101
|
Tadayoni A, Paschall AK, Malayeri AA. Assessing lymph node status in patients with kidney cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:766-773. [PMID: 30456180 PMCID: PMC6212621 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.07.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection of lymph node involvement on pre-operative imaging in patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is critical for determination of disease stage, one of the most significant prognostic factors in RCC. The presence of lymph node involvement in RCC doubles a patient’s risk of distant metastasis and significantly reduces their 5-year survival. Currently, lymph node involvement in patients with RCC is evaluated with numerous modalities, with rapid advancements occurring across these modalities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each modality and utilize sensitivities and specificities to determine the highest performing modalities for accurate lymph node involvement in renal cancer. A comprehensive computer-based literature search of full-length original research English language studies of human subjects with biopsy-proven RCC was performed to evaluate publications on the diagnostic performance of color Doppler sonography (CDS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lymphotrophic nanoparticle enhanced MRI (LNMRI), multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT), F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and PET/CT for evaluation of lymph node status in kidney cancers in articles that were published prior to May 2018. Limited studies were available for evaluating CDS performance for determination of lymph node involvement in renal cancer. While CT is the most common modality for nodal staging, due to its availability and relatively low expense, it did not demonstrate the highest performance of the modalities examined for determination of lymph node status in patients with RCC. Of the modalities examined, MRI demonstrated the highest sensitivity (92–95.7%) for detection of lymph node involvement in RCC. Studies of lymph node involvement in RCC using both MRI and CT indicated that using the current diameter criteria (greater than 1 cm) for determination of positive lymph nodes should be re-evaluated as micro-metastases are frequently overlooked. Studies evaluating lymph node involvement with FDG-PET had the highest specificity (100%), indicating FDG-PET is the preferred modality for confirming lymph node involvement and extent of involvement. However, due to the low sensitivity of FDG-PET, clinicians should be skeptical of negative reports of lymph node involvement in RCC patients. Further studies examining determination of lymph node involvement in renal cancer across modalities are greatly needed, current literature suggests utilizing a combination of MRI and FDG-PET may offer the highest accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Tadayoni
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anna K Paschall
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ashkan A Malayeri
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Ohno Y. Role of systemic inflammatory response markers in urological malignancy. Int J Urol 2018; 26:31-47. [PMID: 30253448 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory response is associated with survival in patients with a variety of cancers. This inflammatory response is measured in the peripheral blood, and can be monitored using two categories of indices: concentration of specific serum proteins (albumin, C-reactive protein) and differential blood cell count (neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets). Furthermore, combinations of these indices, such as the Glasgow Prognostic Score, which consists of the serum C-reactive protein and albumin level; the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; and the prognostic nutritional index, which is based on peripheral blood lymphocyte count and serum albumin level, have also been evaluated and compared in cancer research. To date, there are hundreds of studies that have shown the prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response markers in patients with urological cancer. Most studies have evaluated the prognostic and predictive role of the pretreatment value of the markers, although some have focused on the role of the post-treatment value at specific points during the clinical course. The advantages of systemic inflammatory response markers are that they are easily measurable and inexpensive in the clinical setting. However, it is important to consider how clinicians use these markers in clinical practice. The present review provides a concise overview regarding systemic inflammatory markers in urological cancers, specifically C-reactive protein, Glasgow Prognostic Score/modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ohno
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Bufalin suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3867-3873. [PMID: 30128000 PMCID: PMC6096133 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bufalin, one of the active ingredients of the Chinese drug Chan su, exhibits significant antitumor activity against various cancer types. However, the role of bufalin in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. In the present study, it was demonstrated that bufalin inhibited cell proliferation, blocked the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and reduced the metastasis of human RCC ACHN cells via the upregulation of p21waf/cip1 and E-cadherin and the downregulation of cyclin dependent kinase 1, cyclin B1, N-cadherin, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Further mechanistic study revealed that bufalin reduced the expression of phosphorylated (phospho)-Akt and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Moreover, HIF-1α expression may be regulated through the inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, the present results suggest that bufalin induces cell cycle arrest and suppresses metastasis; this process may be associated with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Accordingly, it is suggested that bufalin is a therapeutic agent for RCC.
Collapse
|
104
|
Cheung SY, Henrot M, Al-Saad M, Baumann M, Muller H, Unger A, Rubaiy HN, Mathar I, Dinkel K, Nussbaumer P, Klebl B, Freichel M, Rode B, Trainor S, Clapcote SJ, Christmann M, Waldmann H, Abbas SK, Beech DJ, Vasudev NS. TRPC4/TRPC5 channels mediate adverse reaction to the cancer cell cytotoxic agent (-)-Englerin A. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29634-29643. [PMID: 30038709 PMCID: PMC6049859 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-Englerin A (EA) is a natural product which has potent cytotoxic effects on renal cell carcinoma cells and other types of cancer cell but not non-cancer cells. Although selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells, adverse reaction in mice and rats has been suggested. EA is a remarkably potent activator of ion channels formed by Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 4 and 5 proteins (TRPC4 and TRPC5) and TRPC4 is essential for EA-mediated cancer cell cytotoxicity. Here we specifically investigated the relevance of TRPC4 and TRPC5 to the adverse reaction. Injection of EA (2 mg.kg-1 i.p.) adversely affected mice for about 1 hour, manifesting as a marked reduction in locomotor activity, after which they fully recovered. TRPC4 and TRPC5 single knockout mice were partially protected and double knockout mice fully protected. TRPC4/TRPC5 double knockout mice were also protected against intravenous injection of EA. Importance of TRPC4/TRPC5 channels was further suggested by pre-administration of Compound 31 (Pico145), a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of TRPC4/TRPC5 channels which did not cause adverse reaction itself but prevented adverse reaction to EA. EA was detected in the plasma but not the brain and so peripheral mechanisms were implicated but not identified. The data confirm the existence of adverse reaction to EA in mice and suggest that it depends on a combination of TRPC4 and TRPC5 which therefore overlaps partially with TRPC4-dependent cancer cell cytotoxicity. The underlying nature of the observed adverse reaction to EA, as a consequence of TRPC4/TRPC5 channel activation, remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sin Ying Cheung
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Matthias Henrot
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Al-Saad
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Heiko Muller
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anke Unger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hussein N Rubaiy
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Ilka Mathar
- Institute of Pharmacology, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Dinkel
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Baptiste Rode
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Sebastian Trainor
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Steven J Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Syed Khawar Abbas
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - David J Beech
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Naveen S Vasudev
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Ge L, Chen W, Cao W, Liu G, Zhang Q, Zhuang J, Zhang M, Yang J, Guo S, Zhao X, Guo H. GCN2 is a potential prognostic biomarker for human papillary renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:395-403. [PMID: 29865032 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Ge
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenmin Cao
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangxiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junlong Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suhan Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhao
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Lyu C, Li W, Liu S, Gao S, Zhang H, Hao L, Yu H, Wei W, Song J, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhang Z, Wang N. Systematic review on the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibition in renal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2018; 14:2207-2221. [PMID: 29726696 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To perform a systematic review of the relevant literature about clinical trials on efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibition, whether it is used alone, in combination or with other targeted therapies in patients with advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), two team members reviewed the abstracts and selected pertinent articles from the relevant databases. A narrative review of randomized controlled trials was performed and seven randomized controlled trials were identified in this systematic review. In treatment of RCC, nivolumab has superior efficacy and safety compared with second-line everolimus. Combination strategies, especially those combined with anti-VEGF agents presents better efficacy but worse outcomes in term of safety than monotherapy and conventional treatment and might guide treatment choice for patients with RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lyu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wenyue Li
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Songcai Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.,Five-Star Animal Health Pharmaceutical Factory of Jilin Province, Changchun, PR China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wenzhen Wei
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
McVeigh TP, Sundar R, Diamantis N, Kaye SB, Banerji U, Lopez JS, de Bono J, van der Graaf WTA, George AJ. The role of genomic profiling in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with advanced cancer participating in phase I clinical trials. Eur J Cancer 2018; 95:20-29. [PMID: 29614442 PMCID: PMC6296443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer between ages 15-39 years may harbour germline variants associated with cancer predisposition. Such variants represent putative therapeutic targets, as may somatic variants in the tumour. Germline and tumour molecular profiling is increasingly utilised to facilitate personalisation of cancer treatment in such individuals. AIM Considering AYAs with advanced solid tumours managed in a specialist drug development unit (DDU), the aims of this study were to investigate the use and impact of: 1. Germline genetic assessment. 2. Tumour molecular profiling. METHODS AYAs treated in the DDU at the Royal Marsden Hospital between 2002 and 2016 were identified from departmental databases. Data regarding clinicopathological features, clinical assessments and germline and tumour genetic testing were retrieved by chart review. RESULTS The study cohort included 219 AYAs. Common cancer types included sarcoma (41, 19%); cervical (27, 12%); breast (25, 11%); ovarian (23, 11%) and colorectal (21, 10%) cancers. Germline testing was undertaken in 34 (16%) patients, 22 of whom carried a pathogenic variant. Using current testing criteria, an additional 32 (15%) would be eligible for germline testing based on their personal history of cancer alone. Tumour testing was undertaken in 46 (21%) individuals. Somatic mutations were commonly identified in TP53 13 (28%); PIK3CA (8, 18%); KRAS (4, 9%) and MET 5 (11%). DISCUSSION A significant proportion of AYAs with advanced cancer have targetable somatic or germline mutations. Consideration of familial risk factors and inclusion of germline testing wherever appropriate can complement tumour testing to optimise patient management and inform management of at-risk relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Nikolaos Diamantis
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Stan B Kaye
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Juanita S Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Drug Development Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Angela J George
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Gynaecology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Vitamin D receptor suppresses proliferation and metastasis in renal cell carcinoma cell lines via regulating the expression of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV5. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195844. [PMID: 29659618 PMCID: PMC5901920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 5 (TRPV5) expression was decreased in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared with that in normal kidney tissues, a finding that was correlated with vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, but further investigations is warranted. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether VDR could regulate the expression of TRPV5 and affect proliferation and metastasis in RCC. In this study, we used lentivirus to conduct the model of VDR overexpression and knockdown caki-1 and 786-O RCC cell lines in vitro. The results demonstrated that VDR overexpression significantly inhibited RCC cells proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis by the MTT, transwell cell migration/invasion and flow cytometry assays, respectively. However, VDR knockdown in RCC cells had the opposite effect. The RNA-sequence assay, which was assessed in caki-1 cells after VDR overexpression and knockdown, also indicated that significantly differentially expressed genes were associated with cell apoptotic, differentiation, proliferation and migration. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that VDR knockdown increased TRPV5 expression and VDR overexpression decreased TRPV5 expression in caki-1 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of TRPV5 expression suppressed the VDR knockdown-induced change in the proliferation, migration and invasion in caki-1 cells. Taken together, these findings confirmed that VDR functions as a tumour suppressor in RCC cells and suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC through regulating the expression of TRPV5.
Collapse
|
109
|
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the kinase subunit of two structurally and functionally distinct large multiprotein complexes, referred to as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. mTORC1 and mTORC2 play key physiological roles as they control anabolic and catabolic processes in response to external cues in a variety of tissues and organs. However, mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities are deregulated in widespread human diseases, including cancer. Cancer cells take advantage of mTOR oncogenic signaling to drive their proliferation, survival, metabolic transformation, and metastatic potential. Therefore, mTOR lends itself very well as a therapeutic target for innovative cancer treatment. mTOR was initially identified as the target of the antibiotic rapamycin that displayed remarkable antitumor activity in vitro Promising preclinical studies using rapamycin and its derivatives (rapalogs) demonstrated efficacy in many human cancer types, hence supporting the launch of numerous clinical trials aimed to evaluate the real effectiveness of mTOR-targeted therapies. However, rapamycin and rapalogs have shown very limited activity in most clinical contexts, also when combined with other drugs. Thus, novel classes of mTOR inhibitors with a stronger antineoplastic potency have been developed. Nevertheless, emerging clinical data suggest that also these novel mTOR-targeting drugs may have a weak antitumor activity. Here, we summarize the current status of available mTOR inhibitors and highlight the most relevant results from both preclinical and clinical studies that have provided valuable insights into both their efficacy and failure.
Collapse
|
110
|
Cazorla-Vázquez S, Engel FB. Adhesion GPCRs in Kidney Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29468160 PMCID: PMC5808184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the fastest growing pathology worldwide with a prevalence of >10% in many countries. In addition, kidney cancer represents 5% of all new diagnosed cancers. As currently no effective therapies exist to restore kidney function after CKD- as well as cancer-induced renal damage, it is important to elucidate new regulators of kidney development and disease as new therapeutic targets. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the most successful class of pharmaceutical targets. In recent years adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs), the second largest GPCR family, gained significant attention as they are present on almost all mammalian cells, are associated to a plethora of diseases and regulate important cellular processes. aGPCRs regulate for example cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell migration, and cell aggregation; all processes that play important roles in kidney development and/or disease. Moreover, polycystin-1, a major regulator of kidney development and disease, contains a GAIN domain, which is otherwise only found in aGPCRs. In this review, we assess the potential of aGPCRs as therapeutic targets for kidney disease. For this purpose we have summarized the available literature and analyzed data from the databases The Human Protein Atlas, EURExpress, Nephroseq, FireBrowse, cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics and the National Cancer Institute Genomic Data Commons data portal (NCIGDC). Our data indicate that most aGPCRs are expressed in different spatio-temporal patterns during kidney development and that altered aGPCR expression is associated with a variety of kidney diseases including CKD, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis as well as renal cell carcinoma. We conclude that aGPCRs present a promising new class of therapeutic targets and/or might be useful as diagnostic markers in kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Nephropathology, Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Yamamoto K, Yano I. Genetic polymorphisms associated with adverse reactions of molecular-targeted therapies in renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2018; 35:16. [PMID: 29302760 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma has drastically improved due to the development of molecular-targeted drugs and their use in clinical practice. However, these drugs cause some diverse adverse reactions in patients and sometimes affect clinical outcomes of cancer therapy. Therefore, predictive markers are necessary to avoid severe adverse reactions, to establish novel and effective prevention methods, and to improve treatment outcomes. Some genetic factors involved in these adverse reactions have been reported; however, perspectives on each adverse response have not been integrated yet. In this review, genetic polymorphisms relating to molecular-targeted therapy-induced adverse reactions in patients with renal cell carcinoma are summarized in the points of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. We also discuss about the relationship between systemic drug exposure and adverse drug reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Ikuko Yano
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
|