101
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Blanco MA, Perevozchikova T, Martorana V, Manno M, Roberts CJ. Protein-protein interactions in dilute to concentrated solutions: α-chymotrypsinogen in acidic conditions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5817-31. [PMID: 24810917 PMCID: PMC4051245 DOI: 10.1021/jp412301h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions were investigated for α-chymotrypsinogen by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS, respectively), as well as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), as a function of protein and salt concentration at acidic conditions. Net protein-protein interactions were probed via the Kirkwood-Buff integral G22 and the static structure factor S(q) from SLS and SANS data. G22 was obtained by regressing the Rayleigh ratio versus protein concentration with a local Taylor series approach, which does not require one to assume the underlying form or nature of intermolecular interactions. In addition, G22 and S(q) were further analyzed by traditional methods involving fits to effective interaction potentials. Although the fitted model parameters were not always physically realistic, the numerical values for G22 and S(q → 0) were in good agreement from SLS and SANS as a function of protein concentration. In the dilute regime, fitted G22 values agreed with those obtained via the osmotic second virial coefficient B22 and showed that electrostatic interactions are the dominant contribution for colloidal interactions in α-chymotrypsinogen solutions. However, as protein concentration increases, the strength of protein-protein interactions decreases, with a more pronounced decrease at low salt concentrations. The results are consistent with an effective "crowding" or excluded volume contribution to G22 due to the long-ranged electrostatic repulsions that are prominent even at the moderate range of protein concentrations used here (<40 g/L). These apparent crowding effects were confirmed and quantified by assessing the hydrodynamic factor H(q → 0), which is obtained by combining measurements of the collective diffusion coefficient from DLS data with measurements of S(q → 0). H(q → 0) was significantly less than that for a corresponding hard-sphere system and showed that hydrodynamic nonidealities can lead to qualitatively incorrect conclusions regarding B22, G22, and static protein-protein interactions if one uses only DLS to assess protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Blanco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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102
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Yearley EJ, Zarraga IE, Shire SJ, Scherer TM, Gokarn Y, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Small-angle neutron scattering characterization of monoclonal antibody conformations and interactions at high concentrations. Biophys J 2014; 105:720-31. [PMID: 23931320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to probe the solution structure of two protein therapeutics (monoclonal antibodies 1 and 2 (MAb1 and MAb2)) and their protein-protein interaction (PPI) at high concentrations. These MAbs differ by small sequence alterations in the complementarity-determining region but show very large differences in solution viscosity. The analyses of SANS patterns as a function of different solution conditions suggest that the average intramolecular structure of both MAbs in solution is not significantly altered over the studied protein concentrations and experimental conditions. Even though a strong repulsive interaction is expected for both MAbs due to their net charges and low solvent ionic strength, analysis of the SANS data shows that the effective PPI for MAb1 is dominated by a very strong attraction at small volume fraction that becomes negligible at large concentrations. The MAb1 PPI cannot be modeled simply by a spherically symmetric central forces model. It is proposed that an anisotropic attraction strongly affects the local interprotein structure and leads to an anomalously large viscosity of concentrated MAb1 solutions. Conversely, MAb2 displays a repulsive interaction potential throughout the concentration series probed and a comparatively small solution viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yearley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
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103
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Singh SN, Yadav S, Shire SJ, Kalonia DS. Dipole-Dipole Interaction in Antibody Solutions: Correlation with Viscosity Behavior at High Concentration. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2549-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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104
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Menzen T, Friess W. Temperature-Ramped Studies on the Aggregation, Unfolding, and Interaction of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:445-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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105
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Barton C, Spencer D, Levitskaya S, Feng J, Harris R, Schenerman MA. Heterogeneity of IgGs: Role of Production, Processing, and Storage on Structure and Function. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1176.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barton
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Spencer
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sophia Levitskaya
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Feng
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Reed Harris
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark A. Schenerman
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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106
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Blanco MA, Sahin E, Robinson AS, Roberts CJ. Coarse-grained model for colloidal protein interactions, B(22), and protein cluster formation. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:16013-28. [PMID: 24289039 DOI: 10.1021/jp409300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein cluster formation is an important initial step in the processes of native and non-native protein aggregation, but involves relatively long time and length scales for detailed atomistic simulations and extensive mapping of free energy landscapes. A coarse-grained (CG) model is presented to semiquantitatively characterize the thermodynamics and key configurations involved in the landscape for protein oligomerization, as well as experimental measures of interactions such as the osmotic second virial coefficient (B22). Based on earlier work (Grüenberger et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2013, 117, 763), this CG model treats proteins as rigid bodies composed of one bead per amino acid, with each amino acid having specific parameters for its size, hydrophobicity, and charge. The net interactions are a combination of steric repulsions, short-range attractions, and screened long-range charge-charge interactions. Model parametrization was done by fitting simulation results against experimental value of B22 as a function of solution ionic strength for α-chymotrypsinogen A and γD-Crystallin (gD-Crys). The CG model is applied to characterize the pairwise interactions and dimerization of gD-Crys and the dependence on temperature, protein concentration, and ionic strength. The results illustrate that at experimentally relevant conditions where stable dimers do not form, the entropic contributions are predominant in the free-energy of protein cluster formation and colloidal protein interactions, arguing against interpretations that treat B22 primarily from energetic considerations alone. Additionally, the results suggest that electrostatic interactions help to modulate the population of the different stable configurations for protein nearest-neighbor pairs, while short-range attractions determine the relative orientations of proteins within these configurations. Finally, simulation results are combined with Principal Component Analysis to identify those amino-acids/surface patches that form interprotein contacts at conditions that favor dimerization of gD-Crys. The resulting regions agree with previously found aggregation-prone sites, as well as suggesting new ones that may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Blanco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19176, United States
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107
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Chaudhuri R, Cheng Y, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. High-throughput biophysical analysis of protein therapeutics to examine interrelationships between aggregate formation and conformational stability. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 16:48-64. [PMID: 24174400 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization and formulation of therapeutic proteins against physical instability, both structural alterations and aggregation, is particularly challenging not only due to each protein's unique physicochemical characteristics but also their susceptibility to the surrounding milieu (pH, ionic strength, excipients, etc.) as well as various environmental stresses (temperature, agitation, lyophilization, etc.). The use of high-throughput techniques can significantly aid in the evaluation of stabilizing solution conditions by permitting a more rapid evaluation of a large matrix of possible combinations. In this mini-review, we discuss both key physical degradation pathways observed for protein-based drugs and the utility of various high-throughput biophysical techniques to aid in protein formulation development to minimize their occurrence. We then focus on four illustrative case studies with therapeutic protein candidates of varying sizes, shapes and physicochemical properties to explore different analytical challenges in monitoring protein physical instability. These include an IgG2 monoclonal antibody, an albumin-fusion protein, a recombinant pentameric plasma glycoprotein, and an antibody fragment (Fab). Future challenges and opportunities to improve and apply high-throughput approaches to protein formulation development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajoshi Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
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108
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Esfandiary R, Hayes DB, Parupudi A, Casas-Finet J, Bai S, Samra HS, Shah AU, Sathish HA. A systematic multitechnique approach for detection and characterization of reversible self-association during formulation development of therapeutic antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3089-99. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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109
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Sun T, Reid F, Liu Y, Cao Y, Estep P, Nauman C, Xu Y. High throughput detection of antibody self-interaction by bio-layer interferometry. MAbs 2013; 5:838-41. [PMID: 23995620 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-interaction of an antibody may lead to aggregation, low solubility or high viscosity. Rapid identification of highly developable leads remains challenging, even though progress has been made with the introduction of techniques such as self-interaction chromatography (SIC) and cross-interaction chromatography (CIC). Here, we report a high throughput method to detect antibody clone self-interaction (CSI) using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) technology. Antibodies with strong self-interaction responses in the CSI-BLI assay also show delayed retention times in SIC and CIC. This method allows hundreds of candidates to be screened in a matter of hours with minimal material consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuqi Liu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Yuan Cao
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | | | - Yingda Xu
- Protein Analytics; Adimab; Lebanon, NH USA
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110
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111
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Li L, Kantor A, Warne N. Application of a PEG precipitation method for solubility screening: a tool for developing high protein concentration formulations. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1118-23. [PMID: 23740802 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous publications demonstrated that the extrapolated solubility by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method (Middaugh et al., J Biol Chem 1979; 254:367-370; Juckes, Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 229:535-546; Foster et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1973; 317:505; Mahadevan and Hall, AIChE J 1990; 36:1517-1528; Stevenson and Hageman, Pharm Res 1995; 12:1671-1676) has a strong correlation to experimentally measured solubility of proteins. Here, we explored the utility of extrapolated solubility as a method to compare multiple protein drug candidates when nonideality of a highly soluble protein prohibits accurate quantitative solubility prediction. To achieve high efficiency and reduce the amount of protein required, the method is miniaturized to microwell plate format for high-throughput screening application. In this simplified version of the method, comparative solubility of proteins can be obtained without the need of concentration measurement of the supernatant following the precipitation step in the conventional method. The monoclonal antibodies with the lowest apparent solubilities determined by this method are the most difficult to be concentrated, indicating a good correlation between the prediction and empirical observations. This study also shows that the PEG precipitation method gives results for opalescence prediction that favorably compares to experimentally determined opalescence levels at high concentration. This approach may be useful in detecting proteins with potential solubility and opalescence problems prior to the time-consuming and expensive development process of high concentration formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts, USA.
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112
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Drenski MF, Brader ML, Alston RW, Reed WF. Monitoring protein aggregation kinetics with simultaneous multiple sample light scattering. Anal Biochem 2013; 437:185-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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113
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Neergaard MS, Kalonia DS, Parshad H, Nielsen AD, Møller EH, van de Weert M. Viscosity of high concentration protein formulations of monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclass – Prediction of viscosity through protein–protein interaction measurements. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:400-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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114
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Arvinte T, Palais C, Green-Trexler E, Gregory S, Mach H, Narasimhan C, Shameem M. Aggregation of biopharmaceuticals in human plasma and human serum: implications for drug research and development. MAbs 2013; 5:491-500. [PMID: 23571158 PMCID: PMC4169040 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical methods based on light microscopy, 90° light-scattering and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) allowed the characterization of aggregation that can occur when antibodies are mixed with human plasma. Light microscopy showed that aggregates formed when human plasma was mixed with 5% dextrose solutions of Herceptin® (trastuzumab) or Avastin® (bevacizumab) but not Remicade® (infliximab). The aggregates in the plasma-Herceptin®-5% dextrose solution were globular, size range 0.5–9 μm, with a mean diameter of 4 μm. The aggregates in the plasma-Avastin®-5% dextrose samples had a mean size of 2 μm. No aggregation was observed when 0.9% NaCl solutions of Herceptin®, Avastin® and Remicade® were mixed with human plasma. 90° light-scattering measurements showed that aggregates were still present 2.5 h after mixing Herceptin® or Avastin® with 5% dextrose-plasma solution. A SPR method was utilized to qualitatively describe the extent of interactions of surface-bound antibodies with undiluted human serum. Increased binding was observed in the case of Erbitux® (cetuximab), whereas no binding was measured for Humira® (adalimumab). The binding of sera components to 13 monoclonal antibodies was measured and correlated with known serum binding properties of the antibodies. The data presented in this paper provide analytical methods to study the intrinsic and buffer-dependent aggregation tendencies of therapeutic proteins when mixed with human plasma and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Arvinte
- Therapeomic Inc.; Basel, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Erin Green-Trexler
- Vaccine Drug Product Development; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | - Sonia Gregory
- Vaccine Drug Product Development; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | - Henryk Mach
- Vaccine Drug Product Development; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | | | - Mohammed Shameem
- Sterile Product Development; Merck Research Laboratories; Summit, NJ USA
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115
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El-Sayed AKA, Abou Dobara MI, El-Fallal AA, Omar NF. Purification, Sequencing, and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Calcium-Independent α-Amylase AmyTVE from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:483-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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116
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Jezek J, Darton NJ, Derham BK, Royle N, Simpson I. Biopharmaceutical formulations for pre-filled delivery devices. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:811-28. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.780023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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117
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Chaudhri A, Zarraga IE, Yadav S, Patapoff TW, Shire SJ, Voth GA. The Role of Amino Acid Sequence in the Self-Association of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Insights from Coarse-Grained Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:1269-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, James
Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Computation
Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago
Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Isidro E. Zarraga
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Thomas W. Patapoff
- Early
Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Steven J. Shire
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, James
Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Computation
Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago
Illinois 60637, United States
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118
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Saito S, Hasegawa J, Kobayashi N, Tomitsuka T, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Effects of ionic strength and sugars on the aggregation propensity of monoclonal antibodies: influence of colloidal and conformational stabilities. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1263-80. [PMID: 23319172 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a general strategy for optimizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) formulations. METHODS Colloidal stabilities of four representative MAbs solutions were assessed based on the second virial coefficient (B 2) at 20°C and 40°C, and net charges at different NaCl concentrations, and/or in the presence of sugars. Conformational stabilities were evaluated from the unfolding temperatures. The aggregation propensities were determined at 40°C and after freeze-thawing. The electrostatic potential of antibody surfaces was simulated for the development of rational formulations. RESULTS Similar B 2 values were obtained at 20°C and 40°C, implying little dependence on temperature. B 2 correlated quantitatively with aggregation propensities at 40°C. The net charge partly correlated with colloidal stability. Salts stabilized or destabilized MAbs, depending on repulsive or attractive interactions. Sugars improved the aggregation propensity under freeze-thaw stress through improved conformational stability. Uneven and even distributions of potential surfaces were attributed to attractive and strong repulsive electrostatic interactions. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of colloidal stability at the lowest ionic strength is particularly effective for the development of formulations. If necessary, salts are added to enhance the colloidal stability. Sugars further improved aggregation propensities by enhancing conformational stability. These behaviors are rationally predictable according to the surface potentials of MAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Saito
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1, Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 254-0014, Japan
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119
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Esfandiary R, Hayes DB, Parupudi A, Casas‐finet J, Bai S, Samra HS, Shah AU, Sathish HA. A Systematic Multitechnique Approach for Detection and Characterization of Reversible Self-Association during Formulation Development of Therapeutic Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:62-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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120
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Grupi A, Minton AP. Capillary viscometer for fully automated measurement of the concentration and shear dependence of the viscosity of macromolecular solutions. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10732-6. [PMID: 23130673 DOI: 10.1021/ac302599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The construction and operation of a novel viscometer/rheometer are described. The instrument is designed to measure the viscosity of a macromolecular solution while automatically varying both solute concentration and shear rate. Viscosity is calculated directly from Poiseuille's law, given the measured difference in pressure between two ends of a capillary tube through which the solution is flowing at a known rate. The instrument requires as little as 0.75 mL of a solution to provide a full profile of viscosity as a function of concentration and shear rate, and it can measure viscosities as high as 500 cP and as low as 1 cP, at shear rates between 10 and 2 × 10(3) s(-1). The results of control experiments are presented to document the accuracy and precision of measurement at both low and high concentration of synthetic polymers and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Grupi
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0830, USA.
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121
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Arzenšek D, Kuzman D, Podgornik R. Colloidal interactions between monoclonal antibodies in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 384:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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122
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Thomas CS, Xu L, Olsen BD. Kinetically controlled nanostructure formation in self-assembled globular protein-polymer diblock copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2781-92. [PMID: 22924842 PMCID: PMC4059826 DOI: 10.1021/bm300763x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous processing of globular protein-polymer diblock copolymers into solid-state materials and subsequent solvent annealing enables kinetic and thermodynamic control of nanostructure formation to produce block copolymer morphologies that maintain a high degree of protein fold and function. When model diblock copolymers composed of mCherry-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) are used, orthogonal control over solubility of the protein block through changes in pH and the polymer block through changes in temperature is demonstrated during casting and solvent annealing. Hexagonal cylinders, perforated lamellae, lamellae, or hexagonal and disordered micellar phases are observed, depending on the coil fraction of the block copolymer and the kinetic pathway used for self-assembly. Good solvents for the polymer block produce ordered structures reminiscent of coil-coil diblock copolymers, while an unfavorable solvent results in kinetically trapped micellar structures. Decreasing solvent quality for the protein improves long-range ordering, suggesting that the strength of protein interactions influences nanostructure formation. Subsequent solvent annealing results in evolution of the nanostructures, with the best ordering and the highest protein function observed when annealing in a good solvent for both blocks. While protein secondary structure was found to be almost entirely preserved for all processing pathways, UV-vis spectroscopy of solid-state films indicates that using a good solvent for the protein block enables up to 70% of the protein to be retained in its functional form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S. Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liza Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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123
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Thakkar SV, Allegre KM, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Middaugh CR. An Application of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy to Study Interactions in Proteins Solutions at High Concentrations. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3051-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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124
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Banks DD, Latypov RF, Ketchem RR, Woodard J, Scavezze JL, Siska CC, Razinkov VI. Native-State Solubility and Transfer Free Energy as Predictive Tools for Selecting Excipients to Include in Protein Formulation Development Studies. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2720-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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125
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Chaudhri A, Zarraga IE, Kamerzell TJ, Brandt JP, Patapoff TW, Shire SJ, Voth GA. Coarse-grained modeling of the self-association of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:8045-57. [PMID: 22694284 DOI: 10.1021/jp301140u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Coarse-grained computational models of two therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are constructed to understand the effect of domain-level charge-charge electrostatics on the self-association phenomena at high protein concentrations. The coarse-grained representations of the individual antibodies are constructed using an elastic network normal-mode analysis. Two different models are constructed for each antibody for a compact Y-shaped and an extended Y-shaped configuration. The resulting simulations of these coarse-grained antibodies that interact through screened electrostatics are done at six different concentrations. It is observed that a particular monoclonal antibody (hereafter referred to as MAb1) forms three-dimensional heterogeneous structures with dense regions or clusters compared to a different monoclonal antibody (hereafter referred to as MAb2) that forms more homogeneous structures (no clusters). These structures, together with the potential mean force (PMF) and radial distribution functions (RDF) between pairs of coarse-grained regions on the MAbs, are qualitatively consistent with the experimental observation that MAb1 has a significantly higher viscosity compared to MAb2, especially at concentrations >50 mg/mL, even though the only difference between the MAbs lies with a few amino acids at the antigen-binding loops (CDRs). It is also observed that the structures in MAb1 are formed due to stronger Fab-Fab interactions in corroboration with experimental observations. Evidence is also shown that Fab-Fc interactions can be equally important in addition to Fab-Fab interactions. The coarse-grained representations are effective in picking up differences based on local charge distributions of domains and make predictions on the self-association characteristics of these protein solutions. This is the first computational study of its kind to show that there are differences in structures formed by two different monoclonal antibodies at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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126
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Miller MA, Khan TA, Kaczorowski KJ, Wilson BK, Dinin AK, Borwankar AU, Rodrigues MA, Truskett TM, Johnston KP, Maynard JA. Antibody nanoparticle dispersions formed with mixtures of crowding molecules retain activity and in vivo bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3763-78. [PMID: 22777686 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies continue to command a large market for treatment of a variety of diseases. In many cases, the doses required for therapeutic efficacy are large, limiting options for antibody delivery and administration. We report a novel formulation strategy based on dispersions of antibody nanoclusters that allows for subcutaneous injection of highly concentrated antibody (≈ 190 mg/mL). A solution of monoclonal antibody 1B7 was rapidly frozen and lyophilized using a novel spiral-wound in-situ freezing technology to generate amorphous particles. Upon gentle stirring, a translucent dispersion of approximately 430 nm protein clusters with low apparent viscosity (≈ 24 cp) formed rapidly in buffer containing the pharmaceutically acceptable crowding agents such as trehalose, polyethylene glycol, and n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Upon in vitro dilution of the dispersion, the nanoclusters rapidly reverted to monomeric protein with full activity, as monitored by dynamic light scattering and antigen binding. When administered to mice as an intravenous solution, subcutaneous solution, or subcutaneous dispersion at similar (4.6-7.3 mg/kg) or ultra-high dosages (51.6 mg/kg), the distribution and elimination kinetics were within error and the protein retained full activity. Overall, this method of generating high-concentration, low-viscosity dispersions of antibody nanoclusters could lead to improved administration and patient compliance, providing new opportunities for the biotechnology industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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127
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High-dose monoclonal antibodies via the subcutaneous route: challenges and technical solutions, an industry perspective. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:889-900. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the various challenges in product development involved in subcutaneous administration of high-dose monoclonal antibodies and attempts to provide an industry perspective of some of the available technologies and potential avenues to overcome these challenges.
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128
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Guo Z, Chen A, Nassar RA, Helk B, Mueller C, Tang Y, Gupta K, Klibanov AM. Structure-Activity Relationship for Hydrophobic Salts as Viscosity-Lowering Excipients for Concentrated Solutions of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3102-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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129
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Galush WJ, Le LN, Moore JM. Viscosity Behavior of High-Concentration Protein Mixtures. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1012-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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130
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Samra HS, He F. Advancements in high throughput biophysical technologies: applications for characterization and screening during early formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:696-707. [PMID: 22263524 DOI: 10.1021/mp200404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formulation development of monoclonal antibodies is extremely challenging, due to the diversity and complexity contained within this class of molecules. The physical and chemical properties of a monoclonal antibody dictate the behavior of the protein drug during manufacturing, storage and clinical administration. In the past few years, the use of high throughput technologies has been widely adapted to delineate unique properties of individual immunoglobulin G's (IgG's) important for their development. Numerous screening techniques have been designed to reveal physical and chemical characteristics of a protein relevant to stability under production, formulation and delivery conditions. In addition, protein stability under accelerated stresses has been utilized to predict long-term storage behavior for monoclonal antibodies in the formulation. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the field of biophysical technology, with a specific focus on the techniques that can be directly applied to the formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Several case studies are also presented here to provide examples of combining existing biophysical methods with high throughput screening technology in the formulation development of monoclonal antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep S Samra
- Department of Formulation Sciences, MedImmune , One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA.
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131
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Chari R, Singh SN, Yadav S, Brems DN, Kalonia DS. Determination of the dipole moments of RNAse SA wild type and a basic mutant. Proteins 2011; 80:1041-52. [PMID: 22213585 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the effects of acidic to basic residue point mutations (5K) on the dipole moment of RNAse SA at different pHs. Dipole moments were determined by measuring solution capacitance of the wild type (WT) and the 5K mutant with an impedance analyzer. The dipole moments were then (1) compared with theoretically calculated dipole moments, (2) analyzed to determine the effect of the point mutations, and (3) analyzed for their contribution to overall protein-protein interactions (PPI) in solution as quantitated by experimentally derived second virial coefficients. We determined that experimental and calculated dipoles were in reasonable agreement. Differences are likely due to local motions of residue side chains, which are not accounted for by the calculated dipole. We observed that the proteins' dipole moments increase as the pH is shifted further from their isoelectric points and that the wild-type dipole moments were greater than those of the 5K. This is likely due to an increase in the proportion of one charge (either negative or positive) relative to the other. A greater charge disparity corresponded to a larger dipole moment. Finally, the larger dipole moments of the WT resulted in greater attractive overall PPI for that protein as compared to the 5K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Chari
- Pharmaceutics, GPSC, Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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132
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Kumar V, Dixit N, Zhou L(L, Fraunhofer W. Impact of short range hydrophobic interactions and long range electrostatic forces on the aggregation kinetics of a monoclonal antibody and a dual-variable domain immunoglobulin at low and high concentrations. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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133
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Eppler A, Weigandt M, Schulze S, Hanefeld A, Bunjes H. Comparison of different protein concentration techniques within preformulation development. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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134
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Viscosity of concentrated therapeutic protein compositions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1107-17. [PMID: 22014592 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents has been increasing steadily over the last decade for the treatment of various conditions. There is often a need to deliver a large dose of the protein, so there is a trend toward developing commercially viable liquid formulations of highly concentrated antibodies. Such concentrated solutions are associated with a number of challenges, including optimization of production processes, plus chemical and physical stability of the final product where solution viscosity becomes a critical quality attribute. Assessment of the rheological characteristics of concentrated compositions is essential as are development strategies to reduce the viscosity. This review covers the state-of-the-art rheology measurement techniques, focusing particularly on concentrated protein solutions. Current understanding of the mechanisms leading to high viscosity and control by formulation parameters is discussed.
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135
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Brummitt RK, Nesta DP, Roberts CJ. Predicting accelerated aggregation rates for monoclonal antibody formulations, and challenges for low-temperature predictions. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4234-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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136
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Mach H, Arvinte T. Addressing new analytical challenges in protein formulation development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:196-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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137
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He F, Woods CE, Litowski JR, Roschen LA, Gadgil HS, Razinkov VI, Kerwin BA. Effect of Sugar Molecules on the Viscosity of High Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Solutions. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1552-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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138
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He F, Woods CE, Trilisky E, Bower KM, Litowski JR, Kerwin BA, Becker GW, Narhi LO, Razinkov VI. Screening of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations Based on High-Throughput Thermostability and Viscosity Measurements: Design of Experiment and Statistical Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:1330-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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139
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Jiang G, Thummala A, Wadhwa MVS. Applications of Statistical Regression and Modeling in Fill–Finish Process Development of Structurally Related Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:464-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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140
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Lewus RA, Darcy PA, Lenhoff AM, Sandler SI. Interactions and phase behavior of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:280-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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141
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Burckbuchler V, Mekhloufi G, Giteau AP, Grossiord JL, Huille S, Agnely F. Rheological and syringeability properties of highly concentrated human polyclonal immunoglobulin solutions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:351-6. [PMID: 20719247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study of highly concentrated polyvalent immunoglobulin solutions, IgG, aimed at analyzing the relationships between protein concentration and aggregation on the one hand and viscosity on the other hand. Viscosity variations as a function of IgG concentration showed two well-defined behaviours: a Newtonian behaviour for low-concentrated solutions and a shear-thinning behaviour for highly concentrated ones. The viscosity data fitted very well with the Mooney model, suggesting the absence of intermolecular interactions in the IgG solutions that behaved like a non-interacting suspension of hard particles. The polyclonal nature of IgG seems to prevent intermolecular interaction. The shape factor, determined from Mooney fitting, revealed a non-spherical shape of the polyclonal IgG molecules. The rheological properties were also correlated with the injection force (F) through hypodermic needles by syringeability tests. Here, F was mainly affected by three parameters: the solution viscosity, the injection flow rate, and the needle characteristics. In fact, syringeability tests showed that F increased with IgG concentration and flow rate and decreased with the internal diameter of the needle. A zone for optimal injection conditions was then identified taking into account the different affecting parameters and mainly a maximum force for manual injection, which was fixed at 30N.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Burckbuchler
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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142
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Wang W, Nema S, Teagarden D. Protein aggregation—Pathways and influencing factors. Int J Pharm 2010; 390:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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143
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Okhonin V, Berezovski MV, Krylov SN. MASKE: Macroscopic Approach to Studying Kinetics at Equilibrium. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7062-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja100104m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Okhonin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Maxim V. Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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144
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Nishi H, Miyajima M, Nakagami H, Noda M, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Phase Separation of an IgG1 Antibody Solution under a Low Ionic Strength Condition. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1348-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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145
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Development of a nasal adenovirus-based vaccine: Effect of concentration and formulation on adenovirus stability and infectious titer during actuation from two delivery devices. Vaccine 2010; 28:2137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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146
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Miller MA, Engstrom JD, Ludher BS, Johnston KP. Low viscosity highly concentrated injectable nonaqueous suspensions of lysozyme microparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1067-74. [PMID: 19803503 PMCID: PMC3040681 DOI: 10.1021/la9023426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous injection of concentrated protein and peptide solutions, in the range of 100-400 mg/mL, is often not possible with a 25- to 27-gauge needle, as the viscosity can be well above 50 cP. Apparent viscosities below this limit are reported for suspensions of milled lysozyme microparticles up to nearly 400 mg/mL in benzyl benzoate or benzyl benzoate mixtures with safflower oils through a syringe with a 25- to 27-gauge needle at room temperature. These apparent viscosities were confirmed using a cone-and-plate rheometer. The intrinsic viscosity regressed from the Kreiger-Dougherty model was only slightly above the Einstein value of 2.5, indicating the increase in viscosity relative to that of the solvent was caused primarily by the excluded volume. Thus, the increases in viscosity from electrical double layer interactions (electroviscous effects), solvation of the particles, or deviations of the particle shape from a spherical geometry were minimal, and much smaller than typically observed for proteins dissolved in aqueous solutions. The small electroviscous effects are expected given the negligible zeta potential and thin double layers in the low dielectric constant organic solvent. The suspensions were resuspendable after a year, with essentially constant particle size after two months as measured by static light scattering. The lower apparent viscosities for highly concentrated protein suspensions relative to protein solutions, coupled with these favorable characteristics upon resuspension, may offer novel opportunities for subcutaneous injection of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keith P. Johnston
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Address: The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1 University Station CO400, Austin, TX 78712. Telephone: 512-471-4617. Fax: 512-471-7060.
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147
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148
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Chari R, Jerath K, Badkar AV, Kalonia DS. Long- and short-range electrostatic interactions affect the rheology of highly concentrated antibody solutions. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2607-18. [PMID: 19795191 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explain the differences in protein-protein interactions (PPI) of concentrated versus dilute formulations of a model antibody. METHODS High frequency rheological measurements from pH 3.0 to 12.0 quantitated viscoelasticity and PPI at high concentrations. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) characterized PPI in dilute solutions. RESULTS For concentrated solutions at low ionic strength, the storage modulus, a viscosity component and a measure of PPI, is highest at the isoelectric point (pH 9.0) and lowest at pH 5.4. This profile flattens at higher ionic strength but not completely, indicating PPI consist of long-range electrostatics and other short-range attractions. At low concentrations, PPI are near zero at pI but become repulsive as the pH is shifted. Higher salt concentrations completely flatten this profile to zero, indicating that these PPI are mainly electrostatic. CONCLUSIONS This discrepancy occurs because long-range interactions are significant at low concentrations, whereas both long- and short-range interactions are significant at higher concentrations. Computer modeling was used to calculate antibody properties responsible for long- and short-range interactions, i.e. net charge and dipole moment. Charge-charge interactions are repulsive while dipole-dipole interactions are attractive. Their net effect correlated with the storage modulus profile. However, only charge-charge repulsions correlated with PPI determined by DLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Chari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Rd., U-3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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149
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Kamerzell TJ, Kanai S, Liu J, Shire SJ, Wang YJ. Increasing IgG Concentration Modulates the Conformational Heterogeneity and Bonding Network that Influence Solution Properties. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6109-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Kamerzell
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sonoko Kanai
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Steven J. Shire
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Y. John Wang
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
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