101
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RECIST response and variation of circulating tumour cells in phase 1 trials: A prospective multicentric study. Eur J Cancer 2017; 83:185-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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102
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Clinical utility of emerging liquid biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Genet 2017; 228-229:151-158. [PMID: 28958406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) has rapidly expanded in recent years. Despite significant improvements in patient overall survival, it remains challenging to determine the optimal therapy and sequence of therapies for individual patients. The development of molecular biomarkers will be key for patient stratification, and for monitoring response and resistance to therapy. In this context, minimally-invasive blood-based "liquid" biopsies are attractive as a practical surrogate for solid tumor tissue, providing a window into metastatic disease. Circulating tumor cells and circulating cell-free tumor DNA in particular have demonstrated remarkable potential to inform on PCa patient outcomes through the detection of specific genomic and transcriptomic alterations. This review covers recent advances in the development of clinically-informative liquid biomarkers for advanced PCa.
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103
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Maas M, Hegemann M, Rausch S, Bedke J, Stenzl A, Todenhöfer T. Circulating tumor cells and their role in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2017; 21:213572. [PMID: 28836508 PMCID: PMC6337952 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_29_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have become an important biomarker in patients with advanced prostate cancer. CTC count has been demonstrated to be a prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In localized prostate cancer, a clear correlation between CTC counts and clinicopathological risk parameters and outcome has not been observed. Currently, the focus of research is shifting from CTC enumeration towards molecular characterization of CTC leading to the discovery of markers predicting treatment response. The role of androgen receptor splice variants expressed by CTC as markers of resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide has been assessed by various studies. The identification of CTC markers predicting treatment response represents a key step to guide the selection of treatment (e.g., abiraterone/enzalutamide vs taxanes), particularly in patients with mCRPC. As an alternative to CTC, the analysis of circulating tumor DNA has been shown to enable a noninvasive disease characterization having high potential to promote precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Maas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Miriam Hegemann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
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104
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Gasparrini S, Cimadamore A, Mazzucchelli R, Scarpelli M, Massari F, Raspollini MR, Galosi AB, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Montironi R. Pathology and molecular updates in tumors of the prostate: towards a personalized approach. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:781-789. [PMID: 28598696 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1341314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment planning in patients with prostate neoplasms and prostate cancer (PCa) is generally based on the clinical and pathological molecular markers obtained from prostate needle biopsy and/or radical prostatectomy specimens. Area covered: Pathology of prostate neoplasms is evolving rapidly. Emerging trends include new additions to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) tumor classification as well as expanded diagnostic utility of biomarkers and molecular testing in tissue specimens, liquid biopsies and urinary samples, with the following purposes: diagnosis, prognosis and prediction. Expert commentary: The new additions to the 2016 WHO tumor classification, which include pathological definition of Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) and of a new grading system for PCa, as well as identification of molecular markers, such as TMPRSS2-ERG and AR-V7, may pave the way to personalized therapy for patients with prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gasparrini
- a Section of Pathological Anatomy , Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals , Ancona , Italy
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- a Section of Pathological Anatomy , Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals , Ancona , Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- a Section of Pathological Anatomy , Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals , Ancona , Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- a Section of Pathological Anatomy , Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals , Ancona , Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- b Division of Oncology , S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Andrea B Galosi
- d Institute of Urology , Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals , Ancona , Italy
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- f Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- a Section of Pathological Anatomy , Marche Polytechnic University, School of Medicine, United Hospitals , Ancona , Italy
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105
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Wang S, Liang C, Bao M, Li X, Zhang L, Li S, Qin C, Shao P, Li J, Hua L, Wang Z. ALDH1A3 correlates with luminal phenotype in prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317703652. [PMID: 28443495 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317703652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common male malignancies in the United States. The specific characteristics of different disease stages have been deeply investigated. We present our data on ALDH1A3 as a potential therapeutic target for the prostate cancer based on several functional investigations. Also, we used The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets for primary prostate cancer to detect the relevance of ALDH1A3 and prostate cancer luminal phenotype. We found that ALDH1A3 correlated with androgen receptor signaling pathway in primary prostate cancer, which is consistent with its luminal layer localization. Then, from the genetic manipulation assay, we knocked out the ALDH1A3 in PC-3 cells and found significantly reduced proliferation rate as well as the invasion ability. Furthermore, we looked up our single center primary prostate cancer post-operative follow-up data and suggested that the high level ALDH1A3 expression could predict the poor progression-free survival in a 158-patient cohort. We concluded that ALDH1A3, localized in luminal layer in prostate epithelium, is highly expressed in prostate cancer. It played important role in maintaining the proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle. It can also become the potential biomarker in the future to guide the therapeutic manipulations for primary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqian Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Liang
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiling Bao
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,2 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,3 Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Shuang Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chao Qin
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Hua
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjun Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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106
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The Natural History and Outcome Predictors of Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Focus 2017; 2:480-487. [PMID: 28723513 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biomarkers for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are urgently needed by clinicians to facilitate treatment decisions. OBJECTIVE To review current prognostic and predictive biomarkers in mCRPC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We performed a nonsystematic review of the literature from 2004 to August 2016 by searching in Medline. Cross-matching references were used to search for additional articles. We reviewed clinical research and review articles written in the English language. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Nomograms of prognostic factors (eg, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase) enable clinicians to estimate the prognosis of men with mCRPC. These prognostic tools may aid with when to trigger treatment, therapeutic monitoring, and follow-up. However, validated predictive biomarkers in mCRPC are still lacking. Androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (ie, AR-V7), gene fusions, and point mutations determined using liquid biopsies such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or cell-free DNA (cfDNA) are promising biomarkers that are the subject of ongoing research. Patient biomarkers (eg, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) are readily available and come with no extra cost but need further validation before their implementation in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Determination of AR-V7 in CTCs is a big step towards a more personalized treatment approach in mCRPC. Genomic characterization of liquid biopsies such as CTCs, cfDNA, and circulating RNA are noninvasive tools to further personalize treatment in prostate cancer. Clinical parameters are readily available, but are derived from retrospective studies and should be interpreted with care. Only by conducting biomarker-driven studies, rather than large one-size-fits-all trials, will we be able to improve prostate cancer treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY Several biomarkers are currently under investigation that may predict which patients will respond to specific therapies in the future of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treatment.
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107
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Strategies for Isolation and Molecular Profiling of Circulating Tumor Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 994:43-66. [PMID: 28560667 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55947-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease worldwide, and metastasis is responsible for more than 90% of the mortality of cancer patients. Metastasis occurs when tumor cells leave the primary tumor, travel through the blood stream as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and then colonize secondary tumors at sites distant from the primary tumor. The capture, identification, and analysis of CTCs offer both scientific and clinical benefits. On the scientific side, the analysis of CTCs could help elucidate possible genetic alterations and signaling pathway aberrations during cancer progression, which could then be used to find new methods to stop cancer progression. On the clinical side, non-invasive testing of a patient's blood for CTCs can be used for patient diagnosis and prognosis, as well as subsequent monitoring of treatment efficacy in routine clinical practice. Additionally, investigation of CTCs early in the progression of cancer may reveal targets for initial cancer detection and for anti-cancer treatment. This chapter will evaluate strategies and devices used for the isolation and identification of CTCs directly from clinical samples of blood. Recent progress in the understanding of the significance of both single CTCs and circulating tumor microemboli will be discussed. Also, advancements in the use of CTC-based liquid biopsy in clinical diagnosis and the potential of CTC-based molecular characterization for use in clinical applications will be summarized.
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108
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Economopoulou P, Georgoulias V, Kotsakis A. Classifying circulating tumor cells to monitor cancer progression. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 17:153-165. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1275572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Economopoulou
- Medical Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Athens, ‘ATTIKON’ Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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109
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Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in circulating tumor cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:133-142. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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110
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Neal D, Lilja H. Circulating Tumor Cell Count as an Indicator of Treatment Benefit in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2016; 70:993-994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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111
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Lorente D, Fizazi K, Sweeney C, de Bono JS. Optimal Treatment Sequence for Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Focus 2016; 2:488-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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112
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Lolli C, Caffo O, Scarpi E, Aieta M, Conteduca V, Maines F, Bianchi E, Massari F, Veccia A, Chiuri VE, Facchini G, De Giorgi U. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts the Clinical Outcome in Patients with mCRPC Treated with Abiraterone. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:376. [PMID: 27790145 PMCID: PMC5062111 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) based on neutrophil (N), lymphocyte (L), and platelet (P) counts has shown a prognostic impact in several solid tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic role of SII in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with abiraterone post docetaxel. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive mCRPC patients treated with abiraterone after docetaxel in our Institutions. X-tile 3.6.1 software, cut-off values of SII, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) defined as N/L and platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as P/L. Overall survival (OS) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. The impact of SII, PLR, and NLR on overall survival (OS) was evaluated by Cox regression analyses and on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rates were evaluated by binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 230 mCRPC patients treated abiraterone were included. SII ≥ 535, NLR ≥ 3 and PLR ≥ 210 were considered as elevated levels (high risk groups. The median OS was 17.3 months, 21.8 months in SII < 535 group and 14.7 months in SII ≥ 535 (p < 0.0001). At univariate analysis Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, previous enzalutamide, visceral metastases, SII, NLR, and PLR predicted OS. In multivariate analysis, ECOG performance status, previous enzalutamide, visceral metastases, SII, and NLR remained significant predictors of OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.08, p < 0.0001; HR = 2.12, p = 0.009, HR = 1.77, 95% p = 0.012; HR = 1.80, p = 0.002; and HR = 1.90, p = 0.001, respectively], whereas, PLR showed a borderline ability only (HR = 1.41, p = 0.068). Conclusion: SII and NLR might represent an early and easy prognostic marker in mCRPC patients treated with abiraterone. Further studies are needed to better define their impact and role in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Lolli
- Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Meldola, Italy
| | - Orazio Caffo
- Medical Oncology Department, Santa Chiara Hospital Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Meldola, Italy
| | - Michele Aieta
- Medical Oncology Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Meldola, Italy
| | - Francesca Maines
- Medical Oncology Department, Santa Chiara Hospital Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonello Veccia
- Medical Oncology Department, Santa Chiara Hospital Trento, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Medical Oncology Department, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Meldola, Italy
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113
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Sonpavde G, Antonarakis ES. Circulating Tumor Cells in Advanced Prostate Cancer: Time to Move from Prognostic to Predictive Ability. Eur Urol 2016; 71:172-173. [PMID: 27591932 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guru Sonpavde
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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114
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Biomarkers for Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC): Yes or No? Predictive and Response Biomarkers Towards Precision Medicine in mCRPC. Eur Urol Focus 2016; 2:465-466. [PMID: 28723506 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in drug development and molecular studies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) render the possibility of more efficient and precise patient care through the use of predictive, response, and resistance biomarkers. Thorough scrutiny of assay validation and clinical qualification processes for biomarkers in development, ideally in parallel with clinical trials, is critical for the success of personalised medicine in CRPC management.
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