101
|
Mulloy B, Lever R, Page CP. Mast cell glycosaminoglycans. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:351-361. [PMID: 27900574 PMCID: PMC5487770 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells contain granules packed with a mixture of proteins that are released on degranulation. The proteoglycan serglycin carries an array of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, sometimes heparin, sometimes chondroitin or dermatan sulphate. Tight packing of granule proteins is dependent on the presence of serglycin carrying these GAGs. The GAGs of mast cells were most intensively studied in the 1970s and 1980s, and though something is known about the fine structure of chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate in mast cells, little is understood about the composition of the heparin/heparan sulphate chains. Recent emphasis on the analysis of mast cell heparin from different species and tissues, arising from the use of this GAG in medicine, lead to the question of whether variations within heparin structures between mast cell populations are as significant as variations in the mix of chondroitins and heparins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NN, UK.
| | - R Lever
- 1 UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - C P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Mackey E, Ayyadurai S, Pohl CS, D' Costa S, Li Y, Moeser AJ. Sexual dimorphism in the mast cell transcriptome and the pathophysiological responses to immunological and psychological stress. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:60. [PMID: 27895892 PMCID: PMC5120457 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biological sex plays a prominent role in the prevalence and severity of a number of important stress-related gastrointestinal and immune-related diseases including IBS and allergy/anaphylaxis. Despite the establishment of sex differences in these diseases, the underlying mechanisms contributing to sex differences remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to define the role of biological sex on mast cells (MCs), an innate immune cell central to the pathophysiology of many GI and allergic disorders. Methods Twelve-week-old C57BL/6 male and female mice were exposed to immunological stress (2 h of IgE-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA)) or psychological stress (1 h of restraint stress (RS)) and temperature, clinical scores, serum histamine, and intestinal permeability (for RS) were measured. Primary bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs) were harvested from male and female mice and analyzed for MC degranulation, signaling pathways, mediator content, and RNA transcriptome analysis. Results Sexually dimorphic responses were observed in both models of PSA and RS and in primary MCs. Compared with male mice, female mice exhibited increased clinical scores, hypothermia, and serum histamine levels in response to PSA and had greater intestinal permeability and serum histamine responses to RS. Primary BMMCs from female mice exhibited increased release of β-hexosaminidase, histamine, tryptase, and TNF-α upon stimulation with IgE/DNP and A23187. Increased mediator release in female BMMCs was not associated with increased upstream phospho-tyrosine signaling pathways or downstream Ca2+ mobilization. Instead, increased mediator release in female MCs was associated with markedly increased capacity for synthesis and storage of MC granule-associated immune mediators as determined by MC mediator content and RNA transcriptome analysis. Conclusions These results provide a new understanding of sexual dimorphic responses in MCs and have direct implications for stress-related diseases associated with a female predominance and MC hyperactivity including irritable bowel syndrome, allergy, and anaphylaxis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0113-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mackey
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA
| | - Saravanan Ayyadurai
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Calvin S Pohl
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Susan D' Costa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Yihang Li
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Adam J Moeser
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA ; Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Proteomic analysis of the secretome of HepG2 cells indicates differential proteolytic processing after infection with dengue virus. J Proteomics 2016; 151:106-113. [PMID: 27427332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Secretome analysis can be described as a subset of proteomics studies consisting in the analysis of the molecules secreted by cells or tissues. Dengue virus (DENV) infection can lead to a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, with the severe forms of the disease characterized by hemostasis abnormalities and liver injury. The hepatocytes are a relevant site of viral replication and a major source of plasma proteins. Until now, we had limited information on the small molecules secreted by hepatic cells after infection by DENV. In the present study, we analysed a fraction of the secretome of mock- and DENV-infected hepatic cells (HepG2 cells) containing molecules with <10kDa, using different proteomic approaches. We identified 175 proteins, with 57 detected only in the samples from mock-infected cells, 59 only in samples from DENV-infected cells, and 59 in both conditions. Most of the peptides identified were derived from proteins larger than 10kDa, suggesting a proteolytic processing of the secreted molecules. Using in silico analysis, we predicted consistent differences between the proteolytic processing occurring in mock and DENV-infected samples, raising, for the first time, the hypothesis that differential proteolysis of secreted molecules would be involved in the pathogenesis of dengue. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Since the liver, one of the targets of DENV infection, is responsible for producing molecules involved in distinct biological processes, the identification of proteins and peptides secreted by hepatocytes after infection would help to a better understanding of the physiopathology of dengue. Proteomic analyses of molecules with <10kDa secreted by HepG2 cells after infection with DENV revealed differential proteolytic processing as an effect of DENV infection.
Collapse
|
104
|
Borbély É, Sándor K, Markovics A, Kemény Á, Pintér E, Szolcsányi J, Quinn JP, McDougall JJ, Helyes Z. Role of capsaicin-sensitive nerves and tachykinins in mast cell tryptase-induced inflammation of murine knees. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:725-36. [PMID: 27251170 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE, DESIGN Mast cell tryptase (MCT) is elevated in arthritic joints, but its direct effects are not known. Here, we investigated MCT-evoked acute inflammatory and nociceptive mechanisms with behavioural, in vivo imaging and immunological techniques. MATERIAL AND SUBJECTS Neurogenic inflammation involving capsaicin-sensitive afferents, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and their NK1 tachykinin receptor were studied using gene-deleted mice compared to C57Bl/6 wildtypes (n = 5-8/group). TREATMENT MCT was administered intraarticularly or topically (20 μl, 12 μg/ml). Capsaicin-sensitive afferents were defunctionalized with the TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX; 30-70-100 μg/kg s.c. pretreatment). METHODS Knee diameter was measured with a caliper, synovial perfusion with laser Doppler imaging, mechanonociception with aesthesiometry and weight distribution with incapacitance tester over 6 h. Cytokines and neuropeptides were determined with immunoassays. RESULTS MCT induced synovial vasodilatation, oedema, impaired weight distribution and mechanical hyperalgesia, but cytokine or neuropeptide levels were not altered at the 6-h timepoint. Hyperaemia was reduced in RTX-treated and TRPV1-deleted animals, and oedema was absent in NK1-deficient mice. Hyperalgesia was decreased in SP/NKA- and NK1-deficient mice, weight bearing impairment in RTX-pretreated, TRPV1- and NK1-deficient animals. CONCLUSIONS MCT evokes synovial hyperaemia, oedema, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain. Capsaicin-sensitive afferents and TRPV1 receptors are essential for vasodilatation, while tachykinins mediate oedema and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sándor
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Markovics
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kemény
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - János Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - John P Quinn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pecs, 7624, Hungary. .,János Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary. .,MTA-PTE NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, Pecs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Jesky MD, Stringer SJ, Fenton A, Ng KP, Yadav P, Ndumbo M, McCann K, Plant T, Dasgupta I, Harding SJ, Drayson MT, Redegeld F, Ferro CJ, Cockwell P. Serum tryptase concentration and progression to end-stage renal disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:460-74. [PMID: 26999448 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell activation can lead to nonclassical activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. However, the relevance of this to human chronic kidney disease is unknown. We assessed the association between serum tryptase, a product of mast cell activation, and progression to end-stage renal disease or mortality in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. We stratified patients by use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor II blockers (ACEi/ARB). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study of 446 participants recruited into the Renal Impairment in Secondary Care study. Serum tryptase was measured at recruitment by sandwich immunoassay. Cox regression analysis was undertaken to determine variables associated with progression to end-stage renal disease or death. RESULTS Serum tryptase concentration was independently associated with progression to end-stage renal disease but not with death. In patients treated with ACEi or ARB, there was a strong independent association between higher tryptase concentrations and progression to end-stage renal disease; when compared to the lowest tertile, tryptase concentrations in the middle and highest tertiles had hazard ratios [HR] of 5·78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1·19-28·03, P = 0·029) and 6·19 (95% CI 1·49-25·69, P = 0·012), respectively. The other independent risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease were lower age, male gender, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher urinary albumin creatinine ratio. CONCLUSION Elevated serum tryptase concentration is an independent prognostic factor for progression to end-stage renal disease in patients with chronic kidney disease who are receiving treatment with an ACEi or ARB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Jesky
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephanie J Stringer
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anthony Fenton
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Khai Ping Ng
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Punit Yadav
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Miguel Ndumbo
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katerina McCann
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tim Plant
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Mark T Drayson
- Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charles J Ferro
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Cockwell
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Molderings GJ, Haenisch B, Brettner S, Homann J, Menzen M, Dumoulin FL, Panse J, Butterfield J, Afrin LB. Pharmacological treatment options for mast cell activation disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:671-94. [PMID: 27132234 PMCID: PMC4903110 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell activation disease (MCAD) is a term referring to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by aberrant release of variable subsets of mast cell (MC) mediators together with accumulation of either morphologically altered and immunohistochemically identifiable mutated MCs due to MC proliferation (systemic mastocytosis [SM] and MC leukemia [MCL]) or morphologically ordinary MCs due to decreased apoptosis (MC activation syndrome [MCAS] and well-differentiated SM). Clinical signs and symptoms in MCAD vary depending on disease subtype and result from excessive mediator release by MCs and, in aggressive forms, from organ failure related to MC infiltration. In most cases, treatment of MCAD is directed primarily at controlling the symptoms associated with MC mediator release. In advanced forms, such as aggressive SM and MCL, agents targeting MC proliferation such as kinase inhibitors may be provided. Targeted therapies aimed at blocking mutant protein variants and/or downstream signaling pathways are currently being developed. Other targets, such as specific surface antigens expressed on neoplastic MCs, might be considered for the development of future therapies. Since clinicians are often underprepared to evaluate, diagnose, and effectively treat this clinically heterogeneous disease, we seek to familiarize clinicians with MCAD and review current and future treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard J Molderings
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Britta Haenisch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Brettner
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Palliative Care, Kreiskrankenhaus Waldbröl, Waldbröl, Germany
| | - Jürgen Homann
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Menzen
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz Ludwig Dumoulin
- Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Panse
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joseph Butterfield
- Program for the Study of Mast Cell and Eosinophil Disorders, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lawrence B Afrin
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Ammendola M, Patruno R, Sacco R, Marech I, Sammarco G, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Zizzo N, Gadaleta C, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, Ribatti D, Ranieri G. Mast cells positive to tryptase and tumour-associated macrophages correlate with angiogenesis in locally advanced colorectal cancer patients undergone to surgery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:533-40. [PMID: 26914851 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1158811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The density of mast cells positive to tryptase (MCDPT) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were evaluated in a series of 87 patients with stage B and C colorectal cancer who had undergone radical surgery. METHODS MCDPT, TAMs, microvascular density (MVD), endothelial area (EA) and CD8(+) tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8(+) TILs) were evaluated in tumor tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Each of the above parameters was correlated with the others and with the main clinico-pathological features. RESULTS A significant correlation between MCDPT, TAMs, MVD and EA was found by Pearson t-test analysis. With special references to the clinico-pathological features a minimal correlation using univariate analysis was found but it was not retained at multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MCDPT and TAMs are linked in the tumor microenvironment and play a role in CRC angiogenesis in a synergistic manner. The assessment of the combination MCDPT and TAMs could be evaluated as a target of novel anti-angiogenic therapies in colorectal cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy.,b Surgery Unit , National Cancer Research Centre, Giovanni Paolo II , Bari , Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Ilaria Marech
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- d Health Science Department, Pathology Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- e Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Cardiovascular Disease Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- f Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Claudia Gadaleta
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- g Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs , University of Bari Medical School , Bari , Italy.,h National Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| |
Collapse
|