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Hill JJ, Tremblay TL, Pen A, Li J, Robotham AC, Lenferink AEG, Wang E, O’Connor-McCourt M, Kelly JF. Identification of Vascular Breast Tumor Markers by Laser Capture Microdissection and Label-Free LC−MS. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2479-93. [DOI: 10.1021/pr101267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Hill
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tammy-Lynn Tremblay
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ally Pen
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna C. Robotham
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne E. G. Lenferink
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maureen O’Connor-McCourt
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John F. Kelly
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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102
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that adipose tissue is an active endocrine and paracrine organ secreting several mediators called adipokines. Adipokines include hormones, inflammatory cytokines and other proteins. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, resulting in an overproduction of proinflammatory adipokines and a lower production of anti-inflammatory adipokines. The pathological accumulation of dysfunctional adipose tissue that characterizes obesity is a major risk factor for many other diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Multiple physiological roles have been assigned to adipokines, including the regulation of vascular tone. For example, the unidentified adipocyte-derived relaxing factor (ADRF) released from adipose tissue has been shown to relax arteries. Besides ADRF, other adipokines such as adiponectin, omentin and visfatin are vasorelaxants. On the other hand, angiotensin II and resistin are vasoconstrictors released by adipocytes. Reactive oxygen species, leptin, tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-6 and apelin share both vasorelaxing and constricting properties. Dysregulated synthesis of the vasoactive and proinflammatory adipokines may underlie the compromised vascular reactivity in obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Maenhaut
- Department of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Belgium
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103
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To record risk factors for breast cancer in women with schizophrenia and recommend preventive actions. METHOD A PubMed literature search (from 2005 to 2010) was conducted, using the search terms 'schizophrenia', 'antipsychotics', 'breast cancer' and 'risk factors'. RESULTS Several risk factors of relevance to schizophrenia were identified: obesity, elevated prolactin levels, low participation in mammography screening, high prevalence of diabetes, comparatively low parity, low incidence of breastfeeding, social disadvantage, high levels of smoking and alcohol consumption, low activity levels. CONCLUSION Awareness of breast cancer risk should lead to more accurate risk ascertainment, stronger linkage with primary care, regular monitoring and screening, judicious choice and low dose of antipsychotic treatment, concomitant use of adjunctive cognitive and psychosocial therapies, referral to diet and exercise programmes as well as smoking and drinking cessation programmes, avoidance of hormonal treatment and discussion with patient and family about the pros and cons of preventive measures in high-risk women. Psychiatrists are in a position to reverse many of the identified risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Seeman
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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104
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Breast cancer, stem cells and sex hormones. Part 3: The impact of the menopause and hormone replacement. Maturitas 2011; 68:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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105
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Rogozina OP, Bonorden MJL, Seppanen CN, Grande JP, Cleary MP. Effect of chronic and intermittent calorie restriction on serum adiponectin and leptin and mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:568-81. [PMID: 21257708 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chronic (CCR) and intermittent (ICR) caloric restriction on serum adiponectin and leptin levels was investigated in relation to mammary tumorigenesis. 10-wks old MMTV-TGF-α female mice were assigned to ad libitum fed (AL; AIN-93M diet), ICR (3-week 50% caloric restriction, AIN-93M-mod diet, 2× protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals followed by 3-wks 100% AL consumption of AIN-93M), and CCR (calorie and nutrient intake matched for each 6-wks ICR cycle, ∼ 75% of AL) groups. Mice were sacrificed at 79 (end of restriction) or 82 (end of refeeding) wks of age. Serum was obtained in cycles 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, and terminal. Mammary tumor incidence was 71.0%, 35.4%, and 9.1% for AL, CCR, and ICR mice, respectively. Serum adiponectin levels were similar among groups with no impact of either CCR or ICR. Serum leptin level rose in AL mice with increasing age but was significantly reduced by long-term CCR and ICR. The ICR protocol was also associated with an elevated adiponectin/leptin ratio. In addition, ICR-restricted mice had increased mammary tissue AdipoR1 expression and decreased leptin and ObRb expression compared with AL mice. Mammary fat pads from tumor-free ICR-mice had higher adiponectin expression than AL and CCR mice whereas all tumor-bearing mice had weak adiponectin signal in mammary fat pad. Although we did not show an association of either adiponectin or leptin with individual mice in relation to mammary tumorigenesis, we did find that reduced serum leptin and elevated adiponectin/leptin ratio were associated with the protective effect of intermittent calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Rogozina
- 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin and 2Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55912, USA
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106
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Zhou W, Guo S, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Leptin pro-angiogenic signature in breast cancer is linked to IL-1 signalling. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:128-37. [PMID: 21139583 PMCID: PMC3039812 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin and interleukin-1 (IL-1) upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote angiogenesis and are related to worse prognosis of breast cancer. However, it is unknown whether leptin regulates IL-1, and whether these effects are related to leptin-induction of VEGF/VEGFR2 in breast cancer. METHODS Several genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to determine the mechanisms involved in leptin regulation of IL-1 system (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and IL-1R tI) and the impact of IL-1 signalling on leptin-induced VEGF/VEGFR2 expression in mouse mammary cancer 4T1 cells (a model that resembles invasive and highly metastatic human breast cancer). RESULTS Leptin increased protein and mRNA levels of all components of the IL-1 system. IL-1 upregulation involved leptin activation of JAK2/STAT3, MAPK/ERK 1/2, PI-3K/AKT1, PKC, p38 and JNK. Leptin-induced phosphorylation of mTOR/4E-BP1 increased IL-1β and IL-1Ra expression, but downregulated IL-1α. Leptin upregulation of IL-1α promoter was linked to SP1 and NF-κB transcription factors. In addition, leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) was upregulated by leptin. Interestingly, leptin upregulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 was partially mediated by IL-1/IL-1R tI signalling. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that leptin induces several signalling pathways to upregulate the translational and transcriptional expression of IL-1 system in breast cancer cells. Moreover, leptin upregulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 was impaired by IL-1 signalling blockade. These data suggest that leptin pro-angiogenic signature in breast cancer is linked to, or regulated, in part by IL-1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Clinic Medicine & Pharmacy College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110002, People's Republic of China
| | - S Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - R R Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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107
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Valle A, Sastre-Serra J, Oliver J, Roca P. Chronic Leptin Treatment Sensitizes MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells to Estrogen. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:823-32. [DOI: 10.1159/000335796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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108
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Lee H, Bae S, Kim K, Kim W, Chung SI, Yang Y, Yoon Y. Shikonin inhibits adipogenesis by modulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Life Sci 2010; 88:294-301. [PMID: 21146546 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Our previous study showed for the first time that shikonin, a natural compound isolated from Lithospermun erythrorhizon Sieb. Et Zucc, inhibits adipogenesis and fat accumulation. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of the anti-adipogenic effects of shikonin. MAIN METHODS Gene knockdown experiments using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection were conducted to elucidate the crucial role of β-catenin in the anti-adipogenic effects of shikonin. KEY FINDINGS Shikonin prevented the down-regulation of β-catenin and increased the level of its transcriptional product, cyclin D1, during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells, preadipocytes originally derived from mouse embryo. β-catenin was a crucial mediator of the anti-adipogenic effects of shikonin, as determined by siRNA-mediated knockdown. Shikonin-induced reductions of the major transcription factors of adipogenesis including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, and lipid metabolizing enzymes including fatty acid binding protein 4 and lipoprotein lipase, as well as intracellular fat accumulation, were all significantly recovered by siRNA-mediated knockdown of β-catenin. Among the genes located in the WNT/β-catenin pathway, the levels of WNT10B and DVL2 were significantly up-regulated, whereas the level of AXIN was down-regulated by shikonin treatment. SIGNIFICANCE This study clearly shows that shikonin inhibits adipogenesis by the modulation of WNT/β-catenin pathway in vitro, and also suggests that WNT/β-catenin pathway can be used as a therapeutic target for obesity and related diseases using a natural compound like shikonin, even though the in vivo effects of shikonin and its clinical significance remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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109
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is a pleiotropic ancestral molecule, which elicits beneficial effect in many physiological settings but is also tenaciously expressed in numerous pathological conditions, particularly breast tumors. Nitric oxide is particularly harmful in adipogenic milieu of the breast, where it initiates and promotes tumorigenesis. Epidemiological studies have associated populations at a greater risk for developing breast cancer, predominantly estrogen receptor positive tumors, to express specific polymorphic forms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, that produce sustained low levels of nitric oxide. Low sustained nitric oxide generates oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions at susceptible sites in the heterogeneous microenvironment of the breast, where it promotes cancer related events in specific cell types. Inflammatory conditions also stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, which dependent on the microenvironment, could promote or inhibit mammary tumors. In this review we re-examine the mechanisms by which nitric oxide promotes initiation and progression of breast cancer and address some of the controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Pervin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
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110
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Chen X, Wang Y. Adiponectin and breast cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010. [PMID: 20625941 DOI: 10.1007/s12032010-9617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, has been studied intensively for the past decade because of its anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-diabetic properties. Recent advances suggest that adiponectin also plays an important role in the development and progression of various cancers, especially obesity-related cancers. In this review, the authors focus on the potential role of adiponectin in breast cancer, an obesity- and endocrine-associated tumor. Epidemiological studies have shown that plasma adiponectin level is a risk factor for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. Adiponectin and its receptors are expressed on both breast cancer line cells and tumor tissues. Furthermore, exogenous adiponectin has exhibited therapeutic potential in animal models. Underlying mechanisms include the inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis, the regulation of tumorigenic-related factors, and the suppression of angiogenesis. The signaling pathways linking adiponectin with tumorigenesis might provide potential drug targets for the future. However, more convincing evidence is needed to fully elucidate the exact role of adiponectin in breast cancer, since both its beneficial effects and possible mechanisms remain controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macau, China.
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111
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Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, has been studied intensively for the past decade because of its anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-diabetic properties. Recent advances suggest that adiponectin also plays an important role in the development and progression of various cancers, especially obesity-related cancers. In this review, the authors focus on the potential role of adiponectin in breast cancer, an obesity- and endocrine-associated tumor. Epidemiological studies have shown that plasma adiponectin level is a risk factor for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. Adiponectin and its receptors are expressed on both breast cancer line cells and tumor tissues. Furthermore, exogenous adiponectin has exhibited therapeutic potential in animal models. Underlying mechanisms include the inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis, the regulation of tumorigenic-related factors, and the suppression of angiogenesis. The signaling pathways linking adiponectin with tumorigenesis might provide potential drug targets for the future. However, more convincing evidence is needed to fully elucidate the exact role of adiponectin in breast cancer, since both its beneficial effects and possible mechanisms remain controversial.
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112
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113
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Eden JA. Breast cancer, stem cells and sex hormones: part 1. The impact of fetal life and infancy. Maturitas 2010; 67:117-20. [PMID: 20579822 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Like other organs, the breast contains rare somatic stem cells (SCs) that are long-lived and slowly dividing. In the adult breast, they are closely regulated in areas located along the breast ducts called SC niches. Breast SCs can produce offspring that become ductal, alveoli or myoepithelial cells. In fetal life, SCs form the primitive breast ducts and up to 30 weeks of gestational age, this process appears to be largely independent of estrogen. Early life risk factors for breast cancer include birth weight, rapid growth during infancy and diet. The impact of these risk factors may be mediated through SC number. These somatic breast SCs persist into adult life and so they are exposed to oncogenic influences for much longer than the short-lived differentiated breast ductal and alveolar cells. As such, it is likely that the breast SC is a prominent target for carcinogenesis and so SC number may be an important determinant of breast cancer risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Eden
- School of Women and Children's Health, Royal Hospital for Women, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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114
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Circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate inversely correlates with chemotherapy-induced weight gain during early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124:543-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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115
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Perrot P, Rousseau J, Bouffaut AL, Rédini F, Cassagnau E, Deschaseaux F, Heymann MF, Heymann D, Duteille F, Trichet V, Gouin F. Safety concern between autologous fat graft, mesenchymal stem cell and osteosarcoma recurrence. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10999. [PMID: 20544017 PMCID: PMC2882323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary bone tumour in young adult treated by neo adjuvant chemotherapy, surgical tumor removal and adjuvant multidrug chemotherapy. For correction of soft tissue defect consecutive to surgery and/or tumor treatment, autologous fat graft has been proposed in plastic and reconstructive surgery. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report here a case of a late local recurrence of osteosarcoma which occurred 13 years after the initial pathology and 18 months after a lipofilling procedure. Because such recurrence was highly unexpected, we investigated the possible relationship of tumor growth with fat injections and with mesenchymal stem/stromal cell like cells which are largely found in fatty tissue. Results obtained in osteosarcoma pre-clinical models show that fat grafts or progenitor cells promoted tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE These observations and results raise the question of whether autologous fat grafting is a safe reconstructive procedure in a known post neoplasic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Perrot
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Chirurgie Plastique et des Brûlés, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Rousseau
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bouffaut
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Chirurgie Plastique et des Brûlés, Nantes, France
| | - Françoise Rédini
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeth Cassagnau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
| | - Franck Duteille
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Chirurgie Plastique et des Brûlés, Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Trichet
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
| | - François Gouin
- INSERM, U957, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, EA3822, Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service d'Orthopédie-Traumatologie, Pôle Ostéo-articulaire, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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116
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Karastergiou K, Mohamed-Ali V. The autocrine and paracrine roles of adipokines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 318:69-78. [PMID: 19948207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, defined by an excess of adipose tissue, is often associated with the development of various metabolic diseases. The increased and inappropriate deposition of this tissue contributes to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that factors expressed and secreted by the adipose tissue, adipokines, may contribute to the development of these abnormalities by mechanisms including inhibition of adipogenesis, adipocyte hypertrophy and death, immune cell infiltration and disruption of tissue metabolism. The presence of adipokine receptors in adipocytes renders these cells available to autocrine and paracrine effects of adipokines. In this review the reported local effects of adipokines on adipose tissue structure, inflammation and regulation of metabolic functions, in the face of over-nutrition and consequent obesity, are outlined. Elucidating the local regulation of white adipocyte development and function could help in the design of effective, tissue-specific therapies for obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalypso Karastergiou
- Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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