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Abstract
This article summarizes the current office-based evaluation of male infertility and offers speculation, based on current research, on the future evolution of this encounter. A comprehensive history, physical examination, and semen analysis remain paramount to directing the evaluation; however, new advances continue to refine diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Interpretation of the routine semen analysis as well as adjunctive assessments, including reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) are discussed. The analysis of genetic and endocrine abnormalities is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Smith
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800422, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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102
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Úbeda JL, Ausejo R, Dahmani Y, Falceto MV, Usan A, Malo C, Perez-Martinez FC. Adverse effects of members of the Enterobacteriaceae family on boar sperm quality. Theriogenology 2013; 80:565-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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103
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Levron J, Aviram-Goldring A, Rienstien S, Bider D, Dor J, Raviv G. Aneuploidy rates for chromosomes X/Y and 18 among preselected spermatozoa in men with severe teratospermia. Reprod Biomed Online 2013; 27:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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104
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Parhizkar S, Yusoff MJ, Dollah MA. Effect of Phaleria macrocarpa on Sperm Characteristics in Adult Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:345-52. [PMID: 24312859 PMCID: PMC3848237 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) on male fertility by assessing its effect on the sperm characteristics which included the sperm count, motility, viability and morphology. METHODS Eighteen male rats were equally divided into three groups. Each group of rats was orally supplemented for 7 weeks either with PM aqueous extract (240 mg/kg), distilled water (0 mg/kg) or testosterone hormone, Andriol® Testocaps™ (4 mg/kg) respectively. On the last day of supplementation period, the rats were sacrificed and sperm was obtained from cauda epididymis via orchidectomy. The sperm count, motility, viability and morphology were determined. RESULTS PM aqueous extract significantly increased (p<0.05) the percentage of sperm viability. However, there was no significant effect of PM on the percentage of both sperm motility and morphology. The mean of body weight declined significantly in rats supplemented with PM aqueous extract compared to control groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results showed that PM significantly increased sperm viability without changing the sperm motility and morphology. Hence, this study suggests that PM offers an alternative way to improve male fertility by improving the sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadat Parhizkar
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (YUMS), Yasuj, Iran
| | - Maryam Jamielah Yusoff
- Biomedical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Aziz Dollah
- Biomedical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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105
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Lewis SEM. Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Base Oxidation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 791:103-16. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7783-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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106
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Lewis SEM, John Aitken R, Conner SJ, Iuliis GD, Evenson DP, Henkel R, Giwercman A, Gharagozloo P. The impact of sperm DNA damage in assisted conception and beyond: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 2013; 27:325-37. [PMID: 23948450 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sperm DNA damage is a useful biomarker for male infertility diagnosis and prediction of assisted reproduction outcomes. It is associated with reduced fertilization rates, embryo quality and pregnancy rates, and higher rates of spontaneous miscarriage and childhood diseases. This review provides a synopsis of the most recent studies from each of the authors, all of whom have major track records in the field of sperm DNA damage in the clinical setting. It explores current laboratory tests and the accumulating body of knowledge concerning the relationship between sperm DNA damage and clinical outcomes. The paper proceeds to discuss the strengths, weaknesses and clinical applicability of current sperm DNA tests. Next, the biological significance of DNA damage in the male germ line is considered. Finally, as sperm DNA damage is often the result of oxidative stress in the male reproductive tract, the potential contribution of antioxidant therapy in the clinical management of this condition is discussed. DNA damage in human spermatozoa is an important attribute of semen quality. It should be part of the clinical work up and properly controlled trials addressing the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy should be undertaken as a matter of urgency. Sperm DNA damage is a useful biomarker for male infertility diagnosis and prediction of assisted reproduction outcomes. It is associated with reduced fertilization rates, embryo quality and pregnancy rates, and higher rates of spontaneous miscarriage and childhood diseases. With all of these fertility check points, it shows more promise than conventional semen parameters from a diagnostic perspective. Despite this, few infertility clinics use it routinely. This review provides a synopsis of the most recent studies from each of the authors, all of whom have major track records in the field of sperm DNA damage in the clinical setting. It explores current laboratory tests and the accumulating body of knowledge concerning the relationship between sperm DNA damage and clinical outcomes. The paper proceeds to discuss the strengths and weaknesses and clinical applicability of current sperm DNA fragmentation tests. Next, the biological significance of DNA damage in the male germ line is considered. Finally, as sperm DNA damage is often the result of increased oxidative stress in the male reproductive tract, the potential contribution of antioxidant therapy in the clinical management of this condition is discussed. As those working in this field of clinical research, we conclude that DNA damage in human spermatozoa is an important attribute of semen quality which should be carefully assessed in the clinical work up of infertile couples and that properly controlled trials addressing the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy should be undertaken as a matter of urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena E M Lewis
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland, UK.
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107
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Chen CY, Chiang TC, Lin CM, Lin SS, Jong DS, Tsai VFS, Hsieh JT, Wo AM. Sperm quality assessment via separation and sedimentation in a microfluidic device. Analyst 2013; 138:4967-74. [PMID: 23817531 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major reason for infertility is due to male factors, including the quality of spermatozoa, which is a primary factor and often difficult to assess, particularly the total sperm concentration and its motile percentage. This work presents a simple microfluidic device to assess sperm quality by quantifying both total and motile sperm counts. The key design feature of the microfluidic device is two channels separated by a permeative phase-guide structure, where one channel is filled with raw semen and the other with pure buffer. The semen sample was allowed to reach equilibrium in both chambers, whereas non-motile sperms remained in the original channel, and roughly half of the motile sperms would swim across the phase-guide barrier into the buffer channel. Sperms in each channel agglomerated into pellets after centrifugation, with the corresponding area representing total and motile sperm concentrations. Total sperm concentration up to 10(8) sperms per ml and motile percentage in the range of 10-70% were tested, encompassing the cutoff value of 40% stated by World Health Organization standards. Results from patient samples show compact and robust pellets after centrifugation. Comparison of total sperm concentration between the microfluidic device and the Makler chamber reveal they agree within 5% and show strong correlation, with a coefficient of determination of R(2) = 0.97. Motile sperm count between the microfluidic device and the Makler chamber agrees within 5%, with a coefficient of determination of R(2) = 0.84. Comparison of results from the Makler Chamber, sperm quality analyzer, and the microfluidic device revealed that results from the microfluidic device agree well with the Makler chamber. The sperm microfluidic chip analyzes both total and motile sperm concentrations in one spin, is accurate and easy to use, and should enable sperm quality analysis with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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108
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Semen analysis standardization: is there any problem in Polish laboratories? Asian J Androl 2013; 15:616-21. [PMID: 23817502 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the degree of compliance of Polish laboratories with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, with regard to semen analysis methodology. A survey requesting information about methods of semen analysis was distributed to employees of 55 laboratories. Respondents who had participated in external seminological workshops (31%) were termed certified respondents (CR), the remaining (69%)-non-certified respondents (NCR). Only one laboratory (6%) in the CR group and none in the NCR were compliant with WHO guidelines for methods and equipment used to evaluate seminal volume, sperm motility, concentration, vitality and morphology. Most problems were of volume measurement (weighing method was reported by 17% of CR and 10% of NCR) and staining method for sperm morphology (Papanicolau or Diff-Quik were found in 33% of CR and 23% of NCR). A three- or four-point grading of sperm motility was used by the majority of respondents; however, 17% of CR and 37% of NCR did not use a laboratory counter to tally spermatozoa. Although a haemocytometer method was used by 80% of laboratories in each group, the improved Neubauer chamber was used only by 42% of CR and 19% of NCR. In each group, 24% of laboratories did not perform a vitality test. Procedural errors and the interchangeable utilization of two or even three methods to analyse a given parameter was observed in both groups. The results indicate a need for standardisation of the methods and continuous, unified training in semen analysis in Polish laboratories.
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109
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Garrido N, García-Herrero S, Meseguer M. Assessment of sperm using mRNA microarray technology. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:1008-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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110
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Yatsenko AN, Georgiadis AP, Murthy LJ, Lamb DJ, Matzuk MM. UBE2B mRNA alterations are associated with severe oligozoospermia in infertile men. Mol Hum Reprod 2013; 19:388-94. [PMID: 23378580 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligozoospermia (low sperm count) is a common semen deficiency. However, to date, few genetic defects have been identified to cause this condition. Moreover, even fewer molecular genetic diagnostic tests are available for patients with oligozoospermia in the andrology clinic. Based on animal and gene expression studies of oligozoospermia, several molecular pathways may be disrupted in post-meiotic spermatozoa. One of the disrupted pathways is protein ubiquitination and cell apoptosis. A critical protein involved in this pathway is the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2B, UBE2B. Absence of Ube2b in male mice causes spermatogenic meiotic disruption with increased apoptosis, leading to infertility. To examine the association between messenger RNA defects in UBE2B and severe oligozoospermia (0.1-10 × 10(6) cells/ml), sequencing of sperm cDNA in 326 oligozoospermic patients and 421 normozoospermic men was performed. mRNA alterations in UBE2B were identified in sperm in 4.6% (15 out of 326) of the oligozoospermic patients, but not found in control men, suggesting strong association between mRNA defects and oligozoospermia (χ(2) = 19, P = 0.0001). Identified UBE2B alterations include nine splicing, four missense and two nonsense alterations. The follow-up screen of corresponding DNA regions did not reveal causative DNA mutations, suggesting a post-transcriptional nature of identified defects. None of these variants were reported in the dbSNP database, although other splicing abnormalities with low level of expression were present in 11 out of 421 (2.6%) controls. Our findings suggest that two distinct molecular mechanisms, mRNA editing and splicing processing, are disrupted in oligozoospermia. We speculate that the contribution of post-transcriptional mRNA defects to oligozoospermia could be greater than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Yatsenko
- Department of OBGYN, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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111
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Balasuriya A, Serhal P, Doshi A, Harper JC. Processes involved in assisted reproduction technologies significantly increase sperm DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine translocation. Andrologia 2012; 46:86-97. [PMID: 23230887 DOI: 10.1111/and.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm preparation techniques in assisted reproduction technologies (ART) are potential generators of exogenous stresses that cause additional DNA damage. DNA fragmentation tests, such as the sperm chromatin structure assay, involve freezing sperm samples in the absence of cryoprotectant. Thermal, oxidative stress (OS) and freezing are detrimental to sperm DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation. The primary aim of this study was to subject mature sperm to environmental insults that normally occur during ART. We tested the hypotheses that OS, thermal stress and freeze-thawing caused sperm nuclear and membrane damage and that a positive correlation exists between PS translocation and DNA fragmentation. Sperm DNA integrity deteriorates in semen samples from men with advancing age and a sperm concentration of <15 m ml(-1) . The significant increase in sperm DNA fragmentation at 37 °C after merely 1 h is important clinically as semen liquefaction and short-term sperm storage in an ART cycle involve incubating samples at this temperature. Freezing without a cryoprotectant significantly increases the level of sperm nuclear damage, so it is important not to freeze neat semen prior to DNA fragmentation testing. This study highlights the importance of minimising the production of exogenous stresses during sperm preparation in ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balasuriya
- UCL Centre for PG & D, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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112
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Nyachieo A, Spiessens C, Chai DC, Kiulia NM, Mwenda JM, D'Hooghe TM. Baboon spermatology: basic assessment and reproducibility in olive baboons (Papio anubis). J Med Primatol 2012; 41:297-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl Spiessens
- Leuven University Fertility Centre; University Hospital Gasthuisberg; Leuven; Belgium
| | - Daniel C. Chai
- Department of Reproductive Health and Biology; Institute of Primate Research; Nairobi; Kenya
| | - Nicholas M. Kiulia
- Department of Reproductive Health and Biology; Institute of Primate Research; Nairobi; Kenya
| | - Jason M. Mwenda
- Department of Reproductive Health and Biology; Institute of Primate Research; Nairobi; Kenya
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113
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Benedetti S, Tagliamonte MC, Catalani S, Primiterra M, Canestrari F, De Stefani S, Palini S, Bulletti C. Differences in blood and semen oxidative status in fertile and infertile men, and their relationship with sperm quality. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 25:300-6. [PMID: 22818093 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the aetiology of male infertility by negatively affecting sperm quality and function. Assessment of blood and seminal plasma oxidative profiles might be a valuable tool to improve evaluation of sperm reproductive capacity and functional competence. This study examined the lipid-soluble antioxidant profile and levels of lipid peroxidation both in blood and seminal plasma samples of infertile and fertile males, in relation to semen parameters. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and vitamin E concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) lower in seminal plasma of infertile men compared with fertile subjects; concurrently, a significant accumulation of malondialdehyde was found in infertile patients (P=0.032 compared with controls), which was negatively correlated with sperm motility and morphology. In blood samples, infertile men presented lower concentrations of TAC, carotenoids and vitamin E than fertile subjects; TAC and carotenoids were positively correlated with sperm motility, morphology and concentration. Finally, blood TAC and vitamin E concentrations were positively correlated with the corresponding seminal values, confirming the close relationship between blood and semen antioxidants. All these results indicated the possibility of using not only seminal antioxidants but also blood antioxidants as biochemical markers to support sperm quality evaluation. Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been widely recognized as one of the major causes of male infertility; indeed, excessive ROS production can negatively impact sperm quality and function. The assessment of blood and seminal plasma oxidative profiles has been suggested as a valuable tool to improve the evaluation of sperm reproductive capacity and functional competence in infertile men. With this in mind, in the present study we examined the lipid soluble antioxidant profile (carotenoids and vitamins A and E) and the levels of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) both in blood and seminal plasma samples of infertile and fertile males, in correlation with semen parameters namely motility, morphology and concentration. As a result, we obtained evidence that the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the concentrations of vitamin E of seminal plasma samples were significantly lower in infertile men than in fertile subjects; at the same time, a significant accumulation of MDA was found in infertile patients. MDA, in turn, negatively correlated with sperm motility and morphology, thus confirming that oxidative damage to lipids impairs sperm quality. In blood samples, infertile men presented lower TAC and lower concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin E than fertile subjects; interestingly, TAC and carotenoid concentrations were positively correlated with sperm motility, morphology, and concentration, confirming the close relationship between blood antioxidants and sperm quality. In conclusion, all these results suggested that the examination of blood and semen oxidative profiles might furnish useful information on sperm quality and function in infertile men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Ubaldini 7-61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
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114
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Steilmann C, Paradowska A, Bartkuhn M, Vieweg M, Schuppe HC, Bergmann M, Kliesch S, Weidner W, Steger K. Presence of histone H3 acetylated at lysine 9 in male germ cells and its distribution pattern in the genome of human spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 23:997-1011. [PMID: 22127005 DOI: 10.1071/rd10197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, approximately 85% of histones are replaced by protamines. The remaining histones have been proposed to carry essential marks for the establishment of epigenetic information in the offspring. The aim of the present study was to analyse the expression pattern of histone H3 acetylated at lysine 9 (H3K9ac) during normal and impaired spermatogenesis and the binding pattern of H3K9ac to selected genes within ejaculates. Testicular biopsies, as well as semen samples, were used for immunohistochemistry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed with ejaculated sperm chromatin. HeLa cells and prostate tissue served as controls. Binding of selected genes was evaluated by semiquantitative and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry of H3K9ac demonstrated positive signals in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, elongating spermatids and ejaculated spermatozoa of fertile and infertile men. H3K9ac was associated with gene promoters (CRAT, G6PD, MCF2L), exons (SOX2, GAPDH, STK11IP, FLNA, PLXNA3, SH3GLB2, CTSD) and intergenic regions (TH) in fertile men and revealed shifts of the distribution pattern in ejaculated spermatozoa of infertile men. In conclusion, H3K9ac is present in male germ cells and may play a role during the development of human spermatozoa. In addition, H3K9ac is associated with specific regions of the sperm genome defining an epigenetic code that may influence gene expression directly after fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Steilmann
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Rudolf Buchheim Str. 7, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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115
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Zorn B, Golob B, Ihan A, Kopitar A, Kolbezen M. Apoptotic sperm biomarkers and their correlation with conventional sperm parameters and male fertility potential. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:357-64. [PMID: 22361952 PMCID: PMC3309979 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between sperm apoptotic biomarkers and patient clinical characteristics, conventional sperm parameters and fertility potential. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sperm analysis, phospholipid asymmetry, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and DNA denaturation were assessed in 142 males of infertile couples. Seventy-three couples were allocated to the natural conception group, and 55 couples underwent IVF or ICSI. RESULTS DNA denaturation correlated positively with age and negatively with testicular volume (TV). MMP correlated negatively with BMI and FSH and positively with TV. Normal viable sperm correlated positively with TV and negatively with age, BMI and FSH. DNA denaturation was associated with a significantly lower natural pregnancy rate (OR 5.4, 95% CI:1.3-22, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION Sperm apoptosis is related to male age, BMI, testicular volume and FSH. Among the apoptotic markers, only DNA denaturation has been found to predict natural pregnancy better than conventional sperm parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Zorn
- Andrology Centre, Reproductive Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 3, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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116
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Anton E, Krawetz SA. Spermatozoa as biomarkers for the assessment of human male infertility and genotoxicity. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2012; 58:41-50. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2011.637152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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117
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Morbeck DE, Leonard PH, Weaver AL, Shimek KM, Bouwsma EV, Coddington CC. Sperm morphology: classification drift over time and clinical implications. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1350-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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118
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Pholpramool C, Borwornpinyo S, Dinudom A. Role of Na+ /H+ exchanger 3 in the acidification of the male reproductive tract and male fertility. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:403-9. [PMID: 21480944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
1. Male fertility is a complex process that is dependent on sex hormones and the normal function of the reproductive organs. Defects of these organs result in abnormal sperm production and function, which, in turn, lead to infertility. 2. Spermatozoa released from the testis are unable to move and fertilize with eggs. These features, known as sperm maturation, are acquired during their transit through the epididymis. 3. Among several processes that take place in the epididymis, absorption and acidification of the luminal fluid are essential for sperm maturation, sperm storage and fertility. Currently, the mechanism by which acidification occurs in the epididymis is still not fully understood. 4. The epididymis is fully equipped with the proteins required for acid/base transport, such as Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 3 (NHE3, SLC9A3), vacuolar-type adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) and various isoforms of enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). 5. Most studies, so far, have focused on the role of V-ATPase on H(+) secretion and acidification of the epididymis. The involvement of NHE3 in creating the acidic environment of the epididymal spermatozoa receives little attention. 6. This review presents evidence for and discusses the role of NHE3 in the acidification of the male reproductive tract and its requirement for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumpol Pholpramool
- Departments of Physiology Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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119
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Zhang ZH, Zhang HG, Dong Y, Han RR, Dai RL, Liu RZ. Ureaplasma urealyticum in male infertility in Jilin Province, North-east China, and its relationship with sperm morphology. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:33-40. [PMID: 21672305 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection and raised seminal leucocyte levels on sperm morphology in 967 infertile males and 201 fertile healthy volunteers. U. urealyticum infection led to a significant decrease in the percentage of morphologically normal sperm in infertile males. There was a clear correlation between U. urealyticum infection, raised seminal leucocytes and abnormal sperm morphology. The percentage of morphologically normal sperm was significantly lower in U. urealyticum-positive than U. urealyticum-negative infertile males or fertile controls. The percentage of morphologically normal sperm was lowest in U. urealyticum-positive males with raised seminal leucocytes. Previous studies have found raised seminal leucocyte levels to be associated with reactive oxygen species. The authors suggest that oxidative stress contributes to the effects of U. urealyticum on sperm morphology. In conclusion, U. urealyticum infection can negatively affect sperm morphology and this study provided two possible mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Zhang
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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120
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Abstract
Semen analysis as an integral part of infertility investigations is taken as a surrogate measure for male fecundity in clinical andrology, male fertility, and pregnancy risk assessments. Clearly, laboratory seminology is still very much in its infancy. In as much as the creation of a conventional semen profile will always represent the foundations of male fertility evaluation, the 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) manual is a definitive statement on how such assessments should be carried out and how the quality should be controlled. A major advance in this new edition of the WHO manual, resolving the most salient critique of previous editions, is the development of the first well-defined reference ranges for semen analysis based on the analysis of over 1900 recent fathers. The methodology used in the assessment of the usual variables in semen analysis is described, as are many of the less common, but very valuable, sperm function tests. Sperm function testing is used to determine if the sperm have the biologic capacity to perform the tasks necessary to reach and fertilize ova and ultimately result in live births. A variety of tests are available to evaluate different aspects of these functions. To accurately use these functional assays, the clinician must understand what the tests measure, what the indications are for the assays, and how to interpret the results to direct further testing or patient management.
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Blanchard M, Haguenoer K, Apert A, Poret H, Barthélémy C, Royère D, Guérif F. Sperm morphology assessment using David's classification: time to switch to strict criteria? Prospective comparative analysis in a selected IVF population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:145-52. [PMID: 20497261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare assessment of sperm morphology by using David's classification (DC), a method of manual analysis most common in France, with a computer-assisted method (Integrated Visual Optical System) based on the strict criteria (CASA SC) for their ability to predict fertilization in a selected in vitro fertilization (IVF) population. A total of 120 couples engaged in IVF protocols were prospectively included in the study. To focus mainly on sperm morphology, couples were excluded in cases of abnormalities of sperm concentration and/or motility and immunological factors and when a low number of oocytes were collected. Sperm morphology analysis was performed on the day of oocyte retrieval by the same trained biologist. Our results showed a moderate correlation between the two techniques (r = 0.49). The DC sperm morphology analysis was less indicative of fertilization than CASA SC (r = 0.07, p = 0.47 vs. r = 0.22, p = 0.014). Using receiver-operating characteristics analysis, we showed that DC was not discriminating in the prediction of fertilization (AUC = 0.572). DC seemed less appropriate for the prediction of fertilization success or failure. In contrast, with CASA SC, the previously determined cut-off value of around 14% was confirmed (AUC = 0.735, cut-off = 6%). Our results argue in favour of the replacement of DC by SC to tend towards worldwide standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blanchard
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine et Biologie de la Reproduction, Tours, France
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Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Mishra V, Rajender S, Sankhwar SN, Patel D, Das M. Withania somnifera improves semen quality by combating oxidative stress and cell death and improving essential metal concentrations. Reprod Biomed Online 2011; 22:421-7. [PMID: 21388887 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a 3-month treatment with Withania somnifera on apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration of spermatozoa and the metal ions copper, zinc, iron and gold in seminal plasma from infertile men (normozoospermic, n=25; oligozoospermic, n=25; and asthenozoospermic, n=25). The apoptotic and necrotic cell distribution were analysed by annexin-V binding and propidium iodide uptake using flow cytometry. ROS generation was measured by fluorescence intensity and metal ions were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that, prior to treatment, sperm apoptosis and intracellular ROS concentrations were significantly higher in all groups of infertile men compared with controls (P<0.01 to P<0.001). Similarly, the concentrations of the essential metal ions Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Fe(2+) and Au(2+) in seminal plasma were lower. Treatment with W. somnifera significantly reduced apoptosis in normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men and ROS concentrations in oligozoospermic and asthenozoospermic men (all P<0.05). Treatment also significantly improved metal ion concentrations in infertile men (P<0.01). It is concluded that W. somnifera improves semen quality by reducing oxidative stress and cell death, as well as improving essential metal ion concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-month treatment with Withania somnifera on apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration in spermatozoa from infertile men. Before and following treatment, sperm apoptosis and concentrations of intracellular ROS and the metal ions copper, zinc, iron, and gold in seminal plasma were measured. The apoptotic and necrotic cell distribution were analysed by annexin-V binding and propidium iodide uptake using flow cytometry. ROS generation was measured by fluorescence intensity and metal ions were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that prior, to treatment, apoptosis and intracellular ROS concentrations were significantly higher in all groups of infertile men compared with controls. Similarly, the concentrations of the essential metal ions Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Fe(2+) and Au(2+) in seminal plasma were lower. Treatment with W. somnifera significantly reduced apoptosis and ROS concentrations and improved metal ion concentrations in infertile subjects. It is concluded that W. somnifera improves semen quality by reducing oxidative stress and cell death and improving essential metal ion concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamla Kant Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow 226003, UP, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow 226003, UP, India
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Food Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Endocrinology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | | | - Devender Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, UP, India
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van der Steeg JW, Steures P, Eijkemans MJ, F. Habbema JD, Hompes PG, Kremer JA, van der Leeuw-Harmsen L, Bossuyt PM, Repping S, Silber SJ, Mol BW, van der Veen F. Role of semen analysis in subfertile couples. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1013-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ariagno JI, Curi SM, Chenlo P, Repetto HEH, Pugliese MN, Palaoro LA, Sardi M, Mendeluk GR. Our experience in sperm morphology assessment. Asian J Androl 2011; 13:201-2. [PMID: 21076434 PMCID: PMC3739186 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Irene Ariagno
- Laboratory of Male Fertility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1120, Argentina.
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Hu J, Zhu W, Liu W, Fan L. Factors affecting fecundity among sperm donors: a multivariate analysis. Andrologia 2011; 43:155-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abdel-Meguid TA, Al-Sayyad A, Tayib A, Farsi HM. Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial. Eur Urol 2010; 59:455-61. [PMID: 21196073 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) addressing varicocele treatment are scarce and have conflicting outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine whether varicocele treatment is superior or inferior to no treatment in male infertility from an evidence-based perspective. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective, nonmasked, parallel-group RCT with a one-to-one concealed-to-random allocation was conducted at the authors' institution from February 2006 to October 2009. Married men 20-39 yr of age who had experience infertility ≥1 yr, had palpable varicoceles, and with at least one impaired semen parameter (sperm concentration <20 million/ml, progressive motility <50%, or normal morphology <30%) were eligible. Exclusions included subclinical or recurrent varicoceles, normal semen parameters, and azoospermia. Sample size analysis suggested 68 participants per arm. INTERVENTION Participants were randomly allocated to observation (the control arm [CA]) or subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy (the treatment arm [TA]). Semen analyses were obtained at baseline (three analyses) and at follow-up months 3, 6, 9, and 12. The mean of each sperm parameter at baseline and follow-ups was determined. MEASUREMENTS We measured the spontaneous pregnancy rate (the primary outcome), changes from baseline in mean semen parameters, and the occurrence of adverse events (AE-the secondary outcomes) during 12-mo follow-up; p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Analysis included 145 participants (CA: n=72; TA: n=73), with a mean age plus or minus standard deviation of 29.3±5.7 in the CA and 28.4±5.7 in the TA (p=0.34). Baseline characteristics in both arms were comparable. Spontaneous pregnancy was achieved in 13.9% (CA) versus 32.9% (TA), with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-6.95) and a number needed to treat (NNT) of 5.27 patients (95% CI, 1.55-8.99). In CA within-arm analysis, none of semen parameters revealed significant changes from baseline (sperm concentration [p=0.18], progressive motility [p=0.29], and normal morphology [p=0.05]). Conversely, in TA within-arm analysis, the mean of all semen parameters improved significantly in follow-up versus baseline (p<0.0001). In between-arm analysis, all semen parameters improved significantly in the TA versus CA (p<0.0001). No AEs were reported. CONCLUSIONS Our RCT provided level 1b evidence of the superiority of varicocelectomy over observation in infertile men with palpable varicoceles and impaired semen quality, with increased odds of spontaneous pregnancy and improvements in semen characteristics within 1-yr of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha A Abdel-Meguid
- Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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127
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Sharma RK, Sabanegh E, Mahfouz R, Gupta S, Thiyagarajan A, Agarwal A. TUNEL as a test for sperm DNA damage in the evaluation of male infertility. Urology 2010; 76:1380-6. [PMID: 20573380 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To standardize the TUNEL assay by establishing inter- and intraobserver variability, interassay variability, cutoff values, sensitivity and specificity of the assay, and studying the distribution of the DNA damage in a population of infertile men referred to a clinical andrology laboratory. METHODS Seminal ejaculates from 25 healthy male volunteers (controls) and 194 infertile men (with male factor infertility) referred to an andrology laboratory were examined for DNA damage by TUNEL assay using flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Both the inter- and intraobserver variability and interassay variability was small (<10%). DNA damage in the controls was 11.9 ± 6.8% vs. 29.5 ± 18.7% in patients (P <.001). The cut-off value of 19.25% maximized the observed sensitivity (64.9%) and specificity (100%) of the assay. The distribution of DNA damage in the patients was as follows: 14.9% (29 of 194) with DNA damage between 0% and 10%; 22.7% (44 of 194) between 10% and 20%; 8.8% (17 of 194) between 20% and 30%; and 17.5% (34 of 194) between 30% and 40%. Finally, 27.3% (53 of 194) had TUNEL values >40%. CONCLUSIONS We report a detailed standardization of the TUNEL assay for clinical use, as well as reference ranges for DNA damage in normal healthy donors and infertile men. A cut-off of 19.25% with observed 100% specificity established in our program can differentiate infertile men with DNA damage from healthy men. This test can be offered to infertile patients who are idiopathic, have severe oxidative stress-related abnormal semen quality, and contribute to the infertility problem of the couple who are considering assisted reproductive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sharma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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128
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Hwang K, Yatsenko AN, Jorgez CJ, Mukherjee S, Nalam RL, Matzuk MM, Lamb DJ. Mendelian genetics of male infertility. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1214:E1-E17. [PMID: 21382200 PMCID: PMC3654696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive despite trying for a year, and it affects approximately 15% of the reproductive-age population. It is considered a genetically lethal factor, as the family lineage stops at that individual with no progeny produced. A genetic defect associated with an infertile individual cannot be transmitted to the offspring, ensuring the maintenance of reproductive fitness of the species. However, with the advent of assisted reproductive techniques (ART), we are now able to overcome sterility and bypass nature's protective mechanisms that developed through evolution to prevent fertilization by defective or deficient sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hwang
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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130
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Samplaski MK, Agarwal A, Sharma R, Sabanegh E. New generation of diagnostic tests for infertility: Review of specialized semen tests. Int J Urol 2010; 17:839-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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131
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Sripada S, Townend J, Campbell D, Murdoch L, Mathers E, Bhattacharya S. Relationship between semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:624-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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132
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Abstract
Accurate semen analysis is critical for decisions about patient care, as well as for studies addressing overall changes in semen quality, contraceptive efficacy and effects of toxicant exposure. The standardization of semen analysis is very difficult for many reasons, including the use of subjective techniques with no standards for comparison, poor technician training, problems with proficiency testing and a reluctance to change techniques. The World Health Organization (WHO) Semen handbook (2010) offers a vastly improved set of standardized procedures, all at a level of detail that will preclude most misinterpretations. However, there is a limit to what can be learned from words and pictures alone. A WHO-produced DVD that offers complete demonstrations of each technique along with quality assurance standards for motility, morphology and concentration assessments would enhance the effectiveness of the manual. However, neither the manual nor a DVD will help unless there is general acknowledgement of the critical need to standardize techniques and rigorously pursue quality control to ensure that laboratories actually perform techniques 'according to WHO' instead of merely reporting that they have done so. Unless improvements are made, patient results will continue to be compromised and comparison between studies and laboratories will have limited merit.
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133
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Liu RZ, Gao JC, Zhang HG, Wang RX, Zhang ZH, Liu XY. Seminal Plasma Zinc Level May be Associated with the Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Sperm Parameters. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:923-8. [PMID: 20819428 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on seminal plasma zinc levels and sperm parameters, and to examine the role of seminal plasma zinc. Semen samples from 79 non-smokers and 68 smokers were obtained. There was a significant decrease in seminal plasma zinc in smokers and a clear correlation between seminal plasma zinc levels and the extent of smoking. Sperm parameters (concentration, motility and morphology) among smokers were significantly lower in comparison to non-smokers. These parameters were also significantly decreased among smokers with abnormal zinc levels, while there was no significant difference between non-smokers with normal zinc and non-smokers with abnormal zinc levels. As previous studies have shown that seminal plasma zinc is associated with a decrease of anti-oxidant defences, seminal plasma zinc could be a contributor to the effects of cigarette smoking on sperm parameters. In conclusion, cigarette smoking can affect sperm parameters and this study may help towards providing a mechanistic explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Z Liu
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, First Hospital, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - J-C Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - H-G Zhang
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, First Hospital, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - R-X Wang
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, First Hospital, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Z-H Zhang
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, First Hospital, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - X-Y Liu
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, First Hospital, Norman Bethune Medicine College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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134
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Chan CC, Shui HA, Wu CH, Wang CY, Sun GH, Chen HM, Wu GJ. Motility and protein phosphorylation in healthy and asthenozoospermic sperm. J Proteome Res 2010; 8:5382-6. [PMID: 19678645 DOI: 10.1021/pr9003932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The majority of male infertility results from poor sperm motility. A direct link between altered protein phosphorylation and aberrant sperm motility has not been established. To address this issue, sperm samples obtained from 20 donors with healthy sperm and 20 donors with aberrantly motile sperm were subjected to computer assisted semen analysis (CASA), proteomic analysis, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining. Proteomic analysis identified 12 protein spots as having differential phosphorylation, including gamma-tubulin complex associated protein 2 (GCP2). Western blot and immunofluorescence demonstrated differential expression of gamma-tubulin between healthy and aberrantly motile sperm. In conclusion, hypophosphorylated proteins and reduced expression of gamma-tubulin may be associated with low motility sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chying-Chyuan Chan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defence Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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135
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Coppola MA, Klotz KL, Kim KA, Cho HY, Kang J, Shetty J, Howards SS, Flickinger CJ, Herr JC. SpermCheck Fertility, an immunodiagnostic home test that detects normozoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:853-61. [PMID: 20139122 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A simple and inexpensive home sperm test could be of considerable value to couples attempting to conceive and to men curious about their fertility potential. A two-strip lateral flow immunochromatographic diagnostic device that allows men to evaluate their sperm count at low cost in the privacy of their own homes is described. METHODS The ability of SpermCheck Fertility to predict sperm counts obtained using a hemacytometer procedure based on standard World Health Organization methodology was assessed. Test results obtained by lay users were also compared with those obtained by trained laboratory professionals, and the ease of use of the device was evaluated in consumer studies. RESULTS A total of 225 semen samples were analyzed in the method comparison, and the performance of SpermCheck Fertility was excellent with over 96% of all samples correctly classified as normozoospermic (> or =2 x 10(7) sperm/ml), oligozoospermic (5 x 10(6)-2 x 10(7) sperm/ml) or severely oligozoospermic (<5 x 10(6) sperm/ml). Consumer studies with 164 lay users demonstrated that SpermCheck Fertility was easy to use. Lay users and laboratory professionals agreed 95% of the time when reading the same test independently. Overall, the correct response rate on a 20-question survey about the test was over 97%. CONCLUSIONS SpermCheck Fertility is a simple and reliable immunodiagnostic test that can quickly inform men as to whether their sperm count is normal, low or very low. This home test can assist couples in deciding whether to seek comprehensive clinical evaluation of the fertility status of the male partner.
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136
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Kini S, Morrell D, Thong K, Kopakaki A, Hillier S, Irvine D. Lack of Impact of Semen Quality on Fertilization in Assisted Conception. Scott Med J 2010; 55:20-3. [DOI: 10.1258/rsmsmj.55.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Defective semen quality is one of the commonest causes of infertility. The diagnosis of male fertility depends upon a descriptive evaluation of human semen, however a normal semen analysis does not necessarily indicate satisfactory fertility potential. Aims (i) to examine the semen quality of patients undergoing treatment by assisted conception, (ii) to explore relationships between semen quality and treatment outcomes, and (iii) to look at inter-laboratory variation in the assessment of semen quality. Methods Semen quality in patients undergoing assisted conception treatment between 2001 and 2004 was reviewed. Data on female age, egg numbers and fertilization outcomes was obtained by case note review. Results The thresholds used to direct patients towards IVF or ICSI treatment were comparable with the normal values promulgated by WHO, with the exception of morphology. Semen quality was not predictive of fertilization rates. When the results of independent measurements of the same sample were compared, there was diagnostic disagreement in between 10% - 29% of samples. Conclusions The conventional criteria of semen quality are used to determine treatment strategy for couples undergoing assisted conception but are not reflected in fertilization rates, emphasising the limited utility of the conventional criteria of semen quality in the assessment of sperm function. There remains significant inter-laboratory variation in the results of semen analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kini
- Edinburgh Fertility and Reproductive Endocrine Centre, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA
| | - D Morrell
- Edinburgh Fertility and Reproductive Endocrine Centre, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA
| | - Kj Thong
- Edinburgh Fertility and Reproductive Endocrine Centre, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA
| | - A Kopakaki
- Edinburgh Fertility and Reproductive Endocrine Centre, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA
| | - S Hillier
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ds Irvine
- Edinburgh Fertility and Reproductive Endocrine Centre, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA
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137
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Sperm function and seminal oxidative stress as tools to identify sperm pathologies in infertile men. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:297-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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138
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Sperm chromatin structure assay and classical semen parameters: systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 20:114-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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139
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Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HG, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics*‡. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 16:231-45. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1747] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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140
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Herr C, zur Nieden A, Koch HM, Schuppe HC, Fieber C, Angerer J, Eikmann T, Stilianakis NI. Urinary di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)--metabolites and male human markers of reproductive function. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:648-53. [PMID: 19733116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phthalates are suspected to act as endocrine modulators in humans and exert reproductive toxicity. The general population is exposed to phthalates through nutrition, consumer products, medications and medical devices. The aim of the present study is to explore whether internal phthalate exposure represented by metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can be related to human markers of reproductive function (i.e. semen concentration, motility and morphology). METHODS We recruited 349 men who were part of subfertile couples and were referred for fertility work-up between April 2004 and November 2005. Semen analysis was performed according to recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters were dichotomized based on 1999 WHO reference values for sperm concentration (<20million/ml) and motility (<50% sperm with progressive motility), as well as Tygerberg strict criteria for morphology (<4% normal forms). We analyzed internal DEHP exposure in single spot urine samples by determining its secondary metabolites mono(2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl)phthalate (5oxo-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (5OH-MEHP) and 5carboxy-mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (5cx-MEPP) next to the monoester metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP). Logistic regression was performed for the three semen parameters (concentration, motility, and normal morphology) to estimate their dependence on the sum of the four DEHP metabolites (DEHP-4) under consideration. Adjustment was performed for age, duration of abstinence, and smoking status. RESULTS DEHP metabolites of n=349 men (age: median=34ys) were analysed. Median concentrations [microg/l] were MEHP (n=337) 4.35, 5OH-MEHP (n=341) 12.66, 5oxo-MEHP (n=341) 9.02, and 5cx- MEPP (n=292) 14.53. Semen parameters of n=349 men were analysed by logistic regression. Semen concentration (<20mio/ml: 35%) or sperm motility (WHO A+B <50%=20%) were not found to be associated statistically significantly with the sum the DEHP metabolites (DEHP-4). DISCUSSION Metabolites of DEHP and other phthalates analyzed in urine are very specific for determining recent internal phthalate exposure. According to our evaluation human reproductive parameters from semen analyses do not show significant associations with concentrations of DEHP metabolites determined in spot urine sampled at the day of andrological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Herr
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany; Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Aguilar J, Alvarez C, Morancho-Zaragoza J, Prats-Gimenez R, Ramírez JP, Fernández-Pardo E, Martínez L, Calafell R, Duran I, Castilla JA. Quality specifications for seminal parameters based on clinicians' opinions. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:68-76. [PMID: 17852803 DOI: 10.1080/00365510701496470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify analytical quality specifications for seminal parameters based on clinicians' opinions, and to compare with those based on biological variability and state of the art. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two questionnaires with case histories were sent to laboratories participating in the Spanish programme of external quality on semen analysis for distribution to as many specialist clinicians as possible. Our intention was to determine the critical difference (CD), defined as the difference needed between two consecutive results obtained from semen analysis to be 95 % confident that the two results actually are different. Subsequently, we calculated the specifications of analytical quality in accordance with the clinicians' opinions. RESULTS The CDs obtained from the median value of the differences between the initial value and that given in the clinicians' replies were similar in clinical situations of improvement or worsening in the infertile normozoospermic male, and also in worsening situations for male patients presenting a significant alteration in seminal parameters. For improvement in this latter case, the CD cited as necessary in the clinicians' opinion was much higher than that for the other clinical situations. At a desirable level of quality, for concentration and total motility the coefficients of variation in the clinicians' opinion were below those based on biological variability and the state of the art. However, for type "a+b" motility, type "a" motility, morphology and vitality the coefficients of variation based on the clinicians' opinions were higher than those based on biological variability and lower than those based on the state of the art. CONCLUSIONS Quality specifications for seminal parameters based on clinicians' opinions depend to a large extent on the clinical situation and on the seminal parameter being analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aguilar
- Banco de Semen CEIFER, Granada, Spain
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Chen X, Zhang W, Luo Y, Long X, Sun X. Predictive value of semen parameters inin vitrofertilisation pregnancy outcome. Andrologia 2009; 41:111-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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143
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Lee SH, Song H, Park YS, Koong MK, Song IO, Jun JH. Poor sperm quality affects clinical outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in fresh and subsequent frozen–thawed cycles: potential paternal effects on pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:798-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Selectivity of hyaluronic acid binding for spermatozoa with normal Tygerberg strict morphology. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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145
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Rizvi AA, Quraishi MI, Sarkar V, DuBois C, Biro S, Mulhall J. The effect of pH and viscosity on bovine spermatozoa motility under controlled conditions. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 41:523-30. [PMID: 19002600 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infertility in a large proportion of infertile couples is due, in part, to the male factor. Spermatozoa must survive the unique environment of the female reproductive tract in their path to fertilize the ovum. This fact is even more problematic for men with oligospermia. Of the many environmental factors that effect sperm motility in the female reproductive tract, we have decided to concentrate on the effect of pH and viscosity on bovine spermatozoa in the laboratory setting. Follicular fluid was harvested from heifer ovaries to serve as a chemo-attractant. Through image analysis, our data shows trends of sperm motility as a function of pH and viscosity. There is a significant increase in the number of immotile sperm seen as pH decreases from 6.5 to 6.0. Furthermore, an exponential relationship between sperm speed and environmental viscosity was observed in vitro. This suggests that modulating vaginal pH and vaginal secretion viscosity could greatly affect spermatozoa motility and therefore male fertility.
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146
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Looper ML, Rorie RW, Person CN, Lester TD, Hallford DM, Aiken GE, Roberts CA, Rottinghaus GE, Rosenkrans CF. Influence of toxic endophyte-infected fescue on sperm characteristics and endocrine factors of yearling Brahman-influenced bulls. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:1184-91. [PMID: 18997075 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen (mean age = 1.1 +/- 0.1 yr; mean BW = 478 +/- 34 kg) Brahman-influenced bulls were used to determine the influence of fescue type on sperm characteristics and serum concentrations of prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone. Bulls were blocked by BW, scrotal circumference (SC), and pregrazing sperm characteristics and randomly assigned to graze toxic endophyte-infected (EI; 4 bulls/pasture; 2 pastures) or novel endophyte-infected (NE; 4 bulls/pasture; 2 pastures) tall fescue for 121 d. Semen was collected by electroejaculation, and SC was measured and blood samples collected monthly. Sperm were evaluated for motility and morphology with an integrated visual optical system. Overall mean concentration of prolactin was decreased more (P < 0.01) in EI bulls than NE bulls from May to August. Scrotal circumference was not affected by fescue type (P = 0.58); overall SC averaged 36.7 +/- 2.3 cm. Percentage of live sperm was not different (P = 0.24) between NE bulls (80%) than EI bulls (67%) in July and August. Bulls grazing NE fescue had more (P < 0.06) motile sperm than EI bulls in July and August. Percentages of progressive (57 vs. 38%, NE and EI, respectively; P < 0.06) and rapid (67 vs. 46%, NE and EI, respectively; P = 0.04) sperm were greater from bulls grazing NE than EI bulls in July and August. Average velocity of the smoothed sperm path and progressive velocity in a straight line from the beginning to the end of the sperm track were slower (P < 0.09) in EI bulls than NE bulls and were slower (P = 0.04) in August compared with July. Mean width of head oscillation as the sperm swims was less (P < 0.06) in August than July. Concentrations of cortisol and testosterone were not (P > 0.10) influenced by fescue type. Semen from bulls grazing EI had reduced motility and morphology than bulls grazing NE. Detrimental effects of toxic fescue may not be mediated by cortisol, testosterone, or both. Semen quality of bulls grazing toxic EI tall fescue was decreased with increased maximum ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Looper
- USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR 72927, USA
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147
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AZIZ N, AGARWAL A. Evaluation of sperm damage: beyond the World Health Organization criteria. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:484-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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149
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Hellstrom WJ, Gittelman M, Jarow J, Steidle C, McMurray J, Talley D, Watts S, Mitchell CL, McGill JM. An Evaluation of Semen Characteristics in Men 45 Years of Age or Older after Daily Dosing with Tadalafil 20mg: Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 9-Month Study. Eur Urol 2008; 53:1058-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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150
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Ginsberg JP, Ogle SK, Tuchman LK, Carlson CA, Reilly MM, Hobbie WL, Rourke M, Zhao H, Meadows AT. Sperm banking for adolescent and young adult cancer patients: sperm quality, patient, and parent perspectives. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:594-8. [PMID: 17514733 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is often a complication for adolescent and young adult males who receive cancer therapy, a problem that might be averted through using cryopreserved sperm. We aim to evaluate feasibility of offering newly diagnosed patients the opportunity to bank sperm and, to determine the beliefs and decision-making processes of patients and their parents who considered sperm banking. PROCEDURE Eligible patients and parents were approached and offered sperm cryopreservation. Semen samples from patients who sequentially attempted sperm banking were analyzed. Questionnaires were then administered to patients and parents who had been approached about sperm banking. RESULTS Semen samples from 68 patients were analyzed. Nine patients were azoospermic; all had been pre-treated with chemotherapy. Fifty patients completed the questionnaire. Parent and patient made the decision together to bank 80% of the time. All sons who attempted to bank and their parents felt they had made the right decision, including those who attempted but failed. CONCLUSIONS Viable sperm can be collected successfully from adolescent and young adults who are newly diagnosed with cancer. Semen quality was dramatically reduced by one course of gonadotoxic therapy. Parents and patients want information regarding sperm cryopreservation early. Parents appear to play an important role in the decision to sperm bank. We recommend sperm banking be offered to all eligible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P Ginsberg
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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