On the HSAB based estimate of charge transfer between adsorbates and metal surfaces

Sugar based N,N'-didodecyl-N,N'digluconamideethylenediamine gemini surfactant as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 3.5% NaCl solution-effect of synergistic KI additive

The inhibitory behaviour of non-ionic sugar based N,N'-didodecyl-N,N'-digluconamideethylenediamine gemini surfactant, designated as Glu(12)-2-Glu(12) on mild steel (MS) corrosion in 3.5% NaCl at 30-60 °C was explored using weight loss, PDP, EIS and SEM/EDAX/AFM techniques. The compound inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in 3.5% NaCl and the extent of inhibition was dependent on concentration and temperature. The inhibiting action of Glu(12)-2-Glu(12) is synergistically enhanced on addition of potassium iodide (KI) at all concentrations and temperatures. The inhibiting formulation comprising of 2.5 × 10-3 mM of Glu(12)-2-Glu(12) and 10 mM of KI exhibits an inhibition efficiency of 96.9% at 60 °C. Quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation were applied to analyze the experimental data and elucidate the adsorption behaviour and inhibition mechanism of inhibitors. MD simulation showed a nearly parallel or flat disposition for Glu(12)-2-Glu(12) molecules on the MS surface providing larger blocking area to prevent the metal surface from corrosion.

Experimental and theoretical investigation on corrosion inhibitive properties of steel rebar by a newly designed environmentally friendly inhibitor formula

In order to mitigate the corrosion of steel rebar in concrete, a new environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor formula (WKI) was designed and the corrosion inhibitive effects of WKI on steel rebar were studied by gravimetric method, electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and Mott–Schottky scanning in simulated concrete pore solution. Furthermore, surface analysis and quantum chemical calculations were conducted in order to illustrate the corrosion inhibitive mechanism. The results indicate that WKI exhibits excellent corrosion inhibitive activities on steel rebar in simulated concrete pore solution. By the presence of WKI, local corrosion was significantly suppressed and no pitting could be detected during the whole experimental period. The total corrosion resistance was increased from 5469 Ω cm² to 64 440 Ω cm² and the corrosion current density was reduced from 3.23 μA cm⁻² to 0.21 μA cm⁻² for the sample immersed in the corrosion medium for 7 d with WKI. The corrosion potential of the steel rebar electrode moved to a higher level and the charge transfer resistance increased, indicating that the anti-corrosion properties of the steel rebar were enhanced. The corrosion inhibitive mechanism of WKI can be attributed to the fact that it can promote the formation of a passive film and reduce its defect concentration via its adsorption and interaction with the metal surface, consequently inhibiting the corrosion of steel rebar caused by chloride ions.

A new corrosion inhibitor formula was designed and the inhibitive mechanism was analyzed based on HSAB theory and the PDM model.

Corrosion inhibition performance of newly synthesized 5-alkoxymethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution: experimental, DFT and Monte Carlo simulation studies

Three new organic compounds primarily based on 8-hydroxyquinoline have been successfully synthesized and characterized via different spectroscopic methods (FTIR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR).

Newly synthesized quercetin derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1 M HCl: combined experimental and theoretical investigation

To evaluate the corrosion inhibition efficacy of the derivatives of naturally available organics, mono and di-4-((2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl derivatives of quercetin, a flavonoid, have been synthesized.

Synthesis, characterization and corrosion inhibition potential of two novel Schiff bases on mild steel in acidic medium

This study reports the synthesis of new Schiff bases namely 5-((4-chloro-3-nitrophenylimino)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidineamino)-4-nitrophenol using solid–liquid phase equilibrium diagram and their characterization.

Novel Schiff-base molecules as efficient corrosion inhibitors for mild steel surface in 1 M HCl medium: experimental and theoretical approach

In order to evaluate the effect of the functional group present in the ligand backbone towards corrosion inhibition performances, three Schiff-base molecules namely, (E)-4-((2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)methyl)pyridine (L(1)), (E)-4-(2-(pyridin-4-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)benzonitrile (L(2)) and (E)-4-((2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)methyl)phenol (L(3)) were synthesized and used as corrosion inhibitors on mild steel in 1 M HCl medium. The corrosion inhibition effectiveness of the studied inhibitors was investigated by weight loss and several sophisticated analytical tools such as potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Experimentally obtained results revealed that corrosion inhibition efficiencies followed the sequence: L(3) > L(1) > L(2). Electrochemical findings showed that inhibitors impart high resistance towards charge transfer across the metal-electrolyte interface and behaved as mixed type inhibitors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also employed to examine the protective film formed on the mild steel surface. The adsorption as well as inhibition ability of the inhibitor molecules on the mild steel surface was investigated by quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. In quantum chemical calculations, geometry optimized structures of the Schiff-base inhibitors, electron density distribution in HOMO and LUMO and Fukui indices of each atom were employed for their possible mode of interaction with the mild steel surfaces. MD simulations revealed that all the inhibitors molecules adsorbed in parallel orientation with respect to the Fe(110) surface.

Aun (n = 1,11) Clusters Interacting With Lone-Pair Ligands

We analyze the pattern of binding energies (BEs) of small Aun clusters (n = 1-7, 11) with lone-pair ligands (L = H2O, SH2, NH3, PH3, PF3, PCl3, and PMe3) employing the density functional theory. We use PBE0 functional with the dispersion correction and scalar relativistic effective core potential. This approach provides correct BEs when compared with benchmark CCSD(T) calculations for Au-L and Au2-L complexes. The pattern of BEs of Aun-L complexes is irregular with BE for Au3 ≈ Au4 > Au2 > Au7 > Au5 > Au11 > Au6 > Au1. Electron affinities (EAs) of Aun clusters exhibit oscillatory pattern with the cluster size. Binding energies of Aun-L complexes are oscillatory as well following EAs of Aun clusters. BEs of odd and even Aun-L complexes were analyzed separately. The bonding mechanism in odd Aun-L complexes is dominated by the lone pair → metal electron donation to the singly occupied valence Aun orbital accompanied by the back-donation. Even Aun clusters create covalent Aun-L bonds with BEs higher than those in odd Aun-L complexes. The BEs pattern and optimized geometries of Aun-L complexes correspond to the picture of creating the gold-ligand bond through the lone pair of a ligand interacting with the singly occupied molecular orbital in odd clusters or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in even clusters of Aun. Ligands in both odd and even Aun-L complexes form three groups with binding energies that correlate with their ionization energies. The lowest BE is calculated for H2O as a ligand, followed by SH2 and NH3. PX3 ligands exhibit highest BEs.

Controlling the Adsorption of Aromatic Compounds on Pt(111) with Oxygenate Substituents: From DFT to Simple Molecular Descriptors

Aromatic chemistry on metallic surfaces is involved in many processes within the contexts of biomass valorization, pollutant degradation, or corrosion protection. Albeit theoretically and experimentally challenging, knowing the structure and the stability of aromatic compounds on such surfaces is essential to understand their properties. To gain insights on this topic, we performed periodic ab initio calculations on Pt(111) to determine a set of simple molecular descriptors that predict both the stability and the structure of aromatic adsorbates substituted with alkyl and alkoxy (or hydroxy) groups. While the van der Waals (vdW) interaction is controlled by the molecular weight and the deformation energy by both the nature and the relative position of the substituents to the surface, the chemical bonding can be correlated to the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) interaction energy. This work gives general insights on the interaction of aromatic compounds with the Pt(111) surface.

Synergistic inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in 0.5 M HCl solution by indigo carmine and some cationic organic compounds: experimental and theoretical studies

The synergistic corrosion inhibition effect of indigo carmine and three kinds of cationic organic compounds on 1045 carbon steel (CS) in 0.5 M HCl solution is reported.

Ab initio modeling of the bonding of benzotriazole corrosion inhibitor to reduced and oxidized copper surfaces

The bonding of benzotriazole-an outstanding corrosion inhibitor for copper-on reduced and oxidized copper surfaces is discussed on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Calculations reveal that benzotriazole is able to bond with oxide-free and oxidized copper surfaces and on both of them it bonds significantly stronger to coordinatively unsaturated Cu sites. This suggests that benzotriazole is able to passivate the reactive under-coordinated surface sites that are plausible microscopic sites for corrosion attack. Benzotriazole can adsorb in a variety of different forms, yet it forms a strong molecule-surface bond only in deprotonated form. The bonding is even stronger when the deprotonated form is incorporated into organometallic adcomplexes. This is consistent with existing experimental evidence that benzotriazole inhibits corrosion by forming protective organometallic complexes. It is further shown that adsorption of benzotriazole considerably reduces the metal work function, which is a consequence of a large permanent molecular dipole and a properly oriented adsorption structure. It is argued that such a pronounced effect on the work function might be relevant for corrosion inhibition, because it should diminish the anodic corrosion reaction, which is consistent with existing experimental evidence that benzotriazole, although a mixed type inhibitor, predominantly affects the anodic reaction.

A theoretical approach to understand the inhibition mechanism of steel corrosion with two aminobenzonitrile inhibitors

The adsorption behavior and corresponding inhibition mechanism of two aminobenzonitrile derivatives in aqueous acidic medium on steel surfaces have been investigated using quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

Experimental and theoretical studies on the corrosion inhibition performance of 4-amino-N,N-di-(2-pyridylmethyl)-aniline on mild steel in hydrochloric acid

Evaluate the inhibition properties of a pyridine derivative with more than one pyridine ring, 4-amino-N,N-di-(2-pyridylmethyl)-aniline, on mild steel in HCl.

Critical study of the charge transfer parameter for the calculation of interaction energy using the local hard-soft acid-base principle

Local hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) principle is semiquantitative in nature due to the presence of an ad hoc charge transfer parameter. The accuracy of HSAB principle significantly depends on the definition of this ad hoc parameter. In this paper, for the first time we have introduced the second-order approximation of ΔN (ΔNsecond) as an ad hoc parameter for charge transfer to calculate interaction energies of multiple site based interactions using local hard soft acid base principle. The second-order approximation of ΔN has been derived from Sanderson's electronegativity equalization principle. To validate our approach, we have studied interaction energies of some prototype molecules. The interaction energies obtained from our approach have been further compared with the interaction energies of those obtained using other charge transfer parameters (ΔNfirst and λ) and the conventional methods. We have also discussed the advantages and limitations of the approach.