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Abstract
Cellular iron homeostasis is regulated by post-transcriptional feedback mechanisms, which control the expression of proteins involved in iron uptake, release and storage. Two cytoplasmic proteins with mRNA-binding properties, iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) play a central role in this regulation. Foremost, IRPs regulate ferritin H and ferritin L translation and thus iron storage, as well as transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) mRNA stability, thereby adjusting receptor expression and iron uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis of iron-loaded transferrin. In addition splice variants of iron transporters for import and export at the plasma-membrane, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin are regulated by IRPs. These mechanisms have probably evolved to maintain the cytoplasmic labile iron pool (LIP) at an appropriate level. In certain tissues, the regulation exerted by IRPs influences iron homeostasis and utilization of the entire organism. In intestine, the control of ferritin expression limits intestinal iron absorption and, thus, whole body iron levels. In bone marrow, erythroid heme biosynthesis is coordinated with iron availability through IRP-mediated translational control of erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase mRNA. Moreover, the translational control of HIF2α mRNA in kidney by IRP1 coordinates erythropoietin synthesis with iron and oxygen supply. Besides IRPs, body iron absorption is negatively regulated by hepcidin. This peptide hormone, synthesized and secreted by the liver in response to high serum iron, downregulates ferroportin at the protein level and thereby limits iron absorption from the diet. Hepcidin will not be discussed in further detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas C Kühn
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, EPFL_SV_ISREC, Room SV2516, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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102
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Xu W, Barrientos T, Mao L, Rockman HA, Sauve AA, Andrews NC. Lethal Cardiomyopathy in Mice Lacking Transferrin Receptor in the Heart. Cell Rep 2015; 13:533-545. [PMID: 26456827 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Both iron overload and iron deficiency have been associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure, but cardiac iron utilization is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the transferrin receptor (Tfr1) might play a role in cardiac iron uptake and used gene targeting to examine the role of Tfr1 in vivo. Surprisingly, we found that decreased iron, due to inactivation of Tfr1, was associated with severe cardiac consequences. Mice lacking Tfr1 in the heart died in the second week of life and had cardiomegaly, poor cardiac function, failure of mitochondrial respiration, and ineffective mitophagy. The phenotype could only be rescued by aggressive iron therapy, but it was ameliorated by administration of nicotinamide riboside, an NAD precursor. Our findings underscore the importance of both Tfr1 and iron in the heart, and may inform therapy for patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Tomasa Barrientos
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Lan Mao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Anthony A Sauve
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nancy C Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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103
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Lill R, Srinivasan V, Mühlenhoff U. The role of mitochondria in cytosolic-nuclear iron–sulfur protein biogenesis and in cellular iron regulation. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 22:111-9. [PMID: 25460804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are indispensable in eukaryotes because of their function in the maturation of cytosolic and nuclear iron–sulfur proteins that are essential for DNA synthesis and repair, tRNA modification, and protein translation. The mitochondrial Fe/S cluster assembly machinery not only generates the organelle's iron–sulfur proteins, but also extra-mitochondrial ones. Biogenesis of the latter proteins requires the mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1 that exports a sulfur-containing compound in a glutathione-dependent fashion. The process is further assisted by the cytosolic iron–sulfur protein assembly machinery. Here, we discuss the knowns and unknowns of the mitochondrial export process that is also crucial for signaling the cellular iron status to the regulatory systems involved in the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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104
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The novel mitochondrial iron chelator 5-((methylamino)methyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline protects against mitochondrial-induced oxidative damage and neuronal death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:787-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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105
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Paul VD, Mühlenhoff U, Stümpfig M, Seebacher J, Kugler KG, Renicke C, Taxis C, Gavin AC, Pierik AJ, Lill R. The deca-GX3 proteins Yae1-Lto1 function as adaptors recruiting the ABC protein Rli1 for iron-sulfur cluster insertion. eLife 2015; 4:e08231. [PMID: 26182403 PMCID: PMC4523923 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins are involved in many essential pathways including translation and DNA maintenance. Their maturation requires the cytosolic Fe-S protein assembly (CIA) machinery. To identify new CIA proteins we employed systematic protein interaction approaches and discovered the essential proteins Yae1 and Lto1 as binding partners of the CIA targeting complex. Depletion of Yae1 or Lto1 results in defective Fe-S maturation of the ribosome-associated ABC protein Rli1, but surprisingly no other tested targets. Yae1 and Lto1 facilitate Fe-S cluster assembly on Rli1 in a chain of binding events. Lto1 uses its conserved C-terminal tryptophan for binding the CIA targeting complex, the deca-GX3 motifs in both Yae1 and Lto1 facilitate their complex formation, and Yae1 recruits Rli1. Human YAE1D1 and the cancer-related ORAOV1 can replace their yeast counterparts demonstrating evolutionary conservation. Collectively, the Yae1-Lto1 complex functions as a target-specific adaptor that recruits apo-Rli1 to the generic CIA machinery. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08231.001 Many proteins depend on small molecules called cofactors to be able to perform their roles in cells. One class of proteins—the iron-sulfur proteins—contain cofactors that are made of clusters of iron and sulfide ions. In yeast, humans and other eukaryotes, the clusters are assembled and incorporated into their target proteins by a group of assembly factors called the CIA machinery. Several components of the CIA machinery have previously been identified and most of them appear to be core components that are needed to assemble many different proteins in cells. Since these iron-sulfur proteins are involved in important processes such as the production of proteins and the maintenance of DNA, losing of any of these CIA proteins tends to be lethal to the organism. Paul et al. used several ‘proteomic’ techniques to study the assembly of iron-sulfur proteins in yeast and identified two new proteins called Yae1 and Lto1 that are involved in this process. Unlike other CIA proteins, Yae1 and Lto1 are only required for the assembly of just one particular iron-sulfur protein called Rli1, which is essential for the production of proteins. Most newly made iron-sulfur proteins can bind directly to a group of CIA proteins called the CIA targeting complex, but Rli1 cannot. The experiments show that Lto1 binds to both the CIA targeting complex and to Yae1, which in turn recruits the Rli1 to the CIA complex. Paul et al. also show that humans have proteins that are very similar to Yae1 and Lto1. Inserting the human counterparts of Yae1 and Lto1 into yeast lacking these proteins could fully restore the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters into Rli1. This suggests that Yae1 and Lto1 proteins evolved in the common ancestors of fungi and humans and have changed little since. Taken together, Paul et al.'s findings reveal that Yae1 and Lto1 act as adaptors that link the rest of the CIA machinery to their specific target protein Rli1 in yeast and humans. A future challenge is to find out the three-dimensional structures of Yae1 and Lto1 to better understand how these proteins work and interact. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08231.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Désirée Paul
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Stümpfig
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Seebacher
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl G Kugler
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Renicke
- Fachbereich Biologie/Genetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christof Taxis
- Fachbereich Biologie/Genetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonio J Pierik
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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106
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Lill R, Dutkiewicz R, Freibert SA, Heidenreich T, Mascarenhas J, Netz DJ, Paul VD, Pierik AJ, Richter N, Stümpfig M, Srinivasan V, Stehling O, Mühlenhoff U. The role of mitochondria and the CIA machinery in the maturation of cytosolic and nuclear iron–sulfur proteins. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:280-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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107
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Compartmentalization of iron between mitochondria and the cytosol and its regulation. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:292-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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108
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The Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Protein MMS19 Regulates Transcriptional Gene Silencing, DNA Repair, and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129137. [PMID: 26053632 PMCID: PMC4459967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MMS19 is an essential component of the cytoplasmic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly complex in fungi and mammals; the mms19 null mutant alleles are lethal. Our study demonstrates that MMS19/MET18 in Arabidopsis thaliana interacts with the cytoplasmic Fe-S cluster assembly complex but is not an essential component of the complex. We find that MMS19 also interacts with the catalytic subunits of DNA polymerases, which have been demonstrated to be involved in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), DNA repair, and flowering time regulation. Our results indicate that MMS19 has a similar biological function, suggesting a functional link between MMS19 and DNA polymerases. In the mms19 null mutant, the assembly of Fe-S clusters on the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α is reduced but not blocked, which is consistent with the viability of the mutant. Our study suggests that MMS19 assists the assembly of Fe-S clusters on DNA polymerases in the cytosol, thereby facilitating transcriptional gene silencing, DNA repair, and flowering time control.
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109
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Fuss JO, Tsai CL, Ishida JP, Tainer JA. Emerging critical roles of Fe-S clusters in DNA replication and repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1853:1253-71. [PMID: 25655665 PMCID: PMC4576882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fe-S clusters are partners in the origin of life that predate cells, acetyl-CoA metabolism, DNA, and the RNA world. The double helix solved the mystery of DNA replication by base pairing for accurate copying. Yet, for genome stability necessary to life, the double helix has equally important implications for damage repair. Here we examine striking advances that uncover Fe-S cluster roles both in copying the genetic sequence by DNA polymerases and in crucial repair processes for genome maintenance, as mutational defects cause cancer and degenerative disease. Moreover, we examine an exciting, controversial role for Fe-S clusters in a third element required for life - the long-range coordination and regulation of replication and repair events. By their ability to delocalize electrons over both Fe and S centers, Fe-S clusters have unbeatable features for protein conformational control and charge transfer via double-stranded DNA that may fundamentally transform our understanding of life, replication, and repair. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill O Fuss
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Chi-Lin Tsai
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Justin P Ishida
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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110
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Ordog T, Zörnig M, Hayashi Y. Targeting Disease Persistence in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:702-7. [PMID: 25934947 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED SummaryGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent 20%-40% of human sarcomas. Although approximately half of GISTs are cured by surgery, prognosis of advanced disease used to be poor due to the high resistance of these tumors to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. The introduction of molecularly targeted therapy (e.g., with imatinib mesylate) following the discovery of the role of oncogenic mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and platelet-derived growth factor α (PDGFRA) significantly increased patient survival. However, GIST cells persist in 95%-97% of imatinib-treated patients who eventually progress and die of the disease because of the emergence of clones with drug-resistant mutations. Because these secondary mutations are highly heterogeneous, even second- and third-line drugs that are effective against certain genotypes have only moderately increased progression-free survival. Consequently, alternative strategies such as targeting molecular mechanisms underlying disease persistence should be considered. We reviewed recently discovered cell-autonomous and microenvironmental mechanisms that could promote the survival of GIST cells in the presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. We particularly focused on the potential role of adult precursors for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), the normal counterpart of GISTs. ICC precursors share phenotypic characteristics with cells that emerge in a subset of patients treated with imatinib and in young patients with GIST characterized by loss of succinate dehydrogenase complex proteins and lack of KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Eradication of residual GIST cells and cure of GIST will likely require individualized combinations of several approaches tailored to tumor genotype and phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are one of the most common connective tissue cancers. Most GISTs that cannot be cured by surgery respond to molecularly targeted therapy (e.g., with imatinib); however, tumor cells persist in almost all patients and eventually acquire drug-resistant mutations. Several mechanisms contribute to the survival of GIST cells in the presence of imatinib, including the activation of "escape" mechanisms and the selection of stem-like cells that are not dependent on the expression of the drug targets for survival. Eradication of residual GIST cells and cure of GIST will likely require individualized combinations of several approaches tailored to the genetic makeup and other characteristics of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Ordog
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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111
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Duodenal cytochrome b (DCYTB) in iron metabolism: an update on function and regulation. Nutrients 2015; 7:2274-96. [PMID: 25835049 PMCID: PMC4425144 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and ascorbate are vital cellular constituents in mammalian systems. The bulk-requirement for iron is during erythropoiesis leading to the generation of hemoglobin-containing erythrocytes. Additionally, both iron and ascorbate are required as co-factors in numerous metabolic reactions. Iron homeostasis is controlled at the level of uptake, rather than excretion. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that in addition to the known ability of dietary ascorbate to enhance non-heme iron absorption in the gut, ascorbate regulates iron homeostasis. The involvement of ascorbate in dietary iron absorption extends beyond the direct chemical reduction of non-heme iron by dietary ascorbate. Among other activities, intra-enterocyte ascorbate appears to be involved in the provision of electrons to a family of trans-membrane redox enzymes, namely those of the cytochrome b561 class. These hemoproteins oxidize a pool of ascorbate on one side of the membrane in order to reduce an electron acceptor (e.g., non-heme iron) on the opposite side of the membrane. One member of this family, duodenal cytochrome b (DCYTB), may play an important role in ascorbate-dependent reduction of non-heme iron in the gut prior to uptake by ferrous-iron transporters. This review discusses the emerging relationship between cellular iron homeostasis, the emergent “IRP1-HIF2α axis”, DCYTB and ascorbate in relation to iron metabolism.
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112
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Schwamb B, Pick R, Fernández SBM, Völp K, Heering J, Dötsch V, Bösser S, Jung J, Beinoraviciute-Kellner R, Wesely J, Zörnig I, Hammerschmidt M, Nowak M, Penzel R, Zatloukal K, Joos S, Rieker RJ, Agaimy A, Söder S, Reid-Lombardo KM, Kendrick ML, Bardsley MR, Hayashi Y, Asuzu DT, Syed SA, Ordog T, Zörnig M. FAM96A is a novel pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1318-29. [PMID: 25716227 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to escape apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer-initiating cells and a key factor of resistance to oncolytic therapy. Here, we identify FAM96A as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved apoptosome-activating protein and investigate its potential pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor function in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Interaction between FAM96A and apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF1) was identified in yeast two-hybrid screen and further studied by deletion mutants, glutathione-S-transferase pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Effects of FAM96A overexpression and knock-down on apoptosis sensitivity were examined in cancer cells and zebrafish embryos. Expression of FAM96A in GISTs and histogenetically related cells including interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), "fibroblast-like cells" (FLCs) and ICC stem cells (ICC-SCs) was investigated by Northern blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. Tumorigenicity of GIST cells and transformed murine ICC-SCs stably transduced to re-express FAM96A was studied by xeno- and allografting into immunocompromised mice. FAM96A was found to bind APAF1 and to enhance the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. FAM96A protein or mRNA was dramatically reduced or lost in 106 of 108 GIST samples representing three independent patient cohorts. Whereas ICCs, ICC-SCs and FLCs, the presumed normal counterparts of GIST, were found to robustly express FAM96A protein and mRNA, FAM96A expression was much reduced in tumorigenic ICC-SCs. Re-expression of FAM96A in GIST cells and transformed ICC-SCs increased apoptosis sensitivity and diminished tumorigenicity. Our data suggest FAM96A is a novel pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor that is lost during GIST tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schwamb
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Pick
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sara Beatriz Mateus Fernández
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kirsten Völp
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Bösser
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rasa Beinoraviciute-Kellner
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josephine Wesely
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Inka Zörnig
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Nowak
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Penzel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, Graz, a-8036, Austria
| | - Stefan Joos
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DKFZ (B060), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Joachim Rieker
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Söder
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael R Bardsley
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - David T Asuzu
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sabriya A Syed
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Center for Individualized Medicine and Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
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113
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Mena NP, Urrutia PJ, Lourido F, Carrasco CM, Núñez MT. Mitochondrial iron homeostasis and its dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrion 2015; 21:92-105. [PMID: 25667951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the iron-containing prosthetic groups-heme and iron-sulfur clusters-occurs in mitochondria. The mitochondrion is also an important producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are derived from electrons leaking from the electron transport chain. The coexistence of both ROS and iron in the secluded space of the mitochondrion makes this organelle particularly prone to oxidative damage. Here, we review the elements that configure mitochondrial iron homeostasis and discuss the principles of iron-mediated ROS generation in mitochondria. We also review the evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington Disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and in particular Parkinson's disease. We postulate that a positive feedback loop of mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and ROS production accounts for the process of cell death in various neurodegenerative diseases in which these features are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Mena
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela J Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Lourido
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos M Carrasco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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114
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Lane DJR, Merlot AM, Huang MLH, Bae DH, Jansson PJ, Sahni S, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Cellular iron uptake, trafficking and metabolism: Key molecules and mechanisms and their roles in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1130-44. [PMID: 25661197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a crucial transition metal for virtually all life. Two major destinations of iron within mammalian cells are the cytosolic iron-storage protein, ferritin, and mitochondria. In mitochondria, iron is utilized in critical anabolic pathways, including: iron-storage in mitochondrial ferritin, heme synthesis, and iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis. Although the pathways involved in ISC synthesis in the mitochondria and cytosol have begun to be characterized, many crucial details remain unknown. In this review, we discuss major aspects of the journey of iron from its initial cellular uptake, its modes of trafficking within cells, to an overview of its downstream utilization in the cytoplasm and within mitochondria. The understanding of mitochondrial iron processing and its communication with other organelles/subcellular locations, such as the cytosol, has been elucidated by the analysis of certain diseases e.g., Friedreich's ataxia. Increased knowledge of the molecules and their mechanisms of action in iron processing pathways (e.g., ISC biogenesis) will shape the investigation of iron metabolism in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J R Lane
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - A M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - M L-H Huang
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D-H Bae
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - P J Jansson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - S Sahni
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D S Kalinowski
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D R Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Paul VD, Lill R. Biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur proteins and their role in genome stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1528-39. [PMID: 25583461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are versatile protein cofactors that require numerous components for their synthesis and insertion into apoproteins. In eukaryotes, maturation of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins is accomplished by cooperation of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly and export machineries, and the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly (CIA) system. Currently, nine CIA proteins are known to specifically assist the two major steps of the biogenesis reaction. They are essential for cell viability and conserved from yeast to man. The essential character of this biosynthetic process is explained by the involvement of Fe-S proteins in central processes of life, e.g., protein translation and numerous steps of nuclear DNA metabolism such as DNA replication and repair. Malfunctioning of these latter Fe-S enzymes leads to genome instability, a hallmark of cancer. This review is focused on the maturation and biological function of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins, a topic of central interest for both basic and medical research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Désirée Paul
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie SynMikro, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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116
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Mammalian iron-sulphur proteins: novel insights into biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 16:45-55. [PMID: 25425402 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulphur (Fe-S) clusters are inorganic cofactors that are found in nearly all species and are composed of various combinations of iron and sulphur atoms. Fe-S clusters can accept or donate single electrons to carry out oxidation and reduction reactions and to facilitate electron transport. Many details of how these complex modular structures are assembled and ligated to cellular proteins in the mitochondrial, nuclear and cytosolic compartments of mammalian cells remain unclear. Recent evidence indicates that a Leu-Tyr-Arg (LYR) tripeptide motif found in some Fe-S recipient proteins may facilitate the direct and shielded transfer of Fe-S clusters from a scaffold to client proteins. Fe-S clusters are probably an unrecognized and elusive cofactor of many known proteins.
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Anwar S, Dikhit MR, Singh KP, Kar RK, Zaidi A, Sahoo GC, Roy AK, Nozaki T, Das P, Ali V. Interaction between Nbp35 and Cfd1 proteins of cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly reveals a stable complex formation in Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108971. [PMID: 25271645 PMCID: PMC4182839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) proteins are involved in many biological functions such as electron transport, photosynthesis, regulation of gene expression and enzymatic activities. Biosynthesis and transfer of Fe-S clusters depend on Fe-S clusters assembly processes such as ISC, SUF, NIF, and CIA systems. Unlike other eukaryotes which possess ISC and CIA systems, amitochondriate Entamoeba histolytica has retained NIF & CIA systems for Fe-S cluster assembly in the cytosol. In the present study, we have elucidated interaction between two proteins of E. histolytica CIA system, Cytosolic Fe-S cluster deficient 1 (Cfd1) protein and Nucleotide binding protein 35 (Nbp35). In-silico analysis showed that structural regions ranging from amino acid residues (P33-K35, G131-V135 and I147-E151) of Nbp35 and (G5-V6, M34-D39 and G46-A52) of Cfd1 are involved in the formation of protein-protein complex. Furthermore, Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations study suggested that hydrophobic forces surpass over hydrophilic forces between Nbp35 and Cfd1 and Van-der-Waal interaction plays crucial role in the formation of stable complex. Both proteins were separately cloned, expressed as recombinant fusion proteins in E. coli and purified to homogeneity by affinity column chromatography. Physical interaction between Nbp35 and Cfd1 proteins was confirmed in vitro by co-purification of recombinant Nbp35 with thrombin digested Cfd1 and in vivo by pull down assay and immunoprecipitation. The insilico, in vitro as well as in vivo results prove a stable interaction between these two proteins, supporting the possibility of its involvement in Fe-S cluster transfer to target apo-proteins through CIA machinery in E. histolytica. Our study indicates that initial synthesis of a Fe-S precursor in mitochondria is not necessary for the formation of Cfd1-Nbp35 complex. Thus, Cfd1 and Nbp35 with the help of cytosolic NifS and NifU proteins can participate in the maturation of non-mitosomal Fe-S proteins without any apparent assistance of mitosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Anwar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- Department of Biomedical Informatics Centre, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Kar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics Centre, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
| | - Amir Zaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics Centre, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
| | | | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agam-kuan, Patna, India
- * E-mail:
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Maio N, Rouault TA. Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in mammalian cells: New insights into the molecular mechanisms of cluster delivery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1493-512. [PMID: 25245479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ancient, ubiquitous cofactors composed of iron and inorganic sulfur. The combination of the chemical reactivity of iron and sulfur, together with many variations of cluster composition, oxidation states and protein environments, enables Fe-S clusters to participate in numerous biological processes. Fe-S clusters are essential to redox catalysis in nitrogen fixation, mitochondrial respiration and photosynthesis, to regulatory sensing in key metabolic pathways (i.e. cellular iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response), and to the replication and maintenance of the nuclear genome. Fe-S cluster biogenesis is a multistep process that involves a complex sequence of catalyzed protein-protein interactions and coupled conformational changes between the components of several dedicated multimeric complexes. Intensive studies of the assembly process have clarified key points in the biogenesis of Fe-S proteins. However several critical questions still remain, such as: what is the role of frataxin? Why do some defects of Fe-S cluster biogenesis cause mitochondrial iron overload? How are specific Fe-S recipient proteins recognized in the process of Fe-S transfer? This review focuses on the basic steps of Fe-S cluster biogenesis, drawing attention to recent advances achieved on the identification of molecular features that guide selection of specific subsets of nascent Fe-S recipients by the cochaperone HSC20. Additionally, it outlines the distinctive phenotypes of human diseases due to mutations in the components of the basic pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA.
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119
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Lukeš J, Basu S. Fe/S protein biogenesis in trypanosomes - A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1481-92. [PMID: 25196712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of the African sleeping sickness of humans, and other kinetoplastid flagellates belong to the eukarytotic supergroup Excavata. This early-branching model protist is known for a broad range of unique features. As it is amenable to most techniques of forward and reverse genetics, T. brucei was subject to several studies of its iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein biogenesis and thus represents the best studied excavate eukaryote. Here we review what is known about the Fe/S protein biogenesis of T. brucei, and focus especially on the comparative and evolutionary interesting aspects. We also explore the connections between the well-known and quite conserved ISC and CIA machineries and the tRNA thiolation pathway. Moreover, the Fe/S cluster protein biogenesis is dissected in the procyclic stage of T. brucei which has an active mitochondrion, as well as in its pathogenic bloodstream stage with a metabolically repressed organelle. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
| | - Somsuvro Basu
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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120
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Basu S, Netz DJ, Haindrich AC, Herlerth N, Lagny TJ, Pierik AJ, Lill R, Lukeš J. Cytosolic iron-sulphur protein assembly is functionally conserved and essential in procyclic and bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:897-910. [PMID: 25040552 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulphur (Fe/S) proteins include essential components involved in protein translation, DNA synthesis and DNA repair. In yeast and human cells, assembly of their Fe/S cofactor is accomplished by the CIA (cytosolic iron-sulphur protein assembly) machinery comprised of some 10 proteins. To investigate the extent of conservation of the CIA pathway, we examined its importance in the early-branching eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei that encodes all known CIA factors. Upon RNAi-mediated ablation of individual, early-acting CIA proteins, no major defects were observed in both procyclic and bloodstream stages. In contrast, parallel depletion of two CIA components was lethal, and severely diminished cytosolic aconitase activity lending support for a direct role of the CIA proteins in cytosolic Fe/S protein biogenesis. In support of this conclusion, the T. brucei CIA proteins complemented the growth defects of their respective yeast CIA depletion mutants. Finally, the T. brucei CIA factor Tah18 was characterized as a flavoprotein, while its binding partner Dre2 functions as a Fe/S protein. Together, our results demonstrate the essential and conserved function of the CIA pathway in cytosolic Fe/S protein assembly in both developmental stages of this representative of supergroup Excavata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsuvro Basu
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, 37005, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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121
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Zhang C. Essential functions of iron-requiring proteins in DNA replication, repair and cell cycle control. Protein Cell 2014; 5:750-60. [PMID: 25000876 PMCID: PMC4180463 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous iron-requiring proteins such as iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins, hemoproteins and ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs). These proteins utilize iron as a cofactor and perform key roles in DNA replication, DNA repair, metabolic catalysis, iron regulation and cell cycle progression. Disruption of iron homeostasis always impairs the functions of these iron-requiring proteins and is genetically associated with diseases characterized by DNA repair defects in mammals. Organisms have evolved multi-layered mechanisms to regulate iron balance to ensure genome stability and cell development. This review briefly provides current perspectives on iron homeostasis in yeast and mammals, and mainly summarizes the most recent understandings on iron-requiring protein functions involved in DNA stability maintenance and cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiguo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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Upadhyay AS, Vonderstein K, Pichlmair A, Stehling O, Bennett KL, Dobler G, Guo JT, Superti-Furga G, Lill R, Överby AK, Weber F. Viperin is an iron-sulfur protein that inhibits genome synthesis of tick-borne encephalitis virus via radical SAM domain activity. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:834-48. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar S. Upadhyay
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology; Umeå University; SE-901 85 Umeå Sweden
| | - Kirstin Vonderstein
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology; Umeå University; SE-901 85 Umeå Sweden
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Austria
- Innate Immunity Laboratory; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried/Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Stehling
- Institute for Cytobiology and Cytopathology; Philipps-University Marburg; D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Keiryn L. Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology; D-80937 Munich Germany
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Doylestown PA 18902 USA
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Roland Lill
- Institute for Cytobiology and Cytopathology; Philipps-University Marburg; D-35032 Marburg Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie; Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10 35043 Marburg Germany
- LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie SynMikro; Hans-Meerwein-Str. 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Anna K. Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology; Umeå University; SE-901 85 Umeå Sweden
- Department of Virology; University Freiburg; D-79008 Freiburg Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Department of Virology; University Freiburg; D-79008 Freiburg Germany
- Institute for Virology; Philipps-University Marburg; D-35043 Marburg Germany
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Netz DJA, Mascarenhas J, Stehling O, Pierik AJ, Lill R. Maturation of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur proteins. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 24:303-12. [PMID: 24314740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins that perform key functions in metabolic catalysis, iron regulation, protein translation, DNA synthesis, and DNA repair. Synthesis of Fe/S clusters and their insertion into apoproteins are essential for viability and are conserved in eukaryotes. The process is catalyzed in two major steps by the CIA (cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly) machinery encompassing nine known proteins. First, a [4Fe-4S] cluster is assembled on a scaffold complex. This step requires a sulfur-containing compound from mitochondria and reducing equivalents from an electron transfer chain. Second, the Fe/S cluster is transferred from the scaffold to specific apoproteins by the CIA targeting complex. This review summarizes our molecular knowledge on CIA protein function during the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daili J A Netz
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Judita Mascarenhas
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stehling
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Antonio J Pierik
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE (Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-Ökonomischer Exzellenz) Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie (SynMikro), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Evolution of the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery in Blastocystis species and other microbial eukaryotes. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 13:143-53. [PMID: 24243793 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00158-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic iron/sulfur cluster assembly (CIA) machinery is responsible for the assembly of cytosolic and nuclear iron/sulfur clusters, cofactors that are vital for all living cells. This machinery is uniquely found in eukaryotes and consists of at least eight proteins in opisthokont lineages, such as animals and fungi. We sought to identify and characterize homologues of the CIA system proteins in the anaerobic stramenopile parasite Blastocystis sp. strain NandII. We identified transcripts encoding six of the components-Cia1, Cia2, MMS19, Nbp35, Nar1, and a putative Tah18-and showed using immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and subcellular fractionation that the last three of them localized to the cytoplasm of the cell. We then used comparative genomic and phylogenetic approaches to investigate the evolutionary history of these proteins. While most Blastocystis homologues branch with their eukaryotic counterparts, the putative Blastocystis Tah18 seems to have a separate evolutionary origin and therefore possibly a different function. Furthermore, our phylogenomic analyses revealed that all eight CIA components described in opisthokonts originated before the diversification of extant eukaryotic lineages and were likely already present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). The Nbp35, Nar1 Cia1, and Cia2 proteins have been conserved during the subsequent evolutionary diversification of eukaryotes and are present in virtually all extant lineages, whereas the other CIA proteins have patchy phylogenetic distributions. Cia2 appears to be homologous to SufT, a component of the prokaryotic sulfur utilization factors (SUF) system, making this the first reported evolutionary link between the CIA and any other Fe/S biogenesis pathway. All of our results suggest that the CIA machinery is an ubiquitous biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotes, but its apparent plasticity in composition raises questions regarding how it functions in nonmodel organisms and how it interfaces with various iron/sulfur cluster systems (i.e., the iron/sulfur cluster, nitrogen fixation, and/or SUF system) found in eukaryotic cells.
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Reverse PCA, a systematic approach for identifying genes important for the physical interaction between protein pairs. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003838. [PMID: 24130505 PMCID: PMC3794912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are of central importance for many areas of biological research. Several complementary high-throughput technologies have been developed to study PPIs. The wealth of information that emerged from these technologies led to the first maps of the protein interactomes of several model organisms. Many changes can occur in protein complexes as a result of genetic and biochemical perturbations. In the absence of a suitable assay, such changes are difficult to identify, and thus have been poorly characterized. In this study, we present a novel genetic approach (termed “reverse PCA”) that allows the identification of genes whose products are required for the physical interaction between two given proteins. Our assay starts with a yeast strain in which the interaction between two proteins of interest can be detected by resistance to the drug, methotrexate, in the context of the protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA). Using synthetic genetic array (SGA) technology, we can systematically screen mutant libraries of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify those mutations that disrupt the physical interaction of interest. We were able to successfully validate this novel approach by identifying mutants that dissociate the conserved interaction between Cia2 and Mms19, two proteins involved in Iron-Sulfur protein biogenesis and genome stability. This method will facilitate the study of protein structure-function relationships, and may help in elucidating the mechanisms that regulate PPIs. Protein–protein interactions (PPI) occur when two or more proteins bind together to form large molecular machines. The importance of PPIs led to the development of multitude technologies to detect them, and to the first maps of the protein interactomes. One important challenge in biology is to understand how protein complexes respond to genetic perturbations; however, in the absence of a suitable assay, such changes have been poorly characterized. Here, we present a novel systematic genetic approach (termed “reverse PCA”), that demonstrates how the yeast protein complementation assay (PCA), coupled with the synthetic genetic array (SGA) technology may be used to study the modulation of protein–protein interactions in-vivo in response to genetic perturbations. Our assay starts with a yeast strain in which the interaction between given proteins can be detected by resistance to the drug, methotrexate. Using the SGA technology, we can systematically identify yeast mutants that reverse this interaction. We were able to successfully validate this approach by identifying mutants that dissociate the conserved interaction between Cia2 and Mms19, two proteins involved in Iron-Sulfur protein biogenesis and genome stability. This method will facilitate the study of protein structure-function relationships, and elucidate the mechanisms that regulate PPIs.
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