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Sezer Ç, Özgür Ç, Aksem A, Leyla V. Food handlers: a bridge in the journey of enterotoxigenic MRSA in food. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-015-0939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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102
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Incidence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Toxin Genes Possession Screening of Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Chicken Livers and Gizzards. Foods 2015; 4:115-129. [PMID: 28231192 PMCID: PMC5302321 DOI: 10.3390/foods4020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Few recent outbreaks in Europe and the US involving Campylobacter and Salmonella were linked to the consumption of chicken livers. Studies investigating Staphylococcus aureus in chicken livers and gizzards are very limited. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence of S. aureus and MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) in retail chicken livers and gizzards in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In this study, 156 chicken livers and 39 chicken gizzards samples of two brands were collected. While one of the brands showed very low prevalence of 1% (1/100) for S. aureus in chicken livers and gizzards, the second brand showed prevalence of 37% (31/95). No MRSA was detected since none harbored the mecA or mecC gene. Eighty seven S. aureus isolates from livers and 28 from gizzards were screened for antimicrobial resistance to 16 antimicrobials and the possession of 18 toxin genes. Resistance to most of the antimicrobials screened including cefoxitin and oxacillin was higher in the chicken gizzards isolates. While the prevalence of enterotoxin genes seg and sei was higher in the gizzards isolates, the prevalence of hemolysin genes hla, hlb, and hld was higher in the livers ones. The lucocidin genes lukE-lukD was equally prevalent in chicken livers and gizzards isolates. Using spa typing, a subset of the recovered isolates showed that they are not known to be livestock associated and, hence, may be of a human origin. In conclusion, this study stresses the importance of thorough cooking of chicken livers and gizzards since it might contain multidrug resistant enterotoxigenic S. aureus. To our knowledge this is the first study to specifically investigate the prevalence of S. aureus in chicken livers and gizzards in the US.
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103
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Akbar A, Anal AK. Prevalence and antibiogram study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in poultry meat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 3:163-8. [PMID: 23593598 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence and antibiogram pattern of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in retail poultry meat products. METHODS Foodborne pathogens (Salmonella and S. aureus) were isolated from poultry meat and confirmed with the help of biochemical and immunological test. Antibiogram of the isolates were examined by following CLSI methods. RESULTS A total number of 209 poultry meat samples were collected and studied in this study. Out of which, 5.26% were found contaminated with Salmonella while 18.18% were found contaminated with S. aureus. All the Salmonella and S. aureus isolates were found resistant to at least one antibiotic. About 72.72% of the Salmonella isolates showed resistance to tetracycline, while S. aureus isolates were also found highly resistant to tetracycline equal to 44.73%. One of the Salmonella isolates showed multi-drug resistance to almost six antibiotics out of nine antibiotics used in the study. Multidrug resistant S. aureus isolates were also found in the study. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the presence of Salmonella and S. aureus in retail poultry meat. It is a potential threat to consumer health. To reduce the risk of contamination, good hygiene practices are necessary from processing to storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, School of Environment, Recourses and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand ; Faculty of Life Science, Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan
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Ertas Onmaz N, Abay S, Karadal F, Hizlisoy H, Telli N, Al S. Occurence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. in retail fish samples in Turkey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 90:242-246. [PMID: 25467866 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxins, as well as Salmonella spp. and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates from fish samples. A total of 100 fish samples were analysed consisting of 30 anchovy, 35 trout and 35 sea bream. The presence of SEs was detected using ELISA and its genes confirmed by mPCR. Also, S. aureus and Salmonella spp. were detected in 9 (9%) and 5 (5%) samples, respectively. None of the S. aureus isolates had SEs and SEs genes. The resistance rates of the S. aureus isolates to erythromycin, tetracycline, and penicillin G were found to be 33% while Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin and neomycine in 20%, 20% and 80%, respectively of the samples. It is of utmost important for public health that retail fish markets need to use hygienic practices in handling and processing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Ertas Onmaz
- University of Erciyes, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Secil Abay
- University of Erciyes, Department of Microbiology, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fulden Karadal
- University of Nigde, Bor Vocational School, 51700 Nigde, Turkey
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- University of Erciyes, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nihat Telli
- University of Selcuk, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, 42030 Konya, Turkey
| | - Serhat Al
- University of Erciyes, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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105
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Morcillo A, Castro B, Rodríguez-Alvarez C, Abreu R, Aguirre-Jaime A, Arias A. Descriptive analysis of antibiotic-resistant patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) st398 isolated from healthy swine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:611-22. [PMID: 25588155 PMCID: PMC4306882 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) such as the MRSA ST398 strain has spread all over the world and the most worrying aspect of this fact appears to be its capacity to easily spread to humans. The excessive use of antibiotics has made swine a reservoir of MRSA. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of MRSA samples isolated from healthy swine of the island of Tenerife (Spain). METHODS A total of 256 MRSA isolates from swine samples and five MRSA isolates from pig worker samples were investigated for MRSA antibiotic resistant patterns. RESULTS Analysis of the susceptibility status of MRSA pig isolates revealed that 39 isolates were resistant to one antibiotic, 71 isolates were resistant to two antibiotics and 96 isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics. SCCmec typing revealed the presence of types IV and V. Isolates having SCCmec IV had an increased resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested than those having SCCmec V. We observed significant differences when comparing the most common resistance patterns and SCCmec type. CONCLUSIONS MRSA isolated from humans showed similar resistance to those isolated from pigs, excepting erythromycin, since all the workers' isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. The evolution of new MRSA clones has emphasized the need for infection control practices in animals and humans in close contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morcillo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands 38071, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Castro
- University Hospital of the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38320, Spain.
| | | | - Rossana Abreu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands 38071, Spain.
| | - Armando Aguirre-Jaime
- Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria University Hospital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38010, Spain.
| | - Angeles Arias
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands 38071, Spain.
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106
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Pinto JB, Rossatto FCP, Martins PD, Frazzon APG. Genetic relationships and virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw poultry in South Brazil. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-1031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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107
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Hao D, Xing X, Li G, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang W, Xia X, Meng J. Prevalence, toxin gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from quick-frozen dumplings. J Food Prot 2015; 78:218-23. [PMID: 25581200 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in quick-frozen dumplings and to characterize these strains. A total of 120 dumpling samples, including lamb (n = 13), vegetarian (n = 14), seafood (n = 12), and pork (n = 81) stuffing, were collected in Shaanxi province in China and screened for S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins A and B (eta and etb), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst-1), and resistance to methicillin-oxacillin (mecA). In all, 60.0% of all samples were positive for S. aureus, and 117 S. aureus isolates, including seven mecA-positive strains, were recovered from these positive samples. In addition, all mecA-positive S. aureus isolates were recovered from products of animal origin. In these S. aureus isolates, resistance was observed most frequently to ampicillin (92.3%) and penicillin (86.3%), followed by clarithromycin, erythromycin, midecamycin, tetracycline, and kanahemycin (from 53.8 to 28.2%). All isolates were sensitive to cefoperazone, minocycline, vancomycin, and ofloxacin. The predominant toxin gene was sec (38.5%), followed by seg (19.7%), sej (16.2%), see (12.8%), sea (11.1%), and seb (10.3%), whereas eta, etb, and tsst-1 genes were not detected. These findings indicate that S. aureus was present commonly in quick-frozen dumplings, accompanied by multiple antimicrobial resistance and toxin genes. Our findings highlight the urgency for stricter hygiene strategies in food production and the prudent use of antibiotics in the breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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108
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Chen X, Gan M, Xu H, Chen F, Ming X, Xu H, Wei H, Xu F, Liu C. Development of a rapid and sensitive quantum dot-based immunochromatographic strip by double labeling PCR products for detection of Staphylococcus aureus in food. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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109
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Assessment of microbiological quality and safety of marinated pork products from German retail during shelf life. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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110
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Song M, Bai Y, Xu J, Carter MQ, Shi C, Shi X. Genetic diversity and virulence potential of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw and processed food commodities in Shanghai. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 195:1-8. [PMID: 25485928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The risk of zoonotic transmission to humans highlights the need to understand the molecular ecology of Staphylococcus aureus in foods. In this study, 142 S. aureus isolates obtained from various raw and processed foods from Shanghai, China were characterized to determine their genetic diversity and virulence gene content. A total of 16 clonal complexes (CCs), 34 staphylococcal protein A (spa) types, and 6 accessory gene regulator (agr) allelic groups were identified and analyzed among the 142 S. aureus isolates. Among these, the genotype CC188-t189-agr Ι was the most prevalent, constituting 28.2% of all isolates. The presence of virulence genes encoding 20 staphylococcal enterotoxins (se), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst1), exfoliative toxins (eta, etb, and etd), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukS-PV and lukF-PV), as well as methicillin resistance gene (mecA), was determined by PCR. Of these S. aureus isolates, 72.5% harbored toxin genes, in which the most frequent toxin gene was sep (43.7%), followed by sej (26.1%) and pvl (21.1%). In contrast, see, ses, set, tsst1, etb, and etd were not found in any of the isolates tested. Eight S. aureus isolates (5.6%, 8/142), seven from raw milk and one from frozen food, were mecA positive and resistant to oxacillin, thus were MRSA. The 142 S. aureus isolates displayed 52 different toxin gene profiles. Although no direct association was found between toxin gene profile and the S. aureus genotype, the isolates belonging to CC5, CC9, CC20, CC50, and CC72 clonal lineages in general carried more toxin genes (>5) compared with the isolates in other CCs. It was also revealed that raw milk and raw meat were the major sources of isolates containing multiple toxin genes. S. aureus isolates from food that were genetically highly related, displayed diverse toxin gene profiles, implying the significant role of horizontal gene transfer in the emergence of highly toxigenic S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Song
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yalong Bai
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Michelle Qiu Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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111
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Yahaghi E, Imani Fooladi AA, Amin M, Mirnejad R, Nezamzade R, Amani J. Detection of Class I Integrons in Staphyloacoccus aurous Isolated From Clinical Samples. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e16234. [PMID: 25763211 PMCID: PMC4329933 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aurous is a major pathogen, causing variety of diseases and death in Iran and in the world. Despite the use of a spectrum of new antibiotics, this organism has caused severe infections in burns as well as in different parts of the body, due to acquired drug resistance. Widespread inappropriate use of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections has led to the selection and circulation of resistant strains and the growing risk of transferring resistant genes to sensitive bacteria. One of the causes of antibiotic resistance in S. aurous strains is the gain of resistance genes including integrase and qac/sul1. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of class 1 integron in S. aurous strains isolated from clinical samples for the first time in Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 200 strains of S. aurous isolated from patients admitted to Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran in 2013. These strains were confirmed using biochemical and serological tests and the presence of class 1 integron was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among the 200 samples, 1% of the strains (two isolates) contained the class 1 integron gene. The results of this study showed that the highest frequency of the obtained samples belonged to males and the isolates occurred mostly in individuals aged 51-60 years old. The highest number of strains was found in wound samples. The strains were most frequently isolated from the emergency ward and the intensive care unit (ICU). Conclusions: Findings of this study showed that integron can have a limited frequency in S. aurous isolated from clinical sample in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Yahaghi
- Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, IR Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi, Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9122269267, E-mail:
| | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Nezamzade
- Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, IR Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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112
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Farajzadeh Sheikh A, Rostami S, Jolodar A, Tabatabaiefar MA, Khorvash F, Saki A, Shoja S, Sheikhi R. Detection of Metallo-Beta Lactamases Among Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e12289. [PMID: 25774271 PMCID: PMC4332233 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carbapenems are important drugs used for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, however metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) are able to efficiently hydrolyze these classes of drugs. Immediate detection of the MBL-producing P. aeruginosa is necessary in order to accurately treat infections caused by this organism. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of MBL producing P. aeruginosa in burn and non-burn patients by two phenotypic tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to compare phenotypic tests with PCR. Materials and Methods: A total of 223 non-duplicate strains of P. aeruginosa were collected from three teaching hospitals of Ahvaz, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem and ertapenem) were determined by the Kirby-Bauer and E-test methods. Combined disk (CD) test, MBL E-test and PCR were performed for carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. Results: Amongst all the P. aeruginosa isolates, 58.7% were resistant to imipenem while 31.8%, 13.5% and 74.4% were resistant to meropenem, doripenem and ertapenem, respectively. Amongst all the P. aeruginosa isolates, 44.4% were multidrug resistant and 13.45% were resistant to all of the carbapenems. The CD test with doripenem disk / 750 μg ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) had the highest efficiency compared to the other phenotypic tests. blaIMP and blaVIM genes were detected in 11.7% and 0.4% of isolates, respectively. blaSPM and blaNDM genes were not observed. Conclusions: Epidemiological and regional evaluation of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa through simple and inexpensive methods should be considered for effective treatment of carbapenem-resistant P.aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farajzadeh Sheikh
- Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Soodabeh Rostami
- Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Soodabeh Rostami, Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran Tel: +98-6113367543, Fax: +98-6113332036, E-mail:
| | - Abbas Jolodar
- Department of Biomolecular and Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | | | - Farzin Khorvash
- Nosocomial Infections Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Azadeh Saki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Saeed Shoja
- Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Raheleh Sheikhi
- Department of Microbiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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de Mello JF, da Rocha LB, Lopes ES, Frazzon J, da Costa M. Sanitary quality, occurrence and identification of Staphylococcus sp. in food services. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:1031-7. [PMID: 25477940 PMCID: PMC4204944 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanitary conditions are essential for the production of meals and control of the presence of pathogensis important to guarantee the health of customers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sanitary quality of food services by checking the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus sp. and evaluate the toxigenic potential from the latter. The analysis was performed on water, surfaces, equipment, ready-to-eat foods, hands and nasal cavity of handlers in seven food services. The water used in food services proved to be suitable for the production of meals. Most food, equipment and surfaces showed poor sanitary conditions due to the presence of thermotolerant coliforms (60.6%). Twenty-six Staphylococcus species were identified from the 121 Staphylococcus isolates tested. Staphylococci coagulase-negative species were predominant in the foods, equipment and surfaces. In food handlers and foods, the predominant species was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Twelve different genotypes were found after PCR for the classical enterotoxin genes. The seb gene (19.8%) was the most prevalent among all Staphylococcus sp. Both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed some of the genes of the enterotoxins tested. We conclude that there are hygienic and sanitary deficiencies in the food services analyzed. Although coagulase-positive Staphylococci have not been present in foods there is a wide dispersion of enterotoxigenic coagulase-negative Staphylococci in the environment and in the foods analyzed, indicating a risk to consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozi Fagundes de Mello
- Departamento de Nutrição Faculdade de Nutrição Universidade Federal de Pelotas PelotasRS Brazil Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Braga da Rocha
- Faculdade de Enfermagem Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto AlegreRS Brazil Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ester Souza Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto AlegreRS Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto AlegreRS Brazil Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marisa da Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto AlegreRS Brazil Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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114
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Gustafson JE, Muthaiyan A, Dupre JM, Ricke SC. WITHDRAWN: Staphylococcus aureus and understanding the factors that impact enterotoxin production in foods: A review. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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115
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Li G, Qiao M, Guo Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Xia X. Effect of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Chlorogenic Acid on Reducing the Virulence Factor Production byStaphylococcus aureus. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:677-83. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingyu Qiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Severe fibrinonecrotic enteritis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a captive monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:410-2. [PMID: 25000709 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0150r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen that has been implicated in a number of serious conditions in humans and animals. Studies regarding the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs against virulent strains of P. aeruginosa in human and animal hosts have demonstrated that common therapeutic options are sometimes ineffective. In captive animals, in particular reptiles, literature on this topic is scarce. In this study, a 6-yr-old monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus, died suddenly without previous symptoms. Postmortem examination and bacteriologic analysis of necropsy samples revealed severe fibrinonecrotic enteritis caused by P. aeruginosa. The isolate presented a typical resistance profile, showing resistance to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephotaxime, and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Virulence characterization demonstrated that the bacterium was able to express hemolysins, DNases, gelatinases, and lipases and had biofilm-forming ability. This study highlights the importance of surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits in captive animals, which may present a challenge to practitioners.
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117
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Gundogan N, Avci E. Occurrence and antibiotic resistance ofEscherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureusandBacillus cereusin raw milk and dairy products in Turkey. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Gundogan
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Gazi University; Teknikokullar Ankara 06500 Turkey
| | - Ebru Avci
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Gazi University; Teknikokullar Ankara 06500 Turkey
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118
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Assessment of synergistic combination potential of probiotic and bacteriophage against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to simulated intestinal conditions. Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:719-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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119
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Kaźmierczak Z, Górski A, Dąbrowska K. Facing antibiotic resistance: Staphylococcus aureus phages as a medical tool. Viruses 2014; 6:2551-70. [PMID: 24988520 PMCID: PMC4113783 DOI: 10.3390/v6072551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common and often virulent pathogen in humans. This bacterium is widespread, being present on the skin and in the nose of healthy people. Staphylococcus aureus can cause infections with severe outcomes ranging from pustules to sepsis and death. The introduction of antibiotics led to a general belief that the problem of bacterial infections would be solved. Nonetheless, pathogens including staphylococci have evolved mechanisms of drug resistance. Among current attempts to address this problem, phage therapy offers a promising alternative to combat staphylococcal infections. Here, we present an overview of current knowledge on staphylococcal infections and bacteriophages able to kill Staphylococcus, including experimental studies and available data on their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland.
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120
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Park KM, Oh SK, Cha JO, Lee YS, Koo M. Characterization of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from ready-to-eat foods in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-013-4012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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121
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Martins IM, Kabuki DY, Miya NTN, Pereira JL. Occurrence and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Potential of S
taphylococcus
Isolated from Dairy Products. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Mateus Martins
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Norma Teruko Nago Miya
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pereira
- Department of Food Science; School of Food Engineering; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Cidade Universitária “Zeferino Vaz”, s/n, CEP 13083-862 CP 6121 São Paulo Brazil
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122
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Silveira-Filho VM, Luz IS, Campos APF, Silva WM, Barros MPS, Medeiros ES, Freitas MFL, Mota RA, Sena MJ, Leal-Balbino TC. Antibiotic resistance and molecular analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow's milk and dairy products in northeast Brazil. J Food Prot 2014; 77:583-91. [PMID: 24680069 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to assess the clonal distribution among 94 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow's milk, raw cheese, and a milking machine in 12 dairy farms in northeast Brazil, by analyzing different typing methods and detecting resistance and toxigenic profiles. For the first time, isolates of this region were assessed simultaneously by the polymorphism of the 3'-end coa gene and 16S-23S rDNA, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, antibiotic resistance phenotyping, and toxigenic arsenal. Although pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns showed a wider variation (discriminatory index 0.83) than the PCR-based methods, the internal transcribed spacer-PCR proved to be a useful and inexpensive procedure for conducting epidemiological surveys of S. aureus on a regional scale. Each dairy farm had its own resistance profile, and in two herds, 63% of the strains were multiresistant, probably due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in bovine mastitis treatment. No methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were detected in this study; however, 93.6% of S. aureus strains harbored variable profiles of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes seg, seh, sei, and sej. Transcriptional analysis revealed that 53.3% of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes actually transcribed, pointing out the food poisoning risk of these dairy products to consumers in the region. Based on the detection of the most prevalent clones in a herd or region, appropriate antibiotic therapy and specific immunization can be used for the treatment and control of staphylococcal mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle S Luz
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Campos
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM/Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Wellington M Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Paloma S Barros
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM/Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S Medeiros
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Manuela F L Freitas
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo A Mota
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Maria J Sena
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
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123
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Sabouni F, Mahmoudi S, Bahador A, Pourakbari B, Sadeghi RH, Ashtiani MTH, Nikmanesh B, Mamishi S. Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in an Iranian Referral Children's Hospital. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:96-100. [PMID: 24955319 PMCID: PMC4064634 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The clinical importance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is attributed to notable virulence factors, surface proteins, toxins, and enzymes as well as the rapid development of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of virulence factors produced by S. aureus strains isolated from children in an Iranian referral children's hospital. Methods The presence of genes encoding for the enterotoxins A (sea), B (seb), C (sec), D (sed), TSST-1 (tsst), exfoliative toxin A (eta), and exfoliative toxin B (etb) were detected by Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. In addition, the standardized Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results In total, 133 S. aureus isolates were obtained from different patients. Of these S. aureus isolates, 64 (48%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and all of these tested positive for the mecA gene. Regarding the classical enterotoxin genes, sea gene (40.6%) was the most prevalent followed by seb (19.6%), tsst (12.8%), eta (11.3%), etb (9%), sed (4.5%), and sec (3%). Among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, seb and tsst were the more prevalent toxins in comparison with MRSA isolates (p < 0.05), while the frequency of sea, sed, eta, and etb genes were higher among MRSA isolates (p > 0.05). Conclusion In our study enterotoxin A was produced by 40.6% of the isolates (48% from MRSA and 33% from MSSA isolates) which was higher than in previous reports. According to our results, strict hygiene and preventative measures during food processing are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Sabouni
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Bahram Nikmanesh
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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124
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Xing X, Li G, Zhang W, Wang X, Xia X, Yang B, Meng J. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and enterotoxin gene detection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in ready-to-eat foods in Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. J Food Prot 2014; 77:331-4. [PMID: 24490930 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Various ready-to-eat (RTE) foods are becoming increasingly popular in the world and could be easily contaminated with various microorganisms including certain pathogens. A total of 342 RTE food samples, including 32 cooked meats, 123 vegetable salads, 26 boiled peanuts, 109 cold noodles, and 52 dried tofu samples, were collected in Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China, during the period of July to October 2012 and screened for Staphylococcus aureus. All S. aureus isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility and PCR for detecting nine enterotoxin genes (sea to sej). Overall, 25.4% of samples were positive for S. aureus, including 10 (31.3%) cooked meats, 34 (27.6%) salad vegetables, 6 (23.1%) boiled peanuts, 20 (18.3%) cold noodles, and 17 (32.7%) dried tofu samples. Of the isolated S. aureus organisms, 98.4% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 58.6% to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance to erythromycin (78.1%) and tetracycline (40.6%) was most frequently detected, while all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and amikacin. Moreover, 55.5% of isolates were positive for one or more enterotoxin genes. The genes sed (25.8%) and sea (19.5%) were commonly detected among the isolates; seg, sei, and sej were not found. Our findings indicate that RTE foods in Shaanxi were contaminated with S. aureus isolates that harbored multiple toxin genes and exhibited multiple-drug resistance. Appropriated hygienic measures should be taken by producers, retailers, and consumers to reduce the risk posed by S. aureus in RTE foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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125
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Alibayov B, Zdeňková K, Purkrtová S, Demnerová K, Karpíšková R. Detection of some phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food items in the Czech Republic. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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126
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Momtaz H, Dehkordi FS, Rahimi E, Asgarifar A, Momeni M. Virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken meat in Isfahan province, Iran. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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127
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Seixas R, Santos JP, Bexiga R, Vilela CL, Oliveira M. Short communication: Antimicrobial resistance and virulence characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Portugal. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:340-4. [PMID: 24239071 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) have already been reported as mastitis agents. Such bacterial species are a public health concern, and the characterization of their antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile is important to better control their dissemination. The present work evaluated the distribution of methicillin-resistance among 204 staphylococci from clinical (n=50) and subclinical (n=154) bovine mastitis. The presence ofthe mecA gene was determined by PCR. Phenotypic expression of coagulase, DNase, lipase, gelatinase, hemolytic enzymes, and biofilm production was evaluated. The presence of biofilm-related genes, icaA, icaD, and bap, was also determined. Antimicrobial resistance patterns for aminoglycosides, lincosamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, and fusidic acid were determined. Nineteen (9.3%) isolates were identified as MRS, and the presence of mecA in these isolates was confirmed by PCR. Virulence factors evaluation revealed that gelatinase was the most frequently detected (94.7%), followed by hemolysins (73.7%) and lipase (68.4%); 84.2% of the MRS isolates produced biofilm and icaA and icaD were detected in almost half of the MRS isolates (52.6%), but all were bap-negative. Resistance against other antimicrobial agents ranged from 0 (fusidic acid, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin) to 100% (nalidixic acid). Resistance to nalidixic acid and nalidixic acid-tetracycline were the most common antimicrobial resistance profiles (31.6%). This study confirms that despite the low prevalence of MRS, isolates frequently express other virulence traits, especially biofilm, that may represent a serious challenge to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Seixas
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA)/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J P Santos
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA)/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Bexiga
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA)/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C L Vilela
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA)/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Oliveira
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA)/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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128
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Enterotoxinomics: The omic sciences in the study of staphylococcal toxins analyzed in food matrices. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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129
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Rahimi E. Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from traditional and commercial dairy products marketed in Iran. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:393-9. [PMID: 24294227 PMCID: PMC3833133 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate, enterotoxigenecity, and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolated from dairy products in Iran. From September 2010 to July 2011, a total of 347 samples from various dairy products, traditional and commercial, were collected from randomly selected retail stores. Overall, 20 samples (5.8%) were found to be contaminated with S. aureus. The highest prevalence of S. aureus was found in traditional cheese (11.1%), followed by traditional ice-cream (5.9%), cream (5.6%), and butter (5.3%). The ability to synthesize classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA-E) was determined in 7 of 20 (35%) isolates by using ELISA. SE type C was the most common enterotoxin found in the isolated S. aureus (42.9%), followed by SE type A (28.6%), SEA+SEC and SE type D (14.3%). Of the 20 isolates, 16 (80.0%) were positive for one or more entrotoxin genes and 8 different genotypes were observed. Susceptibilities of the isolates were determined for 14 antimicrobial drugs using the disk diffusion assay. Most of the isolates (95.0%) were resistant to one or more two antimicrobial agent and 45.0% of the isolates were resistant to three or more of drugs. Resistance to ampicillin was the most common finding (55.0%), followed by tetracycline (40.0%) and penicillin G (30.0%). The results of this study showed the wide spread of enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in traditional dairy products in Iran and highlighted their public health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
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130
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Hardy B, Crilly N, Pendleton S, Andino A, Wallis A, Zhang N, Hanning I. Impact of Rearing Conditions on the Microbiological Quality of Raw Retail Poultry Meat. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M1232-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgshe Hardy
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Univ. of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville; TN 37996; U.S.A
| | - Nate Crilly
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Univ. of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville; TN 37996; U.S.A
| | - Sean Pendleton
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Univ. of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville; TN 37996; U.S.A
| | - Ana Andino
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Univ. of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville; TN 37996; U.S.A
| | - Audra Wallis
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Univ. of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville; TN 37996; U.S.A
| | - Nan Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Univ. of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville; TN 37996; U.S.A
| | - Irene Hanning
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Univ. of Tennessee 2605 River Dr. Knoxville; TN 37996; U.S.A
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131
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Martins PD, de Almeida TT, Basso AP, de Moura TM, Frazzon J, Tondo EC, Frazzon APG. Coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from chicken meat: pathogenic potential and vancomycin resistance. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:771-6. [PMID: 23841655 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) cause staphylococcal food poisoning. Recently, these bacteria have received increasing attention due to their potential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance markers. The present study aimed to evaluate coagulase-positive staphylococci counts, species distribution, enterotoxin genes prevalence, and the antibiotic resistance profile of CPS isolated from in natura chicken meat. Fifteen frozen and 15 chilled industrialized, uncooked chicken parts or entire carcasses were used. Staphylococcal counts revealed that frozen chicken meat samples displayed the lowest CPS count compared with chilled chicken meat samples (p<0.01). Staphylococcus aureus (62%) was the most common species, followed by S. intermedius, S. delphini, and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (10% each) and S. hyicus (8%). The polymerase chain reaction identification of sea, seb, sec, sed, and see genes revealed that 70% of the isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin gene, with sea and sed being the most frequently encountered ones. Two of the 50 investigated strains harbored three different enterotoxin genes. A high frequency of isolates resistant to penicillin, teicoplanin, oxacillin, and clindamycin was observed, and 80% of CPS were found to be resistant to at least one of the 11 tested antimicrobials. Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and S. intermedius showed minimum inhibitory concentrations of 512 and 64 μg/mL, respectively. These isolates might indicate the dissemination of vancomycin resistance in the community and imply food safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dalcin Martins
- Graduate Program in Environmental Microbiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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132
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Rahimi E, Nonahal F, Ataye Salehi E. Detection of Classical Enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Raw Meat in Esfahan, Iran. HEALTH SCOPE 2013. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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133
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Harrison LM, Balan KV, Babu US. Dietary fatty acids and immune response to food-borne bacterial infections. Nutrients 2013; 5:1801-22. [PMID: 23698167 PMCID: PMC3708349 DOI: 10.3390/nu5051801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional innate and acquired immune responses are required to protect the host from pathogenic bacterial infections. Modulation of host immune functions may have beneficial or deleterious effects on disease outcome. Different types of dietary fatty acids have been shown to have variable effects on bacterial clearance and disease outcome through suppression or activation of immune responses. Therefore, we have chosen to review research across experimental models and food sources on the effects of commonly consumed fatty acids on the most common food-borne pathogens, including Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Altogether, the compilation of literature suggests that no single fatty acid is an answer for protection from all food-borne pathogens, and further research is necessary to determine the best approach to improve disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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134
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Souza EL, Oliveira CEV, Stamford TLM, Conceição ML, Neto NJG. Influence of carvacrol and thymol on the physiological attributes, enterotoxin production and surface characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from foods. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:29-35. [PMID: 24159280 PMCID: PMC3804174 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of the phenolic compounds carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY) on some physiological characteristics and on the modulation of the secretion of some staphylococcal virulence factors, that is, coagulase and enterotoxin. This study also investigated possible mechanisms for the establishment of the anti-staphylococcal activity of these compounds. Sublethal concentrations (0.3 and 0.15 μL/mL) of CAR and THY inhibited the activity of the enzymes coagulase and lipase and led to a decrease in salt tolerance. At the tested sublethal concentrations, both CAR and THY led to a total suppression of enterotoxin production. The loss of a 260-nm-absorbing material and an efflux of potassium ions occurred immediately after the addition of CAR and THY at 0.6 and 1.2 μL/mL and increased up to 120 min of exposure. Electron microscopy of cells exposed to CAR and THY (0.6 μL/mL) revealed that individual cells appeared to be deformed, with projections of cellular material. The observations of leakage of cellular material and an altered cell surface suggest that gross damage to a cell’s cytoplasmic membrane, which results in a disruption in protein secretion, could be responsible for the anti-staphylococcal properties of CAR and THY.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Souza
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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135
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Fontes CO, Silva VL, de Paiva MRB, Garcia RA, Resende JA, Ferreira-Machado AB, Diniz CG. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence characteristics of mecA-encoding coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from soft cheese in Brazil. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M594-9. [PMID: 23488927 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which are generally neglected as foodborne bacteria, are emerging as significant opportunistic pathogens that may be highly resistant to available antimicrobial drugs. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, mecA gene occurrence, and virulence-associated characteristics were evaluated in CoNS isolated from soft cheese in Brazil. A total of 227 bacterial isolates were recovered from 35 cheese samples belonging to 5 batches with 7 different trademarks. The CoNS counts ranged from 10(6) to 10(7) CFU/g. High antimicrobial resistance percentages were observed for oxacillin (76.2%), penicillin (78.5%), erythromycin (67.8%), gentamicin (47.2%), clindamycin (35.7%), rifampicin (26.8%), azithromycin (14.7%), tetracycline (14.7%), levofloxacin (14.2%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (11.9%). A low antimicrobial resistance percentage was observed for chloramphenicol (2.3%), and all of the tested bacteria were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. In total, a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of >0.2 was observed for 80.6% of the isolated CoNS. However, the MAR index ranged from 50% to 92.6% when only bacterial cheese isolates belonging to the same trademark were considered. Regarding to the prevalence of CoNS carrying mecA gene, 81.5% of the isolated strains were mecA(+) , and 76.2% of these were phenotypically resistant to oxacillin. Three isolates carried the enterotoxin A gene (sea), 29.5% produced biofilm in a laboratory test, and α- or ß-hemolysis were observed for 3% and 5.2%, respectively. This study highlights the extent of the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon in neglected foodborne microorganisms and the potential public health risks that are related to the consumption of CoNS-contaminated soft cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Oliveira Fontes
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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136
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Distribution, polymorphism and temporal expression of egc in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various foods in China. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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137
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Molecular characterization of enterotoxigenic and borderline oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus strains from ovine milk. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:265-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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138
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Wendlandt S, Schwarz S, Silley P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a food-borne pathogen? Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2012. [PMID: 23190141 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the 1990s, most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was hospital-associated (HA-MRSA); community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) then began to cause infections outside the health-care environment. The third significant emergence of MRSA has been in livestock animals [livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA)]. The widespread and rapid growth in CA-MRSA and LA-MRSA has raised the question as to whether MRSA is indeed a food-borne pathogen. The observations on animal-to-animal and animal-to-human transfer of LA-MRSA have prompted research examining the origin of LA-MRSA and its capacity to cause zoonotic disease in humans. This review summarizes the current knowledge about MRSA from food-producing animals and foods with respect to the role of these organisms to act as food-borne pathogens and considers the available tools to track the spread of these organisms. It is clear that LA-MRSA and CA-MRSA and even HA-MRSA can be present in/on food intended for human consumption, but we conclude on the basis of the published literature that this does not equate to MRSA being considered a food-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wendlandt
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
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139
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Rajkovic A. Incidence, growth and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus in insufficiently dried traditional beef ham “govedja pršuta” under different storage conditions. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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140
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Moura TMD, Campos FS, d'Azevedo PA, Van Der Sand ST, Franco AC, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Prevalence of enterotoxin-encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolates from black pudding. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:579-85. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcal species are pathogens that are responsible for outbreaks of foodborne diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin-genes and the antimicrobial resistance profile in staphylococcus coagulase-negative (CoNS) and coagulasepositive (CoPS) isolates from black pudding in southern Brazil. METHODS: Two hundred typical and atypical colonies from Baird-Parker agar were inoculated on mannitol salt agar. Eighty-two mannitol-positive staphylococci were submitted to conventional biochemical tests and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling. The presence of coagulase (coa) and enterotoxin (se) genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The isolates were divided into 2 groups: 75.6% (62/82) were CoNS and 24.4% (20/82) were CoPS. The biochemical tests identified 9 species, of which Staphylococcus saprophyticus (37.8%) and Staphylococcus carnosus (15.9%) were the most prevalent. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed resistance phenotypes to antibiotics widely administered in humans, such as gentamicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. The coa gene was detected in 19.5% (16/82) of the strains and 4 polymorphic DNA fragments were observed. Five CoNS isolates carrying the coa gene were submitted for 16S rRNA sequencing and 3 showed similarity with CoNS. Forty strains were positive for at least 1 enterotoxin-encoding gene, the genes most frequently detected were sea (28.6%) and seb (27.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of antimicrobial resistant and enterotoxin-encoding genes in staphylococci isolates from black pudding indicated that this fermented food may represent a potential health risk, since staphylococci present in food could cause foodborne diseases or be a possible route for the transfer of antimicrobial resistance to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiane Martin de Moura
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
| | | | | | | | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
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141
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Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and analysis of associated bacterial communities on food industry surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8547-54. [PMID: 23023749 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02045-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a common cause of food contamination with undesirable bacteria, such as pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major bacteria causing food-borne diseases in humans. A study designed to determine the presence of S. aureus on food contact surfaces in dairy, meat, and seafood environments and to identify coexisting microbiota has therefore been carried out. A total of 442 samples were collected, and the presence of S. aureus was confirmed in 6.1% of samples. Sixty-three S. aureus isolates were recovered and typed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Profiles were clustered into four groups which were related to specific food environments. All isolates harbored some potential virulence factors such as enterotoxin production genes, biofilm formation-associated genes, antibiotic resistance, or lysogeny. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprints of bacterial communities coexisting with S. aureus revealed the presence of bacteria either involved in food spoilage or of concern for food safety in all food environments. Food industry surfaces could thus be a reservoir for S. aureus forming complex communities with undesirable bacteria in multispecies biofilms. Uneven microbiological conditions were found in each food sector, which indicates the need to improve hygienic conditions in food processing facilities, particularly the removal of bacterial biofilms, to enhance the safety of food products.
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142
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning in Shenzhen, China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6637-42. [PMID: 22798367 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01165-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize isolates of Staphylococcus aureus that were associated with staphylococcal food poisoning between 2006 and 2009 in Shenzhen, Southern China, a total of 52 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 11 outbreaks were analyzed by using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PCR analysis was used to analyze the staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes sea to sei, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed. ST6 was the most dominant sequence type (ST), constituting 63.5% (34/52) of all of the isolates in 7 outbreaks. The next most common ST was ST943, which constituted 23.1% (12/52) of the isolates that were collected from 3 outbreaks. t701, t091, and t2360 were the most predominant spa types, constituting 67.3% (35/52) of the isolates that were collected from 11 outbreaks. Three PFGE types, (types A, B, and C) were the most frequently observed types, constituting 84.6% (44/52) of all of the isolates. The enterotoxin gene that we detected most frequently was sea (45/52; 86.5%). Four SE gene profiles were observed, including sea (n = 45), sec-seh (n = 3), seb (n = 2), and seg-sei (n = 2). With respect to antibiotic resistance, penicillin resistance was the most common (96.2%; 50/52), followed by resistance to tetracycline (28.8%; 15/52). Approximately 30.8% (16/52) of the isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics, and 7.7% (4/52) of the isolates were resistant to three or more drugs. The two predominant S. aureus lineages, (i) PFGE types A and B with ST6 and (ii) PFGE type C with ST943, were identified in the outbreaks.
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143
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Friedman M, Rasooly R, Do PM, Henika PR. The olive compound 4-hydroxytyrosol inactivates Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA). J Food Sci 2012; 76:M558-63. [PMID: 22417596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus produces the virulent staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), a single chain protein which consists of 233 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 27078 Da. SEA is a superantigen that is reported to contribute to animal (mastitis) and human (emesis, diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, and toxic shock) syndromes. Changes in the native structural integrity may inactivate the toxin by preventing molecular interaction with cell membrane receptor sites of their host cells. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of the pure olive compound 4-hydroxytyrosol and a commercial olive powder called Hidrox-12, prepared by freeze-drying olive juice, to inhibit S. aureus bacteria and SEA's biological activity. Dilutions of both test substances inactivated the pathogens. Two independent cell assays (BrdU incorporation into newly synthesized DNA and glycyl-phenylalanyl-aminofluorocoumarin proteolysis) demonstrated that the olive compound 4-hydroxytyrosol also inactivated the biological activity of SEA at concentrations that were not toxic to the spleen cells. However, efforts to determine inhibition of the toxin by Hidrox-12 were not successful because the olive powder was cytotoxic to the spleen cells at concentrations found to be effective against the bacteria. The results suggest that food-compatible and safe antitoxin olive compounds can be used to inactivate both pathogens and toxins produced by the pathogens. Practical Application: The results of this study suggest that food-compatible and safe antitoxin olive compounds can be used to reduce both pathogens and toxins produced by the pathogens in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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144
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Vázquez-Sánchez D, López-Cabo M, Saá-Ibusquiza P, Rodríguez-Herrera JJ. Incidence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in fishery products marketed in Galicia (Northwest Spain). Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:286-96. [PMID: 22704064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 298 fishery products purchased from retail outlets in Galicia (NW Spain) between January 2008 and May 2009 were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was detected in a significant proportion of products (~25%). Incidence was highest in fresh (43%) and frozen products (30%), but it was high in all other categories: salted fish (27%), smoked fish (26%), ready-to-cook products (25%), non-frozen surimis (20%), fish roes (17%) and other ready-to-eat products (10%). A significant proportion of smoked fish, surimis, fish roes and other ready-to-eat products did not comply with legal limits in force. RAPD-PCR of 125 S. aureus isolated from fishery products was carried out using three primers (AP-7, ERIC-2 and S). Isolates displayed 33 fingerprint patterns. Each pattern was attributed to a single bacterial clone. Cluster analysis based on similarity values between RAPD fingerprints did not find relationship between any RAPD pattern and any product category. Isolates were also tested for se genes and susceptibility to a range of antibiotics (cephalothin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, penicillin G, tetracycline, vancomycin, methicillin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Most isolates (88%) were found to be sea positive. Putative enterotoxigenic strains counts reached high risk levels in 17 products. No relationship was found between the presence of se genes and RAPD patterns. All isolates were resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, and most to tetracycline (82.4%), but none was methicillin-resistant. A revision of pre-requisite programs leading to improve hygienic practices in handling and processing operations from fishing or farming to retail is recommended to ensure fishery products safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vázquez-Sánchez
- Seafood Microbiology and Technology Section, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
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145
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Crago B, Ferrato C, Drews SJ, Svenson LW, Tyrrell G, Louie M. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in food samples associated with foodborne illness in Alberta, Canada from 2007 to 2010. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:202-5. [PMID: 22850394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of foods containing Staphylococcus aureus can cause severe gastro-intestinal illness. Given the fact that over the past decade, Canada has seen increasing rates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage and infection, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA on foodborne illness in Alberta, Canada. Between January 2007 and December 2010, there were 693 food samples associated with foodborne investigations submitted to the Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab). These foods were screened for: Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, S. aureus, Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella spp., and Yersinia spp. S. aureus was identified in 10.5% (73/693) of samples, and of these, 59% (43/73) were co-contaminated with at least one other organism on the screening panel. The S. aureus positive samples included 29 meat, 20 prepared foods containing meat, 11 prepared foods not containing meat, 10 dairy, and three produce. Methicillin-resistance was not detected in any isolates tested. These findings indicate that the presence of S. aureus in food associated with foodborne investigations is a cause for concern, and although MRSA was not found, the potential for outbreaks exists, and ongoing surveillance should be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Crago
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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146
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PAMUK SEBNEM, YILDIRIM YELIZ, SEKER ESRA, GURLER ZEKI, KARA RECEP. A survey of the occurrence and properties of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus intermedius in water buffalo milk and dairy products in Turkey. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2012.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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147
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Studeničová A, Medveďová A, Valík Ľ. Effect of different environmental factors on the growth dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus in model medium. POTRAVINARSTVO 2012. [DOI: 10.5219/179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the strains of S. aureus growing during fermentation of raw milk cheeses are exposed to the competitive growth of lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites, in this work, we characterized the growth of the strain S. aureus 2064 isolated from such environment against of water activity values and incubation temperature. Water activity of the tested media was adjusted by NaCl in the range from 0 % to 20.72 % and the experiments were carried out at 37 °C. It was found that the strain under study showed growth until NaCl concentration of 19.95 % in PCA broth. The complete growth cessation of S. aureus 2064 was observed at NaCl concentration higher than 20.72 %. The effect of water activity on the S. aureus 2064 lag-phase duration was described by the modified Davey model with discrepancy of 24.6 %. The growth rate dependence on water activity was described more precisely and reliably by Gibson model that provided the following validation indices: bias factor 0.999 and discrepancy factor 9.6 %. Based on the results we can conclude that secondary models used in this work were suitable to predict growth of S. aureus 2064, originally the ewes´cheese isolate.
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148
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Spanu V, Spanu C, Virdis S, Cossu F, Scarano C, De Santis EPL. Virulence factors and genetic variability of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw sheep's milk cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:53-7. [PMID: 22094181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of dairy products with Staphylococcus aureus can be of animal or human origin. The host pathogen relationship is an important factor determining genetic polymorphism of the strains and their potential virulence. The aim of the present study was to carry out an extensive characterization of virulence factors and to study the genetic variability of S. aureus strains isolated from raw ewe's milk cheese. A total of 100 S. aureus strains isolated from cheese samples produced in 10 artisan cheese factories were analyzed for the presence of enterotoxins (sea-see) and enterotoxins-like genes (seh, sek, sel, sem, seo, sep), leukocidins, exfoliatins, haemolysins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and the accessory gene regulator alleles (agr). Strains were also typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). AMOVA analysis carried out on PFGE and PCR data showed that the major component explaining genetic distance between strains was the dairy of origin. Of the total isolates 81% had a pathogenicity profile ascribable to "animal" biovar while 16% could be related to "human" biovar. The biovar allowed to estimate the most likely origin of the contamination. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nine antimicrobial agents and the presence of the corresponding genes coding for antibiotic resistance was also investigated. 18 strains carrying blaZ gene showed resistance to ampicillin and penicillin and 6 strains carrying tetM gene were resistant to tetracycline. The presence of mecA gene and methicillin resistance, typical of strains of human origin, was never detected. The results obtained in the present study confirm that S. aureus contamination in artisan cheese production is mainly of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Spanu
- Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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149
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SHALE K, MALEBO N. QUANTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND BACILLUS CEREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM BILTONG. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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150
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Tang JN, Tang C, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu J, Liu L, Yue H. Surveillance study of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from goats of different slaughterhouses in Sichuan, China. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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