatic breast cancer stem cells. Remarkably, treatment with an inhibitor of the NFκB pathway reproducibly reduces GLI1 expression and protein levels. We further provide direct evidence for the binding of the NFκB subunit p65 to the GLI1 promoter in both EMT and claudin-low cell lines. Our results uncover crosstalk between NFκB and GLI1 signals and suggest that targeting these pathways may be effective against the claudin-low breast cancer subtype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0444-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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103
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Cheung KJ, Ewald AJ. Illuminating breast cancer invasion: diverse roles for cell-cell interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:99-111. [PMID: 25137487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis begins when tumors invade into surrounding tissues. In breast cancer, the study of cell interactions has provided fundamental insights into this complex process. Powerful intravital and 3D organoid culture systems have emerged that enable biologists to model the complexity of cell interactions during cancer invasion in real-time. Recent studies utilizing these techniques reveal distinct mechanisms through which multiple cancer cell and stromal cell subpopulations interact, including paracrine signaling, direct cell-cell adhesion, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Three cell interaction mechanisms have emerged to explain how breast tumors become invasive: epithelial-mesenchymal transition, collective invasion, and the macrophage-tumor cell feedback loop. Future work is needed to distinguish whether these mechanisms are mutually exclusive or whether they cooperate to drive metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cheung
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfe St, 452 Rangos Bldg, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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104
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Karlsson A, Ringnér M, Lauss M, Botling J, Micke P, Planck M, Staaf J. Genomic and transcriptional alterations in lung adenocarcinoma in relation to smoking history. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4912-24. [PMID: 25037737 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cigarette smoking is the major pathogenic factor for lung cancer. The precise mechanisms of tobacco-related carcinogenesis and its effect on the genomic and transcriptional landscape in lung cancer are not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 1,398 (277 never-smokers and 1,121 smokers) genomic and 1,449 (370 never-smokers and 1,079 smokers) transcriptional profiles were assembled from public lung adenocarcinoma cohorts, including matched next-generation DNA-sequencing data (n = 423). Unsupervised and supervised methods were used to identify smoking-related copy-number alterations (CNAs), predictors of smoking status, and molecular subgroups. RESULTS Genomic meta-analyses showed that never-smokers and smokers harbored a similar frequency of total CNAs, although specific regions (5q, 8q, 16p, 19p, and 22q) displayed a 20% to 30% frequency difference between the two groups. Importantly, supervised classification analyses based on CNAs or gene expression could not accurately predict smoking status (balanced accuracies ∼60% to 80%). However, unsupervised multicohort transcriptional profiling stratified adenocarcinomas into distinct molecular subgroups with specific patterns of CNAs, oncogenic mutations, and mutation transversion frequencies that were independent of the smoking status. One subgroup included approximately 55% to 90% of never-smokers and approximately 20% to 40% of smokers (both current and former) with molecular and clinical features of a less aggressive and smoking-unrelated disease. Given the considerable intragroup heterogeneity in smoking-defined subgroups, especially among former smokers, our results emphasize the clinical importance of accurate molecular characterization of lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The landscape of smoking-related CNAs and transcriptional alterations in adenocarcinomas is complex, heterogeneous, and with moderate differences. Our results support a molecularly distinct less aggressive adenocarcinoma entity, arising in never-smokers and a subset of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karlsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Ringnér
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauss
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Planck
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Staaf
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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105
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Cheung KJ, Ewald AJ. Invasive leader cells: metastatic oncotarget. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1390-1. [PMID: 24727787 PMCID: PMC4039219 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cheung
- Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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106
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Abstract
Metastasis is powered by disseminated cancer cells that re-create a full-fledged tumor in unwelcoming tissues, away from the primary site. How cancer cells moving from a tumor into the circulation manage to infiltrate distant organs and initiate metastatic growth is of interest to cancer biologists and clinical oncologists alike. Recent findings have started to define the sources, phenotypic properties, hosting niches, and signaling pathways that support the survival, self-renewal, dormancy, and reactivation of cancer cells that initiate metastasis: metastatic stem cells. By dissecting the biology of this process, vulnerabilities are being exposed that could be exploited to prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thordur Oskarsson
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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107
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Cao J, Liu Z, Cheung WKC, Zhao M, Chen SY, Chan SW, Booth CJ, Nguyen DX, Yan Q. Histone demethylase RBP2 is critical for breast cancer progression and metastasis. Cell Rep 2014; 6:868-77. [PMID: 24582965 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major clinical challenge for cancer treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant epigenetic modifications contribute significantly to tumor formation and progression. However, the drivers and roles of such epigenetic changes in tumor metastasis are still poorly understood. Using bioinformatic analysis of human breast cancer gene-expression data sets, we identified histone demethylase RBP2 as a putative mediator of metastatic progression. By using both human breast cancer cells and genetically engineered mice, we demonstrated that RBP2 is critical for breast cancer metastasis to the lung in multiple in vivo models. Mechanistically, RBP2 promotes metastasis as a pleiotropic positive regulator of many metastasis genes, including TNC. In addition, RBP2 loss suppresses tumor formation in MMTV-neu transgenic mice. These results suggest that therapeutic targeting of RBP2 is a potential strategy for inhibition of tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William K C Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sophia Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Siew Wee Chan
- Cancer and Developmental Cell Biology Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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108
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Wan L, Pantel K, Kang Y. Tumor metastasis: moving new biological insights into the clinic. Nat Med 2014; 19:1450-64. [PMID: 24202397 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the culprit behind most cancer-related deaths, metastasis is the ultimate challenge in our effort to fight cancer as a life-threatening disease. The explosive growth of metastasis research in the past decade has yielded an unprecedented wealth of information about the tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms that dictate metastatic behaviors, the molecular and cellular basis underlying the distinct courses of metastatic progression in different cancers and what renders metastatic cancer refractory to available therapies. However, integration of such new knowledge into an improved, metastasis-oriented oncological drug development strategy is needed to thwart the development of metastatic disease at every stage of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Wan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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109
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The homeobox only protein homeobox (HOPX) and colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23231-43. [PMID: 24287901 PMCID: PMC3876040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HOP (homeobox only protein) homeobox (HOPX) is most closely related to the homeobox protein that contains a homeobox-like domain but lacks certain conserved residues required for DNA binding. Here, we review the current understanding of HOPX in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). HOPX was initially reported as a differentiation marker and is expressed in various normal tissues. In the colon, HOPX is expressed uniquely in the quiescent stem cell, +4, and in differentiated mucosal cells of the colon. HOPX expression is markedly suppressed in a subset of cancers, mainly in an epigenetic manner. CRC may include separate entities which are differentially characterized by HOPX expression from a prognostic point of view. HOPX itself can regulate epigenetics, and defective expression of HOPX can result in loss of tumor suppressive function and differentiation phenotype. These findings indicate that HOPX may be both a central regulator of epigenetic dynamics and a critical determinant for differentiation in human cells. HOPX downstream targets were identified in CRC cell lines and hold promise as candidates for therapeutic targets of CRC, such as EphA2 or AP-1. Further analysis will elucidate and confirm the precise role of such proteins in CRC progression.
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110
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Vanharanta S, Massagué J. Origins of metastatic traits. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:410-21. [PMID: 24135279 PMCID: PMC3998120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How cancer cells acquire the competence to colonize distant organs remains a central question in cancer biology. Tumors can release large numbers of cancer cells into the circulation, but only a small proportion of these cells survive on infiltrating distant organs and even fewer form clinically meaningful metastases. During the past decade, many predictive gene signatures and specific mediators of metastasis have been identified, yet how cancer cells acquire these traits has remained obscure. Recent experimental work and high-resolution sequencing of human tissues have started to reveal the molecular and tumor evolutionary principles that underlie the emergence of metastatic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Correspondence:
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111
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Kovářová D, Plachý J, Kosla J, Trejbalová K, Čermák V, Hejnar J. Downregulation of HOPX Controls Metastatic Behavior in Sarcoma Cells and Identifies Genes Associated with Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1235-47. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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112
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Abstract
The work by Cheung and colleagues, in this issue of Cancer Cell, demonstrates another example of how lineage-specific transcriptional regulators of differentiation, GATA6 and HOPX, can control the fate of lung adenocarcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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