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Wang J, Zhang X, Ling W, Liu R, Liu J, Kang F, Gao Y. Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in soils and crops in industrial areas of the Yangtze River Delta region, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:976-987. [PMID: 27816287 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation into both soil and crop contamination and associated health risks by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial areas of the Yangtze River Delta region (YRDR). Soil and crop samples were collected from farmland surrounded by three typical industries (a steelworks [SW], a petrochemical facility [PF] and a power plant [PP]), and the concentrations and health risks of PAHs in soils and crops were evaluated. The average concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs in surface soil and subsoil were 471.30 μg kg-1 and 341.40 μg kg-1, respectively. The respective average concentrations of 16 PAHs in amaranth, spinach, Chinese chive, and rice tissues were 1710.49, 1176.96, 1218.36 and 352.12 μg kg-1. Based on both the results of a principal component analysis (PCA) and the PAH ratios, the main sources of the PAHs in soils were determined to be the combustion of coal and petroleum. The total values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for males induced by both soils and crops were 2.19 × 10-4, 2.53 × 10-4, and 9.17 × 10-4, and for females were 2.21 × 10-4, 2.50 × 10-4, and 9.68 × 10-4 for childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, respectively. Soils contaminated with PAHs posed a lower risk than crops, but the ILCR values, 4.40 × 10-5 and 3.82 × 10-5 for males and females, was still much higher than the baseline value. The results of this investigation provide novel information for contamination evaluation and human health risk assessment in PAH-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Fuxing Kang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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Parada H, Steck SE, Bradshaw PT, Engel LS, Conway K, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Grilled, Barbecued, and Smoked Meat Intake and Survival Following Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:2804985. [PMID: 28052933 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Grilled, barbecued, and smoked meat intake, a prevalent dietary source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogens, may increase the risk of incident breast cancer. However, no studies have examined whether intake of this PAH source influences survival after breast cancer. Methods We interviewed a population-based cohort of 1508 women diagnosed with first primary invasive or in situ breast cancer in 1996 and 1997 at baseline and again approximately five years later to assess grilled/barbecued and smoked meat intake. After a median of 17.6 years of follow-up, 597 deaths, of which 237 were breast cancer related, were identified. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality as related to prediagnosis intake, comparing high (above the median) to low intake, as well as postdiagnosis changes in intake, comparing every combination of pre-/postdiagnosis intake to low pre-/postdiagnosis intake. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results High prediagnosis grilled/barbecued and smoked meat intake was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.46). Other associations were noted, but estimates were not statistically significant. These include high prediagnosis smoked beef/lamb/pork intake and increased all-cause (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.38, Ptrend = .10) and breast cancer-specific (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.60, Ptrend = .09) mortality. Also, among women with continued high grilled/barbecued and smoked meat intake after diagnosis, all-cause mortality risk was elevated 31% (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.78). Further, breast cancer-specific mortality was decreased among women with any pre- and postdiagnosis intake of smoked poultry/fish (HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.97). Conclusion High intake of grilled/barbecued and smoked meat may increase mortality after breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Parada
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Susan E Steck
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Regina M Santella
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (HPJr, LSE, KC, MDG); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (SES); Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (PTB); Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (SLT); Department of Epidemiology (AIN), Department of Medicine (AIN), and Department of Environmental Health (RMS), Columbia University, New York, NY
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Niehoff N, White AJ, McCullough LE, Steck SE, Beyea J, Mordukhovich I, Shen J, Neugut AI, Conway K, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and postmenopausal breast cancer: An evaluation of effect measure modification by body mass index and weight change. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:17-25. [PMID: 27741445 PMCID: PMC5135619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to breast cancer in many, but not all, previous studies. PAHs are lipophilic and stored in fat tissue, which we hypothesized may result in constant low-dose exposure to these carcinogens. No previous studies have evaluated whether obesity modifies associations between multiple measures of PAHs and breast cancer incidence. METHODS This population-based study included 1,006 postmenopausal women with first primary in situ or invasive breast cancer and 990 age-frequency matched controls. To evaluate effect modification by obesity (adult body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and weight change) on multiple PAH measures (the biomarker PAH-DNA adducts, and long-term sources active cigarette smoking, living with a smoking spouse, grilled/smoked meat intake, residential synthetic log burning, and vehicular traffic), interaction contrast ratios (ICRs) for the additive scale, and ratio of odds ratios (RORs) with log-likelihood ratio tests (LRT) for the multiplicative scale, were determined using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS BMI modified the PAH-DNA adduct and postmenopausal breast cancer association on the additive (ICR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.96) and multiplicative (ROR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.91, 2.68) scales. The odds ratio for detectable vs. non-detectable adducts was increased among women with BMI ≥25 (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.92), but not in those with BMI <25 (OR=0.86; 95% CI: 0.57, 1.28) (LRT p=0.1). For most other PAH measures, the pattern of modification by BMI/weight gain was similar, but estimates were imprecise. CONCLUSIONS The association between PAH-DNA adducts and breast cancer incidence may be elevated among overweight/obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Niehoff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alexandra J White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jan Beyea
- Department of Consulting in the Public Interest (CIPI), Lambertville, NJ, USA
| | - Irina Mordukhovich
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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