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Sherman LS, Back SA. A 'GAG' reflex prevents repair of the damaged CNS. Trends Neurosci 2007; 31:44-52. [PMID: 18063497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the central nervous system (CNS) serves as both a supporting structure for cells and a rich source of signaling molecules that can influence cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. A large proportion of this matrix is composed of proteoglycans--proteins with long chains of polysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), covalently attached. Although many of the activities of proteoglycans depend on their core proteins, GAGs themselves can influence cell signaling. Here we review accumulating evidence that two GAGs, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan, play essential roles during nervous system development but also accumulate in chronic CNS lesions and inhibit axonal regeneration and remyelination, making them significant hindrances to CNS repair. We propose that the balance between the synthesis and degradation of these molecules dictates, in part, how regeneration and recovery from CNS damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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102
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Zhang X, Zeng Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Wu J, Li J. Co-Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells and NT-3-Overexpressing Schwann Cells in Transected Spinal Cord. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:1863-77. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanshan Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlang Wu
- Department of Electron Microscope, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan
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103
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Massey JM, Amps J, Viapiano MS, Matthews RT, Wagoner MR, Whitaker CM, Alilain W, Yonkof AL, Khalyfa A, Cooper NGF, Silver J, Onifer SM. Increased chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression in denervated brainstem targets following spinal cord injury creates a barrier to axonal regeneration overcome by chondroitinase ABC and neurotrophin-3. Exp Neurol 2007; 209:426-45. [PMID: 17540369 PMCID: PMC2270474 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression in the vicinity of a spinal cord injury (SCI) is a primary participant in axonal regeneration failure. However, the presence of similar increases of CSPG expression in denervated synaptic targets well away from the primary lesion and the subsequent impact on regenerating axons attempting to approach deafferented neurons have not been studied. Constitutively expressed CSPGs within the extracellular matrix and perineuronal nets of the adult rat dorsal column nuclei (DCN) were characterized using real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. We show for the first time that by 2 days and through 3 weeks following SCI, the levels of NG2, neurocan and brevican associated with reactive glia throughout the DCN were dramatically increased throughout the DCN despite being well beyond areas of trauma-induced blood brain barrier breakdown. Importantly, regenerating axons from adult sensory neurons microtransplanted 2 weeks following SCI between the injury site and the DCN were able to regenerate rapidly within white matter (as shown previously by Davies et al. [Davies, S.J., Goucher, D.R., Doller, C., Silver, J., 1999. Robust regeneration of adult sensory axons in degenerating white matter of the adult rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 19, 5810-5822]) but were unable to enter the denervated DCN. Application of chondroitinase ABC or neurotrophin-3-expressing lentivirus in the DCN partially overcame this inhibition. When the treatments were combined, entrance by regenerating axons into the DCN was significantly augmented. These results demonstrate both an additional challenge and potential treatment strategy for successful functional pathway reconstruction after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Massey
- M.D./Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
| | - Jeremy Amps
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| | - Mariano S. Viapiano
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520
| | - Russell. T. Matthews
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520
| | - Michelle R. Wagoner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
| | - Christopher M. Whitaker
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
| | - Warren Alilain
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| | - Alicia L. Yonkof
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| | - Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
| | - Nigel G. F. Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
- Address for correspondence, proofs, and reprint requests: Stephen M. Onifer, Ph.D., Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, BBSRB B365, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, U.S.A., TELEPHONE: (859) 323-5226, FAX: (859) 257-5737, EMAIL:
| | - Stephen M. Onifer
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
- Department of Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40292
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104
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Pearse DD, Sanchez AR, Pereira FC, Andrade CM, Puzis R, Pressman Y, Golden K, Kitay BM, Blits B, Wood PM, Bunge MB. Transplantation of Schwann cells and/or olfactory ensheathing glia into the contused spinal cord: Survival, migration, axon association, and functional recovery. Glia 2007; 55:976-1000. [PMID: 17526000 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) and olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) have shown promise for spinal cord injury repair. We sought their in vivo identification following transplantation into the contused adult rat spinal cord at 1 week post-injury by: (i) DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) with a Y-chromosome specific probe to identify male transplants in female rats and (ii) lentiviral vector-mediated expression of EGFP. Survival, migration, and axon-glia association were quantified from 3 days to 9 weeks post-transplantation. At 3 weeks after transplantation into the lesion, a 60-90% loss of grafted cells was observed. OEG-only grafts survived very poorly within the lesion (<5%); injection outside the lesion led to a 60% survival rate, implying that the injury milieu was hostile to transplanted cells and or prevented their proliferation. At later times post-grafting, p75(+)/EGFP(-) cells in the lesion outnumbered EGFP(+) cells in all paradigms, evidence of significant host SC infiltration. SCs and OEG injected into the injury failed to migrate from the lesion. Injection of OEG outside of the injury resulted in their migration into the SC-injected injury site, not via normal-appearing host tissue but along the pia or via the central canal. In all paradigms, host axons were seen in association with or ensheathed by transplanted glia. Numerous myelinated axons were found within regions of grafted SCs but not OEG. The current study details the temporal survival, migration, axon association of SCs and OEG, and functional recovery after grafting into the contused spinal cord, research previously complicated due to a lack of quality, long-term markers for cell tracking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien D Pearse
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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