101
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Pathogen-induced ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 bifunctionally shuts off NF-κB and caspase-8-dependent apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1621-1631. [PMID: 28574503 PMCID: PMC5563994 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori infects more than half of the world’s population and is a paradigm for persistent yet asymptomatic infection but increases the risk for chronic gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma. For successful colonization, H. pylori needs to subvert the host cell death response, which serves to confine pathogen infection by killing infected cells and preventing malignant transformation. Infection of gastric epithelial cells by H. pylori provokes direct and fast activation of the proinflammatory and survival factor NF-κB, which regulates target genes, such as CXCL8, BIRC3 and TNFAIP3. However, it is not known how H. pylori exploits NF-κB activation and suppresses the inflammatory response and host apoptotic cell death, in order to avert the innate immune response and avoid cell loss, and thereby enhance colonization to establish long-term infection. Here we assign for the first time that H. pylori and also Campylobacter jejuni-induced ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 bifunctionally terminates NF-κB activity and negatively regulates apoptotic cell death. Mechanistically, we show that the deubiquitinylase activity of A20 counteracts cullin3-mediated K63-linked ubiquitinylation of procaspase-8, therefore restricting the activity of caspase-8. Interestingly, another inducible NF-κB target gene, the scaffold protein p62, ameliorates the interaction of A20 with procaspase-8. In conclusion, pathogen-induced de novo synthesis of A20 regulates the shut-off of the survival factor NF-κB but, on the other hand, also impedes caspase-8-dependent apoptotic cell death so as to promote the persistence of pathogens.
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102
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Hahn M, Bürckert JP, Luttenberger CA, Klebow S, Hess M, Al-Maarri M, Vogt M, Reißig S, Hallek M, Wienecke-Baldacchino A, Buch T, Muller CP, Pallasch CP, Wunderlich FT, Waisman A, Hövelmeyer N. Aberrant splicing of the tumor suppressor CYLD promotes the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia via sustained NF-κB signaling. Leukemia 2017; 32:72-82. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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103
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells that have undergone apoptosis in situ has revealed a division of labor among the tissue resident phagocytes that sample them. Macrophages are uniquely programmed to process internalized apoptotic cell-derived fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleotides, as a reflection of their dominant role in clearing the bulk of apoptotic cells. Dendritic cells carry apoptotic cells to lymph nodes where they signal the emergence and expansion of highly suppressive regulatory CD4 T cells. A broad suppression of inflammation is executed through distinct phagocyte-specific mechanisms. A clever induction of negative regulatory nodes is notable in dendritic cells serving to simultaneously shut down multiple pathways of inflammation. Several of the genes and pathways modulated in phagocytes in response to apoptotic cells have been linked to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our collective understanding of old and new phagocyte functions after apoptotic cell phagocytosis demonstrates the enormity of ways to mediate immune suppression and enforce tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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104
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CYLD, A20 and OTULIN deubiquitinases in NF-κB signaling and cell death: so similar, yet so different. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1172-1183. [PMID: 28362430 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyubiquitination of proteins has a pivotal role in the regulation of numerous cellular functions such as protein degradation, DNA repair and cell signaling. As deregulation of these processes can result in pathological conditions such as inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration or cancer, tight regulation of the ubiquitin system is of tremendous importance. Ubiquitination by E3 ubiquitin ligases can be counteracted by the activity of several deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). CYLD, A20 and OTULIN have been implicated as key DUBs in the negative regulation of NF-κB transcription factor-mediated gene expression upon stimulation of cytokine receptors, antigen receptors and pattern recognition receptors, by removing distinct types of polyubiquitin chains from specific NF-κB signaling proteins. In addition, they control TNF-induced cell death signaling leading to apoptosis and necroptosis via similar mechanisms. In the case of A20, also catalytic-independent mechanisms of action have been demonstrated to have an important role. CYLD, A20 and OTULIN have largely overlapping substrates, suggesting at least partially redundant functions. However, mice deficient in one of the three DUBs show significant phenotypic differences, indicating also non-redundant functions. Here we discuss the activity and polyubiquitin chain-type specificity of CYLD, A20 and OTULIN, their specific role in NF-κB signaling and cell death, the molecular mechanisms that regulate their activity, their role in immune homeostasis and the association of defects in their activity with inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer.
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105
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Zhou L, Zheng H, Huang X, Zhu L, Wu S, Zeng C, Yang L, Chen S, Luo G, Du X, Li Y. Different genetic alteration of A20
in a Sézary syndrome case with Vα2-Jα22
T cell clone. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 14:e116-e123. [PMID: 28296250 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Haitao Zheng
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology; Guangdong General Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences); Guangzhou China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology; First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Suijing Wu
- Department of Hematology; Guangdong General Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences); Guangzhou China
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Lijian Yang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Gengxin Luo
- Department of Hematology; First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Hematology; Guangdong General Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences); Guangzhou China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Hematology; First Affiliated Hospital; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
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106
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Elkhawaga SY, Abulsoud AI, Elshafey MM, Elsayed MM. Clinical significance of TNFAIP3 rs2230926 T > G gene polymorphism in Egyptian cases with rheumatoid arthritis. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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107
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Zeng P, Ma J, Yang R, Liu YC. Immune Regulation by Ubiquitin Tagging as Checkpoint Code. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 410:215-248. [PMID: 28929193 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is equipped with effective machinery to mobilize its activation to defend invading microorganisms, and at the same time, to refrain from attacking its own tissues to maintain immune tolerance. The balance of activation and tolerance is tightly controlled by diverse mechanisms, since breakdown of tolerance could result in disastrous consequences such as the development of autoimmune diseases. One of the mechanisms is by the means of protein ubiquitination, which involves the process of tagging a small peptide ubiquitin to protein substrates. E3 ubiquitin ligases are responsible for catalyzing the final step of ubiquitin-substrate conjugation by specifically recognizing substrates to determine their fates of degradation or functional modification. The ubiquitination process is reversible, which is carried out by deubiquitinating enzymes to release the ubiquitin molecule from the conjugated substrates. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination serve as checkpoint codes in many key steps of lymphocyte regulation including the development, activation, differentiation, and tolerance induction. In this chapter, we will discuss a few E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes that are important in controlling immune responses, with emphasis on their roles in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jieyu Ma
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Runqing Yang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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108
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Lentucci C, Belkina AC, Cederquist CT, Chan M, Johnson HE, Prasad S, Lopacinski A, Nikolajczyk BS, Monti S, Snyder-Cappione J, Tanasa B, Cardamone MD, Perissi V. Inhibition of Ubc13-mediated Ubiquitination by GPS2 Regulates Multiple Stages of B Cell Development. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2754-2772. [PMID: 28039360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-proteolytic ubiquitin signaling mediated by Lys63 ubiquitin chains plays a critical role in multiple pathways that are key to the development and activation of immune cells. Our previous work indicates that GPS2 (G-protein Pathway Suppressor 2) is a multifunctional protein regulating TNFα signaling and lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue through modulation of Lys63 ubiquitination events. However, the full extent of GPS2-mediated regulation of ubiquitination and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report that GPS2 is required for restricting the activation of TLR and BCR signaling pathways and the AKT/FOXO1 pathway in immune cells based on direct inhibition of Ubc13 enzymatic activity. Relevance of this regulatory strategy is confirmed in vivo by B cell-targeted deletion of GPS2, resulting in developmental defects at multiple stages of B cell differentiation. Together, these findings reveal that GPS2 genomic and non-genomic functions are critical for the development and cellular homeostasis of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna C Belkina
- the Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and.,Microbiology, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Snyder-Cappione
- the Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and.,Microbiology, and
| | - Bogdan Tanasa
- the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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109
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A20 Curtails Primary but Augments Secondary CD8 + T Cell Responses in Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39796. [PMID: 28004776 PMCID: PMC5177869 DOI: 10.1038/srep39796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20, an important negative feedback regulator of NF-κB, impairs the expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells but augments the proliferation of autoimmune CD4+ T cells. To study the T cell-specific function of A20 in bacterial infection, we infected T cell-specific A20 knockout (CD4-Cre A20fl/fl) and control mice with Listeria monocytogenes. A20-deficient pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells expanded stronger resulting in improved pathogen control at day 7 p.i. Imaging flow cytometry revealed that A20-deficient Listeria-specific CD8+ T cells underwent increased apoptosis and necroptosis resulting in reduced numbers of memory CD8+ T cells. In contrast, the primary CD4+ T cell response was A20-independent. Upon secondary infection, the increase and function of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as pathogen control were significantly impaired in CD4-Cre A20fl/fl mice. In vitro, apoptosis and necroptosis of Listeria-specific A20-deficient CD8+ T cells were strongly induced as demonstrated by increased caspase-3/7 activity, RIPK1/RIPK3 complex formation and more morphologically apoptotic and necroptotic CD8+ T cells. In vitro, A20 limited CD95L and TNF-induced caspase3/7 activation. In conclusion, T cell-specific A20 limited the expansion but reduced apoptosis and necroptosis of Listeria-specific CD8+ T cells, resulting in an impaired pathogen control in primary but improved clearance in secondary infection.
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110
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Abstract
A20 (TNFAIP3), known to inhibit NF-κB function by deubiquitinating-specific NF-κB signaling molecules, has been found in many cell types of the immune system. Recent findings suggest that A20 is essential for the development and functional performance of dendritic cell, B cell, T cell and macrophage. A number of studies further demonstrate that these cells are crucial in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. In this article, we focus on the recent advances on the roles of A20 in autoimmune diseases and discuss the therapeutic significance of these new findings.
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111
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Zhang MY, Yang XK, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Associations between TNFAIP3 gene polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus risk: an updated meta-analysis. HLA 2016; 88:245-252. [PMID: 27726311 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine whether tumor necrosis factor alpha inducible protein 3 (TNFAIP3) gene polymorphisms confers susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in ethnically different populations. A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the association between TNFAIP3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to SLE. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. A total of 23 studies from 20 articles, involving 18,501 patients with SLE and 30,435 healthy controls were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, we found significant association between SLE and the TNFAIP3 rs2230926, rs5029937, rs5029939, and rs3757173 polymorphisms (all P < 0.001). Stratification by ethnicity indicated that rs5029939 polymorphism was associated with SLE in Europeans, while rs2230926, rs5029937, and rs3757173 polymorphisms were associated with SLE both in Europeans and Asians (all P < 0.001). The results of our meta-analysis suggest that TNFAIP3 (rs2230926, rs5029937, rs5029939, and rs3757173) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - X-K Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - H-F Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - D-Q Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.
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112
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease marked by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies, immune dysregulation, and chronic inflammation that may lead to increased morbidity and early mortality from end-organ damage. More than half of all systemic lupus erythematosus patients will develop lupus nephritis. Genetic-association studies have identified more than 50 polymorphisms that contribute to lupus nephritis pathogenesis, including genetic variants associated with altered programmed cell death and defective immune clearance of programmed cell death debris. These variants may support the generation of autoantibody-containing immune complexes that contribute to lupus nephritis. Genetic variants associated with lupus nephritis also affect the initial phase of innate immunity and the amplifying, adaptive phase of the immune response. Finally, genetic variants associated with the kidney-specific effector response may influence end-organ damage and the progression to end-stage renal disease and death. This review discusses genetic insights of key pathogenic processes and pathways that may lead to lupus nephritis, as well as the clinical implications of these findings as they apply to recent advances in biologic therapies.
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113
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Johnsen SJ, Gudlaugsson E, Skaland I, Janssen EAM, Jonsson MV, Helgeland L, Berget E, Jonsson R, Omdal R. Low Protein A20 in Minor Salivary Glands is Associated with Lymphoma in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:181-7. [PMID: 26679293 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) have an increased risk of developing lymphomas, particularly the subtype mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Chronic antigen stimulation and increased activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are important factors for the pathogenesis of MALT lymphomas. Protein A20 is an inhibitor of NF-κB. A recent study of pSS-associated MALT lymphomas identified potential functional abnormalities in the TNFAIP3 gene, which encodes protein A20. The present study aimed to assess protein A20 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in minor salivary glands (MSGs) and lymphoma tissue sections of patients with pSS and investigate a potential association with lymphoma development. Protein A20 staining in lymphocytes was scored in four categories (0 = negative, 1 = weak, 2 = moderate and 3 = strong). For statistical purposes, these scores were simplified into negative (scores 0-1) and positive (scores 2-3). We investigated associations between protein A20-staining, focus scores, germinal centre (GC)-like structures and monoclonal B-cell infiltration in MSGs. MSG protein A20 staining was weaker in pSS patients with lymphomas than in those without lymphomas (P = 0.01). Weak protein A20 staining was also highly associated with a lack of GC formation (P < 0.01). Finally, weaker A20 staining was observed in the majority of pSS-associated MALT lymphoma tissues. In conclusion, we found absent or weak protein A20 immunoreactivity in MSGs of patients with pSS with lymphomas. This finding indicates that protein A20 downregulation in lymphocytes might be a mechanism underlying lymphoma genesis in patients with pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Johnsen
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - E Gudlaugsson
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - I Skaland
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - E A M Janssen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - M V Jonsson
- Section for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - L Helgeland
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Berget
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - R Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - R Omdal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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114
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Matsushita N, Suzuki M, Ikebe E, Nagashima S, Inatome R, Asano K, Tanaka M, Matsushita M, Kondo E, Iha H, Yanagi S. Regulation of B cell differentiation by the ubiquitin-binding protein TAX1BP1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31266. [PMID: 27515252 PMCID: PMC4981851 DOI: 10.1038/srep31266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tax1-binding protein 1 (TAX1BP1) is a ubiquitin-binding protein that restricts nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and facilitates the termination of aberrant inflammation. However, its roles in B-cell activation and differentiation are poorly understood. To evaluate the function of TAX1BP1 in B cells, we established TAX1BP1-deficient DT40 B cells that are hyper-responsive to CD40-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation signaling, exhibit prolonged and exaggerated ERK phosphorylation and show enhanced B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1; a transcription factor inducing plasma cell differentiation) expression that is ERK-dependent. Furthermore, TAX1BP1-deficient cells exhibit significantly decreased surface IgM expression and increased IgM secretion. Moreover, TAX1BP1-deficient mice display reduced germinal center formation and antigen-specific antibody production. These findings show that TAX1BP1 restricts ERK activation and Blimp-1 expression and regulates germinal center formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Midori Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Emi Ikebe
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shun Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryoko Inatome
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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115
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Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: Promising Therapeutic Targets in Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIONANOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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116
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Abstract
Linear ubiquitination is a post‐translational protein modification recently discovered to be crucial for innate and adaptive immune signaling. The function of linear ubiquitin chains is regulated at multiple levels: generation, recognition, and removal. These chains are generated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), the only known ubiquitin E3 capable of forming the linear ubiquitin linkage de novo. LUBAC is not only relevant for activation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in various signaling pathways, but importantly, it also regulates cell death downstream of immune receptors capable of inducing this response. Recognition of the linear ubiquitin linkage is specifically mediated by certain ubiquitin receptors, which is crucial for translation into the intended signaling outputs. LUBAC deficiency results in attenuated gene activation and increased cell death, causing pathologic conditions in both, mice, and humans. Removal of ubiquitin chains is mediated by deubiquitinases (DUBs). Two of them, OTULIN and CYLD, are constitutively associated with LUBAC. Here, we review the current knowledge on linear ubiquitination in immune signaling pathways and the biochemical mechanisms as to how linear polyubiquitin exerts its functions distinctly from those of other ubiquitin linkage types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimizu
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia Taraborrelli
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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117
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Menard LC, Habte S, Gonsiorek W, Lee D, Banas D, Holloway DA, Manjarrez-Orduno N, Cunningham M, Stetsko D, Casano F, Kansal S, Davis PM, Carman J, Zhang CK, Abidi F, Furie R, Nadler SG, Suchard SJ. B cells from African American lupus patients exhibit an activated phenotype. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87310. [PMID: 27699274 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease driven by both innate and adaptive immune cells. African Americans tend to present with more severe disease at an earlier age compared with patients of European ancestry. In order to better understand the immunological differences between African American and European American patients, we analyzed the frequencies of B cell subsets and the expression of B cell activation markers from a total of 68 SLE patients and 69 normal healthy volunteers. We found that B cells expressing the activation markers CD86, CD80, PD1, and CD40L, as well as CD19+CD27-IgD- double-negative B cells, were enriched in African American patients vs. patients of European ancestry. In addition to increased expression of CD40L, surface levels of CD40 on B cells were lower, suggesting the engagement of the CD40 pathway. In vitro experiments confirmed that CD40L expressed by B cells could lead to CD40 activation and internalization on adjacent B cells. To conclude, these results indicate that, compared with European American patients, African American SLE patients present with a particularly active B cell component, possibly via the activation of the CD40/CD40L pathway. These data may help guide the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Menard
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sium Habte
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Waldemar Gonsiorek
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deborah Lee
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dana Banas
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deborah A Holloway
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Mark Cunningham
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dawn Stetsko
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francesca Casano
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selena Kansal
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patricia M Davis
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julie Carman
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Clarence K Zhang
- Immunoscience Translational Bioinformatics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ferva Abidi
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Richard Furie
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Steven G Nadler
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Suzanne J Suchard
- Discovery Translational Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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118
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Shinohara H, Inoue K, Yumoto N, Nagashima T, Okada-Hatakeyama M. Stimulus-Dependent Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Expression Prolongs the Duration of B Cell Signalling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27706. [PMID: 27277891 PMCID: PMC4899755 DOI: 10.1038/srep27706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Different dynamic behaviours of signalling activity can induce distinct biological responses in a variety of cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine the dynamics of kinase activities in immune cells are not well understood. In this study, we showed that the duration of both IκB kinase (IKK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activities in B cell receptor (BCR)- and CD40-signalling pathways in B cells were regulated by transcriptional feedback loops. We conducted a time-course transcriptome analysis after BCR or CD40 stimulation and identified the following four candidate genes as feedback regulators for IKK and ERK: inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), TNF alpha-induced protein 3, dual-specificity phosphatase 5, and sprouty homolog 2. Quantitative experiments and mathematical modelling suggested that IAP inhibition shortened the duration of IKK and ERK activity following both BCR and CD40 pathway stimulation, indicating a positive role for IAP in B cell signalling. Furthermore, transient kinase activities induced by IAP blockage reduced the levels of delayed expression genes. Together, our findings suggest that IKK and ERK activity durations can be fine-tuned by the coordinated regulation of positive and negative transcriptional feedback and that these network properties determine the biological output of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Shinohara
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Yumoto
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagashima
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mariko Okada-Hatakeyama
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Matsuzawa Y, Oshima S, Takahara M, Maeyashiki C, Nemoto Y, Kobayashi M, Nibe Y, Nozaki K, Nagaishi T, Okamoto R, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Ma A, Watanabe M. TNFAIP3 promotes survival of CD4 T cells by restricting MTOR and promoting autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:1052-62. [PMID: 26043155 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1055439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays important roles in metabolism, differentiation, and survival in T cells. TNFAIP3/A20 is a ubiquitin-editing enzyme that is thought to be a negative regulator of autophagy in cell lines. However, the role of TNFAIP3 in autophagy remains unclear. To determine whether TNFAIP3 regulates autophagy in CD4 T cells, we first analyzed Tnfaip3-deficient naïve CD4 T cells in vitro. We demonstrated that Tnfaip3-deficient CD4 T cells exhibited reduced MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) puncta formation, increased mitochondrial content, and exaggerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These results indicate that TNFAIP3 promotes autophagy after T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in CD4 T cells. We then investigated the mechanism by which TNFAIP3 promotes autophagy signaling. We found that TNFAIP3 bound to the MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) complex and that Tnfaip3-deficient cells displayed enhanced ubiquitination of the MTOR complex and MTOR activity. To confirm the effects of enhanced MTOR activity in Tnfaip3-deficient cells, we analyzed cell survival following treatment with Torin1, an MTOR inhibitor. Tnfaip3-deficient CD4 T cells exhibited fewer cell numbers than the control cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the impaired survival of Tnfaip3-deficient cells was ameliorated with Torin1 treatment in vitro and in vivo. The effect of Torin1 was abolished by Atg5 deficiency. Thus, enhanced MTOR activity regulates the survival of Tnfaip3-deficient CD4 T cells. Taken together, our findings illustrate that TNFAIP3 restricts MTOR signaling and promotes autophagy, providing new insight into the manner in which MTOR and autophagy regulate survival in CD4 T cells.
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Key Words
- 4-OHT, 4-hydroxytamoxifen
- ACTB/bACT, actin, β
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- ATG, autophagy related
- ATG5
- BAK1, BCL2-antagonist/killer 1
- BAX, BCL2-associated X protein
- BCL10, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- CD28, CD28 antigen
- CD3E, CD3 antigen, epsilon polypeptide
- CD4
- CD44, CD44 antigen
- CD69, CD69 antigen
- CHX, cycloheximide
- EIF4EBP1, eukaryotic translation inhibition factor 4E binding protein 1
- ESR, estrogen receptor
- IFNG, interferon, gamma
- IL2, interleukin 2
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MALT1, MALT1 paracaspase
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MCL1, myeloid cell leukemia 1
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MTOR
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- NFKB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PI3K, class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PLA, proximity ligation assay
- PRKAA/AMPK, protein kinase, AMP-activated
- RIPK1, receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPS6KB1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TNFAIP3
- TNFAIP3/A20, tumor necrosis factor, α-induced protein 3
- TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- autophagy
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Matsuzawa
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Graduate School; Tokyo Medical and Dental University ; Tokyo , Japan
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Chang YC, Chang YS, Chang CC, Liu TC, Ko YC, Lee CC, Chang SJ, Chang JG. Development of a high-resolution melting method for the screening of TNFAIP3 gene mutations. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2936-42. [PMID: 26986245 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor, α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) which encodes a ubiquitin-modifying enzyme (A20), acts as a negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway, and in lymphoma and autoimmune diseases it is frequently inactivated by mutations and/or deletions. We investigated the prevalence of the inactivation of TNFAIP3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). DNA was extracted from 81 cases of OSCC and 50 peripheral blood samples from normal controls. A high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis was used to characterize TNFAIP3 mutations, and the results were confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Three mutations and three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be associated with OSCC; the TNFAIP3 mutation occurred in 3.7% (3/81) of the OSCC cases examined. All mutations were in exon 7 [c.1081G>A (p.E361K), c.1398C>G (p.S466R) (rs200878487) and c.1760C>T (p.P587L) (rs150056192)], and p.E361K was identified as a novel mutation. We further used SIFT and PolyPhen-2 software to assess potentially functional mutations. Two SNPs, c.296‑20_296-18delCTC (rs71670547) and c.380T>G (p.F127C) (rs2230926), were located in exon 3, and c.2140C>T (p.P714S) was located in exon 9. A novel SNP, p.P714S differed from the one reported previously (p.P714A) (rs369155845) at that site. We also identified five SNPs in 50 normal Taiwanese individuals, and two of them [c.296‑15C>T (rs377482653) and c.305A>G (p.N102S) (rs146534657)] were not found in our OSCC tissue. HRM facilitated the screening of genetic changes. In addition, our results indicate that the prevalence of the TNFAIP3 mutation is low in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Christine Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Sian Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics‑Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chin Lee
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shun-Jen Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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121
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TALEN-mediated enhancer knockout influences TNFAIP3 gene expression and mimics a molecular phenotype associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 2016; 17:165-70. [PMID: 26821284 PMCID: PMC4840072 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Linkage disequilibrium poses a major challenge to the functional characterization of specific disease-associated susceptibility variants. Precision genome editing technologies have provided new opportunities to address this challenge. As proof-of-concept, we employed TALEN-mediated genome editing to specifically disrupt the TT>A enhancer region to mimic candidate causal variants identified in the systemic lupus erythematosus-associated susceptibility gene, TNFAIP3, in an isogenic HEK293T cell line devoid of other linkage disequilibrium-associated variants. Targeted disruption of the TT>A enhancer impaired its interaction with the TNFAIP3 promoter by long-range DNA looping, thereby reducing TNFAIP3 gene expression. Loss of TNFAIP3 mRNA and its encoded protein, A20, impaired TNFα-induced receptor-mediated downregulation of NF-κB signaling; a hallmark of autoimmunity. Results demonstrate that the TT>A enhancer variants contribute to causality and function independently of other variants to disrupt TNFAIP3 expression. Further, we believe this approach can be implemented to independently examine other candidate casual variants in the future.
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122
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Zhou Q, Wang H, Schwartz DM, Stoffels M, Park YH, Zhang Y, Yang D, Demirkaya E, Takeuchi M, Tsai WL, Lyons JJ, Yu X, Ouyang C, Chen C, Chin DT, Zaal K, Chandrasekharappa SC, Hanson EP, Yu Z, Mullikin JC, Hasni SA, Wertz IE, Ombrello AK, Stone DL, Hoffmann P, Jones A, Barham BK, Leavis HL, van Royen-Kerkof A, Sibley C, Batu ED, Gül A, Siegel RM, Boehm M, Milner JD, Ozen S, Gadina M, Chae J, Laxer RM, Kastner DL, Aksentijevich I. Loss-of-function mutations in TNFAIP3 leading to A20 haploinsufficiency cause an early-onset autoinflammatory disease. Nat Genet 2016. [PMID: 26642243 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3459)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases are driven by abnormal activation of innate immunity. Herein we describe a new disease caused by high-penetrance heterozygous germline mutations in TNFAIP3, which encodes the NF-κB regulatory protein A20, in six unrelated families with early-onset systemic inflammation. The disorder resembles Behçet's disease, which is typically considered a polygenic disorder with onset in early adulthood. A20 is a potent inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Mutant, truncated A20 proteins are likely to act through haploinsufficiency because they do not exert a dominant-negative effect in overexpression experiments. Patient-derived cells show increased degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit together with increased expression of NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory cytokines. A20 restricts NF-κB signals via its deubiquitinase activity. In cells expressing mutant A20 protein, there is defective removal of Lys63-linked ubiquitin from TRAF6, NEMO and RIP1 after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF). NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines are potential therapeutic targets for the patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongying Wang
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monique Stoffels
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Hwan Park
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erkan Demirkaya
- FMF Arthritis Vasculitis and Orphan Disease Research Center (FAVOR), Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wanxia Li Tsai
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan J Lyons
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Ouyang
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Celeste Chen
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David T Chin
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristien Zaal
- Light Imaging Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Settara C Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric P Hanson
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- National Institute of Health Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarfaraz A Hasni
- Systemic Autoimmune Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ingrid E Wertz
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amanda K Ombrello
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah L Stone
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrycja Hoffmann
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jones
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beverly K Barham
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen L Leavis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annet van Royen-Kerkof
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cailin Sibley
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ezgi D Batu
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - JaeJin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald M Laxer
- Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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123
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Zhou Q, Wang H, Schwartz DM, Stoffels M, Park YH, Zhang Y, Yang D, Demirkaya E, Takeuchi M, Tsai WL, Lyons JJ, Yu X, Ouyang C, Chen C, Chin DT, Zaal K, Chandrasekharappa SC, Hanson EP, Yu Z, Mullikin JC, Hasni SA, Wertz IE, Ombrello AK, Stone DL, Hoffmann P, Jones A, Barham BK, Leavis HL, van Royen-Kerkof A, Sibley C, Batu ED, Gül A, Siegel RM, Boehm M, Milner JD, Ozen S, Gadina M, Chae J, Laxer RM, Kastner DL, Aksentijevich I. Loss-of-function mutations in TNFAIP3 leading to A20 haploinsufficiency cause an early-onset autoinflammatory disease. Nat Genet 2015; 48:67-73. [PMID: 26642243 PMCID: PMC4777523 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases are driven by abnormal activation of innate immunity. Herein we describe a new disease caused by high-penetrance heterozygous germline mutations in TNFAIP3, which encodes the NF-κB regulatory protein A20, in six unrelated families with early-onset systemic inflammation. The disorder resembles Behçet's disease, which is typically considered a polygenic disorder with onset in early adulthood. A20 is a potent inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Mutant, truncated A20 proteins are likely to act through haploinsufficiency because they do not exert a dominant-negative effect in overexpression experiments. Patient-derived cells show increased degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit together with increased expression of NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory cytokines. A20 restricts NF-κB signals via its deubiquitinase activity. In cells expressing mutant A20 protein, there is defective removal of Lys63-linked ubiquitin from TRAF6, NEMO and RIP1 after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF). NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines are potential therapeutic targets for the patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongying Wang
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monique Stoffels
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Hwan Park
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erkan Demirkaya
- FMF Arthritis Vasculitis and Orphan Disease Research Center (FAVOR), Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wanxia Li Tsai
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan J Lyons
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Ouyang
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Celeste Chen
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David T Chin
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristien Zaal
- Light Imaging Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Settara C Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric P Hanson
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- National Institute of Health Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarfaraz A Hasni
- Systemic Autoimmune Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ingrid E Wertz
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amanda K Ombrello
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah L Stone
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrycja Hoffmann
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jones
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beverly K Barham
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen L Leavis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annet van Royen-Kerkof
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cailin Sibley
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ezgi D Batu
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - JaeJin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald M Laxer
- Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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124
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Autoantigen Microarray for High-throughput Autoantibody Profiling in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 13:210-8. [PMID: 26415621 PMCID: PMC4610965 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies to a broad range of self-antigens. Profiling the autoantibody repertoire using array-based technology has emerged as a powerful tool for the identification of biomarkers in SLE and other autoimmune diseases. Proteomic microarray has the capacity to hold large number of self-antigens on a solid surface and serve as a high-throughput screening method for the determination of autoantibody specificities. The autoantigen arrays carrying a wide variety of self-antigens, such as cell nuclear components (nucleic acids and associated proteins), cytoplasmic proteins, phospholipid proteins, cell matrix proteins, mucosal/secreted proteins, glomeruli, and other tissue-specific proteins, have been used for screening of autoantibody specificities associated with different manifestations of SLE. Arrays containing synthetic peptides and molecular modified proteins are also being utilized for identification of autoantibodies targeting to special antigenic epitopes. Different isotypes of autoantibodies, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE, as well as other Ig subtypes, can be detected simultaneously with multi-color labeled secondary antibodies. Serum and plasma are the most common biologic materials for autoantibody detection, but other body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and saliva can also be a source of autoantibody detection. Proteomic microarray as a multiplexed high-throughput screening platform is playing an increasingly-important role in autoantibody diagnostics. In this article, we highlight the use of autoantigen microarrays for autoantibody exploration in SLE.
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125
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Interleukin-33 and Mast Cells Bridge Innate and Adaptive Immunity: From the Allergologist's Perspective. Int Neurourol J 2015; 19:142-50. [PMID: 26620895 PMCID: PMC4582085 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2015.19.3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 33, a member of the IL-1 superfamily, is an “alarmin” protein and is secreted in its active form from damaged cells undergoing necrotic cell death. Mast cells are one of the main effector cell types in allergic disorders. They secrete a variety of mediators, including T helper 2 cytokines. As mast cells have high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) on their surface, they can capture circulating IgE. IgE-bound mast cells degranulate large amounts of histamine, heparin, and proteases when they encounter antigens. As IL-33 is an important mediator of innate immunity and mast cells play an important role in adaptive immune responses, interactions between the two could link innate and adaptive immunity. IL-33 promotes the adhesion of mast cells to laminin, fibronectin, and vitronectin. IL-33 increases the expression of adhesion molecules, such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, in endothelial cells, thus enhancing mast cell adhesion to blood vessel walls. IL-33 stimulates mast cell proliferation by activating the ST2/Myd88 pathway; increases mast cell survival by the activation of survival proteins such as Bcl-XL; and promotes the growth, development, and maturation of mast cell progenitors. IL-33 is also involved in the activation of mature mast cells and production of different proinflammatory cytokines. The interaction of IL-33 and mast cells could have important clinical implications in the field of clinical urology. Epithelial dysfunction and mast cells could play an important role in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis. Urinary levels of IL-33 significantly increase in patients with interstitial cystitis. In addition, the number of mast cells significantly increase in the urinary bladders of patients with interstitial cystitis. Therefore, inhibition of mast cell activation and degranulation in response to increase in IL-33 is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of interstitial cystitis.
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126
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Takeuchi M, Kastner DL, Remmers EF. The immunogenetics of Behçet's disease: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2015; 64:137-48. [PMID: 26347074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Behçet's disease is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized mainly by recurrent oral ulcers, ocular involvement, genital ulcers, and skin lesions, presenting with remissions and exacerbations. It is thought that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its onset and development. Although the etiology of Behçet's disease remains unclear, recent immunogenetic findings are providing clues to its pathogenesis. In addition to the positive association of HLA-B*51, which was identified more than four decades ago, and which has since been confirmed in multiple populations, recent studies report additional independent associations in the major histocompatibility complex class I region. HLA-B*15, -B*27, -B*57, and -A*26 are independent risk factors for Behçet's disease, while HLA-B*49 and -A*03 are independent class I alleles that are protective for Behçet's disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified associations with genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)) in the IL23R-IL12RB2, IL10, STAT4, CCR1-CCR3, KLRC4, ERAP1, TNFAIP3, and FUT2 loci. In addition, targeted next-generation sequencing has revealed the involvement of rare nonsynonymous variants of IL23R, TLR4, NOD2, and MEFV in Behçet's disease pathogenesis. Significant differences in gene function or mRNA expression associated with the risk alleles of the disease susceptibility loci suggest which genes in a disease-associated locus influence disease pathogenesis. These genes encompass both innate and adaptive immunity and confirm the importance of the predominant polarization towards helper T cell (Th) 1 versus Th2 cells, and the involvement of Th17 cells. In addition, epistasis observed between HLA-B*51 and the risk coding haplotype of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protease, ERAP1, provides a clue that an HLA class I-peptide presentation-based mechanism contributes to this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takeuchi
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elaine F Remmers
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Human lymphoid malignancies inherit gene expression networks from their normal B-cell counterpart and co-opt them for their own oncogenic purpose, which is usually governed by transcription factors and signaling pathways. These transcription factors and signaling pathways are precisely regulated at multiple steps, including ubiquitin modification. Protein ubiqutination plays a role in almost all cellular events and in many human diseases. In the past few years, multiple studies have expanded the role of ubiquitination in the genesis of diverse lymphoid malignancies. Here, we discuss our current understanding of both proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of the protein ubiquitination system and describe how it is involved in the pathogenesis of human lymphoid cancers. Lymphoid-restricted ubiquitination mechanisms, including ubiquitin E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes, provide great opportunities for the development of targeted therapies for lymphoid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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128
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Abstract
Germinal centres (GCs) are involved in the selection of B cells secreting high-affinity antibodies and are also the origin of most human B cell lymphomas. Recent progress has been made in identifying the functionally relevant stages of the GC and the complex trafficking mechanisms of B cells within the GC. These studies have identified transcription factors and signalling pathways that regulate distinct phases of GC development. Notably, these factors and pathways are hijacked during tumorigenesis, as revealed by analyses of the genetic lesions associated with various types of B cell lymphomas. This Review focuses on recent insights into the mechanisms that regulate GC development and that are relevant for human B cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Basso
- 1] Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University. [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- 1] Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University. [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University. [3] Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University. [4] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University. [5] The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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129
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Zhu L, Wang L, Wang X, Zhou L, Liao Z, Xu L, Wu H, Ren J, Li Z, Yang L, Chen S, Li B, Wu X, Zhou Y, Li Y. Characteristics of A20 gene polymorphisms and clinical significance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:215. [PMID: 26143186 PMCID: PMC4491428 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are a number of studies regarding to the susceptibility of A20 SNPs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, a few of these studies have shown an association between polymorphisms in the A20 gene and RA risk in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of A20 gene polymorphisms, the association between polymorphisms and clinical significance in Chinese RA patients. Methods PCR and sequencing were used to identify A20 gene polymorphisms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (50 cases), synovial fluid (11 cases) from RA patients and PBMCs from 30 healthy individuals. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the A20 mRNA expression in 38 RA patients and 40 healthy individuals. Pearson’s Chi square test and two independent-samples Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs5029937, rs3799491, rs598493, rs2307859, rs146534657, rs2230926, rs661561, and rs582757) were identified in PBMCs of RA patients. One new mutation (14284 T > A) was identified in synovial fluid mononuclear cells from one RA case. rs146534657 was identified for the first time in two RA cases. Patients with rs146534657 (12411 A > G, Asn102Ser) AG genotype or rs2230926 (12486 T > G, Phe127Cys) TG genotype had poor outcome. Significantly lower A20 mRNA expression was found in PBMCs from RA patients compared with healthy individuals (p < 0.001). There was a higher A20 mRNA expression in RA patients with rs2230926 TG genotype and rs146534657 AG genotype (11.56 ± 7.39) than patients with rs2230926 TT genotype and rs146534657 AA genotype (5.63 ± 4.37) (p = 0.031). Conclusion Significantly lower A20 expression was found in RA patients. The polymorphisms of A20 were characterized in RA patients. We detected rs146534657 for the first time and identified a new A20 mutation (14284 T > A). A20 rs2230926 TG genotype and rs146534657 AG genotype may be related to poor outcome in RA patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0566-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ziwei Liao
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ling Xu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Huixia Wu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Lijian Yang
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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130
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Deconstructing innate immune signaling in myelodysplastic syndromes. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:587-598. [PMID: 26143580 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of immune-related genes is widely reported in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), and chronic immune stimulation increases the risk for developing MDS. Aberrant innate immune activation, such as that caused by increased toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, in MDS can contribute to systemic effects on hematopoiesis, in addition to cell-intrinsic defects on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) function. This review will deconstruct aberrant function of TLR signaling mediators within MDS HSPCs that may contribute to cell-intrinsic consequences on hematopoiesis and disease pathogenesis. We will discuss the contribution of chronic TLR signaling to the pathogenesis of MDS based on evidence from patients and mouse genetic models.
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131
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Li LI. Altered TNFAIP3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:675-680. [PMID: 26405544 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein-3 (TNFAIP3) gene functions in negative immunoregulation and its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease. However, its expression level in immune cells from RA patients remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the expression of TNFAIP3 is changed in patients with RA. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to determine TNFAIP3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with RA and healthy controls. TNFAIP3 expression was decreased in RA patients compared with the healthy controls. The expression level of the TNFAIP3 gene negatively correlated with the RA score, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody levels and C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, RA patients with positive results of anti-CCP antibodies had a lower expression of TNFAIP3 than those without anti-CCP antibodies. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the insufficient expression of the TNFAIP3 gene in PBMCs may correlate with the diagnosis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Zongliang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Jiangshui Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - L I Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
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132
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Onizawa M, Oshima S, Schulze-Topphoff U, Oses-Prieto JA, Lu T, Tavares R, Prodhomme T, Duong B, Whang MI, Advincula R, Agelidis A, Barrera J, Wu H, Burlingame A, Malynn BA, Zamvil SS, Ma A. The ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20 restricts ubiquitination of the kinase RIPK3 and protects cells from necroptosis. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:618-27. [PMID: 25939025 PMCID: PMC4439357 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A20 is an anti-inflammatory protein linked to multiple human diseases; however, the mechanisms by which A20 prevents inflammatory disease are incompletely defined. We found that A20-deficient T cells and fibroblasts were susceptible to caspase-independent and kinase RIPK3-dependent necroptosis. Global deficiency in RIPK3 significantly restored the survival of A20-deficient mice. A20-deficient cells exhibited exaggerated formation of RIPK1-RIPK3 complexes. RIPK3 underwent physiological ubiquitination at Lys5 (K5), and this ubiquitination event supported the formation of RIPK1-RIPK3 complexes. Both the ubiquitination of RIPK3 and formation of the RIPK1-RIPK3 complex required the catalytic cysteine of A20's deubiquitinating motif. Our studies link A20 and the ubiquitination of RIPK3 to necroptotic cell death and suggest additional mechanisms by which A20 might prevent inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Onizawa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ulf Schulze-Topphoff
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Timothy Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rita Tavares
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Thomas Prodhomme
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Bao Duong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael I. Whang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rommel Advincula
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julio Barrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hao Wu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard, Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Barbara A. Malynn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Scott S. Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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133
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Walsh NC, Waters LR, Fowler JA, Lin M, Cunningham CR, Brooks DG, Rehg JE, Morse HC, Teitell MA. LKB1 inhibition of NF-κB in B cells prevents T follicular helper cell differentiation and germinal center formation. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:753-68. [PMID: 25916856 PMCID: PMC4467859 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-dependent antigenic stimulation drives the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, but how B cells regulate this process is unclear. We show that LKB1 expression in B cells maintains B-cell quiescence and prevents the premature formation of germinal centers (GCs). Lkb1-deficient B cells (BKO) undergo spontaneous B-cell activation and secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines, which leads to splenomegaly caused by an unexpected expansion of T cells. Within this cytokine response, increased IL-6 production results from heightened activation of NF-κB, which is suppressed by active LKB1. Secreted IL-6 drives T-cell activation and IL-21 production, promoting T follicular helper (TFH ) cell differentiation and expansion to support a ~100-fold increase in steady-state GC B cells. Blockade of IL-6 secretion by BKO B cells inhibits IL-21 expression, a known inducer of TFH -cell differentiation and expansion. Together, these data reveal cell intrinsic and surprising cell extrinsic roles for LKB1 in B cells that control TFH -cell differentiation and GC formation, and place LKB1 as a central regulator of T-cell-dependent humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Walsh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynnea R Waters
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Fowler
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Lin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cameron R Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and UCLA AIDS Institute University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and UCLA AIDS Institute University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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134
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A20 restricts ubiquitination of pro-interleukin-1β protein complexes and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Immunity 2015; 42:55-67. [PMID: 25607459 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate inflammasome activation contributes to multiple human diseases, but the mechanisms by which inflammasomes are suppressed are poorly understood. The NF-κB inhibitor A20 is a ubiquitin-modifying enzyme that might be critical in preventing human inflammatory diseases. Here, we report that A20-deficient macrophages, unlike normal cells, exhibit spontaneous NLRP3 inflammasome activity to LPS alone. The kinase RIPK3, but not the adaptor MyD88, is required for this response. In normal cells, A20 constitutively associates with caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β, and NLRP3 activation further promotes A20 recruitment to the inflammasome. Pro-IL-1β also co-immunoprecipitates with RIPK1, RIPK3, caspase-1, and caspase-8 in a complex that is modified with K63-linked and unanchored polyubiquitin. In A20-deficient macrophages, this pro-IL-1β-associated ubiquitination is markedly increased in a RIPK3-dependent manner. Mass spectrometric and mutational analyses reveal that K133 of pro-IL-1β is a physiological ubiquitination site that supports processing. Our study reveals a mechanism by which A20 prevents inflammatory diseases.
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135
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Nititham J, Taylor KE, Gupta R, Chen H, Ahn R, Liu J, Seielstad M, Ma A, Bowcock AM, Criswell LA, Stahle M, Liao W. Meta-analysis of the TNFAIP3 region in psoriasis reveals a risk haplotype that is distinct from other autoimmune diseases. Genes Immun 2015; 16:120-6. [PMID: 25521225 PMCID: PMC4526682 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducible protein 3 (TNFAIP3) encodes a ubiquitin-modifying protein, A20, that is a critical regulator of inflammatory responses. TNFAIP3 polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to multiple autoimmune diseases (AIDs) including psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and celiac disease. In order to refine the TNFAIP3 association signal in psoriasis and identify candidate causal variants, we performed imputation and meta-analysis of the TNFAIP3 region in five European ancestry cohorts totaling 4704 psoriasis cases and 7805 controls. We identified 49 variants whose significance exceeded a corrected Bonferroni threshold, with the top variant being rs582757 (P = 6.07 × 10(-12), odds ratio (OR) = 1.23). Conditional analysis revealed a suggestive independent association at rs6918329 (P(cond) = 7.22 × 10(-5), OR = 1.15). Functional annotation of the top variants identified several with a strong evidence of regulatory potential and several within long noncoding RNAs. Analysis of TNFAIP3 haplotypes revealed that the psoriasis risk haplotype is distinct from other AIDs. Overall, our findings identify novel candidate causal variants of TNFAIP3 in psoriasis and highlight the complex genetic architecture of this locus in autoimmune susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Nititham
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Rashmi Gupta
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Haoyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard Ahn
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mark Seielstad
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Averil Ma
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne M. Bowcock
- Department of Cancer Genomics, Imperial College of London, London, U.K
| | | | - Mona Stahle
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wilson Liao
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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136
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Hobeika E, Nielsen PJ, Medgyesi D. Signaling mechanisms regulating B-lymphocyte activation and tolerance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:143-58. [PMID: 25627575 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming more and more accepted that, in addition to producing autoantibodies, B lymphocytes have other important functions that influence the development of autoimmunity. For example, autoreactive B cells are able to produce inflammatory cytokines and activate pathogenic T cells. B lymphocytes can react to extracellular signals with a range of responses from anergy to autoreactivity. The final outcome is determined by the relative contribution of signaling events mediated by activating and inhibitory pathways. Besides the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), several costimulatory receptors expressed on B cells can also induce B cell proliferation and survival, or regulate antibody production. These include CD19, CD40, the B cell activating factor receptor, and Toll-like receptors. Hyperactivity of these receptors clearly contributes to breaking B-cell tolerance in several autoimmune diseases. Inhibitors of these activating signals (including protein tyrosine phosphatases, deubiquitinating enzymes and several adaptor proteins) are crucial to control B-cell activation and maintain B-cell tolerance. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory signaling mechanisms that counteract B-cell activation triggered by the BCR and the coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hobeika
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg and Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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137
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Nakagawa MM, Thummar K, Mandelbaum J, Pasqualucci L, Rathinam CV. Lack of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 results in loss of hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:203-16. [PMID: 25624445 PMCID: PMC4322050 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 in the hematopoietic system causes anemia, lymphopenia, and postnatal lethality as the result of defective hematopoietic stem cell function. A balance between quiescence and proliferation is critical for proper maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool. Although a lot is known about hematopoiesis, molecular mechanisms that control HSC quiescence remain largely unknown. The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 functions as a central regulator of inflammation and adaptive immunity. Here, we show that a deficiency of A20 in the hematopoietic system causes anemia, lymphopenia, and postnatal lethality. Lack of A20 in HSCs results in diminished pool size, impaired radioprotection, defective repopulation, and loss of quiescence. A20-deficient HSCs display increased IFN-γ signaling, caused by augmented NF-κB activation. Strikingly, deletion of both IFN-γ and A20 in hematopoietic cells results in partial rescue of the HSC phenotype. We anticipate that our experiments will facilitate the understanding of mechanisms through which A20-mediated inflammatory signals control HSC quiescence and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Marshall Nakagawa
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Keyur Thummar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jonathan Mandelbaum
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Chozha Vendan Rathinam
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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138
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Kanayama M, Inoue M, Danzaki K, Hammer G, He YW, Shinohara ML. Autophagy enhances NFκB activity in specific tissue macrophages by sequestering A20 to boost antifungal immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5779. [PMID: 25609235 PMCID: PMC4304414 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses must be well restrained in a steady state to avoid excessive inflammation. However, such restraints are quickly removed to exert antimicrobial responses. Here we report a role of autophagy in an early host antifungal response by enhancing NFκB activity through A20 sequestration. Enhancement of NFκB activation is achieved by autophagic depletion of A20, an NFκB inhibitor, in F4/80(hi) macrophages in the spleen, peritoneum and kidney. We show that p62, an autophagic adaptor protein, captures A20 to sequester it in the autophagosome. This allows the macrophages to release chemokines to recruit neutrophils. Indeed, mice lacking autophagy in myeloid cells show higher susceptibility to Candida albicans infection due to impairment in neutrophil recruitment. Thus, at least in the specific aforementioned tissues, autophagy appears to break A20-dependent suppression in F4/80(hi) macrophages, which express abundant A20 and contribute to the initiation of efficient innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Keiko Danzaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Gianna Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- 1] Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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139
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Ma L, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Guo Y, He Y, Wang J, Lian J, Hao C, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Zhou Y, Jia Z. Role of A20 in interferon-α-mediated functional restoration of myeloid dendritic cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Immunology 2015; 143:670-8. [PMID: 24965710 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem characterized by a high rate of chronic infection, which may in part be due to a defect in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). This defect appears to be remedied by treatment with interferon-α (IFN-α) -based antiviral therapies; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying mDC dysfunction in HCV infection and restoration by IFN-α treatment are unclear. The ubiquitin-editing protein A20 plays a crucial role in controlling the maturation, cytokine production and immunostimulatory function of mDCs. We propose that the expression of A20 correlates with the function of mDCs during HCV infection and IFN-α therapy. In this study, we observed that A20 expression in mDCs isolated from chronically HCV-infected subjects was significantly higher than healthy subjects or subjects achieving sustained virological responses (SVR) following antiviral treatment. Notably, A20 expression in mDCs from HCV patients during IFN-α treatment was significantly lower than for untreated patients, SVR patients, or healthy subjects. Besides, A20 expression in mDCs stimulated by polyI:C differed between HCV patients and healthy subjects, and this difference could be abrogated by the treatment with IFN-α in vitro. Additionally, A20 expression by polyI:C-activated mDCs, with or without IFN-α treatment, negatively correlated with the expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and CCR7, and the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12), but positively associated with the production of IL-10. Importantly, silencing A20 expression using small interfering RNAs increased the production of IL-12 in mDCs of chronically HCV-infected individuals. These findings suggest that A20 plays a crucial role in negative regulation of innate immune responses during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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140
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Sasaki Y, Iwai K. Roles of the NF-κB Pathway in B-Lymphocyte Biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:177-209. [PMID: 26275874 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB was originally identified as a family of transcription factors that bind the enhancer of the immunoglobulin κ light-chain gene. Although its function in the regulation of immunoglobulin κ light-chain gene remains unclear, NF-κB plays critical roles in development, survival, and activation of B lymphocytes. In B cells, many receptors, including B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), activate NF-κB pathway, and the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated activation of IκB kinase (IKK) complex has been partially revealed. In addition to normal B lymphocytes, NF-κB is also involved in the growth of some types of B-cell lymphomas, and many oncogenic mutations involved in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway were recently identified in such cancers. In this review, we first summarize the function of NF-κB in B-cell development and activation, and then describe recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated activation of the IKK complex, focusing on the roles of the ubiquitin system. In the last section, we describe oncogenic mutations that induce NF-κB activation in B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Sasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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141
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Murphy SF, Rhee L, Grimm WA, Weber CR, Messer JS, Lodolce JP, Chang JE, Bartulis SJ, Nero T, Kukla RA, MacDougall G, Binghay C, Kolodziej LE, Boone DL. Intestinal epithelial expression of TNFAIP3 results in microbial invasion of the inner mucus layer and induces colitis in IL-10-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G871-82. [PMID: 25234043 PMCID: PMC4216993 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00020.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3; also known as A20) negatively regulates NF-κB and MAPK signals to control inflammatory responses. TNFAIP3 also protects against TNF-induced cell death. Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) expression of TNFAIP3 improves barrier function and tight junction integrity and prevents dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IEC death and colitis. We therefore investigated the effects of TNFAIP3 expression in IEC on immune homeostasis in the intestines of immune-compromised mice. Villin-TNFAIP3 (v-TNFAIP3) transgenic mice were interbred with IL-10(-/-) mice (v-TNFAIP3 × IL-10(-/-)) and incidence, onset, and severity of colitis was assessed. v-TNFAIP3 × IL-10(-/-) mice displayed severe, early onset, and highly penetrant colitis that was not observed in IL-10(-/-) or v-TNFAIP3 mice. V-TNFAIP3 mice displayed altered expression of mucosal cytokines, increased numbers of mucosal regulatory T cells, and altered expression of mucosal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Microbial colonization of the inner mucus layer of v-TNFAIP3 mice was observed, along with alterations in the microbiome, but this was not sufficient to induce colitis in v-TNFAIP3 mice. The relative sterility of the inner mucus layer observed in wild-type and IL-10(-/-) mice was lost in v-TNFAIP3 × IL-10(-/-) mice. Thus IEC-derived factors, induced by signals that are inhibited by TNFAIP3, suppress the onset of inflammatory bowel disease in IL-10(-/-) mice. Our results indicate that IEC expression of TNFAIP3 alters AMP expression and allows microbial colonization of the inner mucus layer, which activates an IL-10-dependent anti-inflammatory process that is necessary to prevent colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lesley Rhee
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Wesley A. Grimm
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | | | | | - James P. Lodolce
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | | | | | - Thomas Nero
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Renata A. Kukla
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | | | | | | | - David L. Boone
- 3Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
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142
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The tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20) imposes a brake on antitumor activity of CD8 T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11115-20. [PMID: 25024217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406259111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is central to inflammatory signaling and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Activation of the NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled by several negative feedback mechanisms, including A20, an ubiquitin-modifying enzyme encoded by the tnfaip3 gene. Mice with selective deletion of A20 in myeloid, dendritic, or B cells recapitulate some human inflammatory pathology. As we observed high expression of A20 transcripts in dysfunctional CD8 T cells in an autochthonous melanoma, we analyzed the role of A20 in regulation of CD8 T-cell functions, using mice in which A20 was selectively deleted in mature conventional T cells. These mice developed lymphadenopathy and some organ infiltration by T cells but no splenomegaly and no detectable pathology. A20-deleted CD8 T cells had increased sensitivity to antigen stimulation with production of large amounts of IL-2 and IFNγ, correlated with sustained nuclear expression of NF-κB components reticuloendotheliosis oncogene c-Rel and p65. Overexpression of A20 by retroviral transduction of CD8 T cells dampened their intratumor accumulation and antitumor activity. In contrast, relief from the A20 brake in NF-κB activation in adoptively transferred antitumor CD8 T cells led to improved control of melanoma growth. Tumor-infiltrating A20-deleted CD8 T cells had enhanced production of IFNγ and TNFα and reduced expression of the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1. As manipulation of A20 expression in CD8 T cells did not result in pathologic manifestations in the mice, we propose it as a candidate to be targeted to increase antitumor efficiency of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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143
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Sokratous K, Hadjisavvas A, Diamandis EP, Kyriacou K. The role of ubiquitin-binding domains in human pathophysiology. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:280-90. [PMID: 24901807 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.915287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination, a fundamental post-translational modification (PTM) resulting in the covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to a target protein, is currently implicated in several key cellular processes. Although ubiquitination was initially associated with protein degradation, it is becoming increasingly evident that proteins labeled with polyUb chains of specific topology and length are activated in an ever-expanding repertoire of specific cellular processes. In addition to their involvement in the classical protein degradation pathways they are involved in DNA repair, kinase regulation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. The sorting and processing of distinct Ub signals is mediated by small protein motifs, known as Ub-binding domains (UBDs), which are found in proteins that execute disparate biological functions. The involvement of UBDs in several biological pathways has been revealed by several studies which have highlighted the vital role of UBDs in cellular homeostasis. Importantly, functional impairment of UBDs in key regulatory pathways has been related to the development of pathophysiological conditions, including immune disorders and cancer. In this review, we present an up-to-date account of the crucial role of UBDs and their functions, with a special emphasis on their functional impairment in key biological pathways and the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The still under-investigated topic of Ub-UBD interactions as a target for developing novel therapeutic strategies against many diseases is also discussed.
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144
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Weil R. Does antigen masking by ubiquitin chains protect from the development of autoimmune diseases? Front Immunol 2014; 5:262. [PMID: 24917867 PMCID: PMC4042494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the production of antibodies against self-antigens and generally arise from a failure of central or peripheral tolerance. However, these diseases may develop when newly appearing antigens are not recognized as self by the immune system. The mechanism by which some antigens are “invisible” to the immune system is not completely understood. Apoptotic and complement system defects or autophagy imbalance can generate this antigenic autoreactivity. Under particular circumstances, cellular debris containing autoreactive antigens can be recognized by innate immune receptors or other sensors and can eventually lead to autoimmunity. Ubiquitination may be one of the mechanisms protecting autoreactive antigens from the immune system that, if disrupted, can lead to autoimmunity. Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational modification used by cells to target proteins for degradation or to regulate other intracellular processes. The level of ubiquitination is regulated during T cell tolerance and apoptosis and E3 ligases have emerged as a crucial signaling pathway for the regulation of T cell tolerance toward self-antigens. I propose here that an unrecognized role of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins could be to render intracellular or foreign antigens (present in cellular debris resulting from apoptosis, complement system, or autophagy defects) invisible to the immune system in order to prevent the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weil
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire, CNRS URA 2582, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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145
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De A, Dainichi T, Rathinam CV, Ghosh S. The deubiquitinase activity of A20 is dispensable for NF-κB signaling. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:775-83. [PMID: 24878851 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201338305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A20 has been suggested to limit NF-κB activation by removing regulatory ubiquitin chains from ubiquitinated substrates. A20 is a ubiquitin-editing enzyme that removes K63-linked ubiquitin chains from adaptor proteins, such as RIP1, and then conjugates them to K48-linked polyubiquitin chains to trigger proteasomal degradation. To determine the role of the deubiquitinase function of A20 in downregulating NF-κB signaling, we have generated a knock-in mouse that lacks the deubiquitinase function of A20 (A20-OTU mice). These mice are normal and have no signs of inflammation, have normal proportions of B, T, dendritic, and myeloid cells, respond normally to LPS and TNF, and undergo normal NF-κB activation. Our results thus indicate that the deubiquitinase activity of A20 is dispensable for normal NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab De
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chozha Vendan Rathinam
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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146
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Zou XL, Pei DA, Yan JZ, Xu G, Wu P. A20 overexpression inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation, TRAF6 and CD40 expression in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6592-608. [PMID: 24747594 PMCID: PMC4013649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein A20 is a key negative regulator of inflammation. However, whether A20 may affect inflammation during peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis is still unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of A20 overexpression on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs). Isolated and cultured RPMCs in vitro. Plasmid pGEM-T easy-A20 was transfected into RPMCs by Lipofectamine™2000. The protein expression of A20, phospho-IκBα, IκBα, TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and CD40 were analyzed by Western blot. The mRNA expression of TRAF6, CD40, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by real time-PCR. NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in cells culture supernatant were determined by ELISA. Our results revealed that RPMCs overexpression of A20 lead to significant decrease of LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB DNA binding activity (all p<0.01). In addition, A20 also attenuated the expression of TRAF6, CD40, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in cells culture supernatant (all p<0.05). However, A20 only partly inhibited CD40 expression. Our study indicated that A20 overexpression may depress the inflammatory response induced by LPS in cultured RPMCs through negatively regulated the relevant function of adaptors in LPS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Liang Zou
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
| | - De-An Pei
- Division of Cardiology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ju-Zhen Yan
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
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147
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Abstract
Deubiquitination-mediated regulation is important for homeostatic NF-κB activation. Aberrant NF-κB activation associated with various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders is linked with defects in the deubiquitinase A20. A20 is an important anti-inflammatory molecule that is induced by multiple signals and has numerous targets. Polymorphisms within the A20 locus or its altered expression are thought to contribute in development of autoimmune disorders. Further various studies in mice models underscore the biological importance of A20 in prevention of inflammatory conditions. Dysregulated A20 is also been suggested as a link between prolonged inflammation and cancer by preliminary reports. This review summarizes the existing understanding and focuses on the new developments in the field of A20 biology. These developments highlight the importance of A20 in pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders and its scope as therapeutics and a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Majumdar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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148
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Kasama Y, Mizukami T, Kusunoki H, Peveling-Oberhag J, Nishito Y, Ozawa M, Kohara M, Mizuochi T, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. B-cell-intrinsic hepatitis C virus expression leads to B-cell-lymphomagenesis and induction of NF-κB signalling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91373. [PMID: 24651473 PMCID: PMC3961254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to the development of hepatic diseases, as well as extrahepatic disorders such as B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). To reveal the molecular signalling pathways responsible for HCV-associated B-NHL development, we utilised transgenic (Tg) mice that express the full-length HCV genome specifically in B cells and develop non-Hodgkin type B-cell lymphomas (BCLs). The gene expression profiles in B cells from BCL-developing HCV-Tg mice, from BCL-non-developing HCV-Tg mice, and from BCL-non-developing HCV-negative mice were analysed by genome-wide microarray. In BCLs from HCV-Tg mice, the expression of various genes was modified, and for some genes, expression was influenced by the gender of the animals. Markedly modified genes such as Fos, C3, LTβR, A20, NF-κB and miR-26b in BCLs were further characterised using specific assays. We propose that activation of both canonical and alternative NF-κB signalling pathways and down-regulation of miR-26b contribute to the development of HCV-associated B-NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kasama
- Department of Experimental Phylaxiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Kusunoki
- Department of Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Microarray Analysis, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mizuochi
- Department of Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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149
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Abstract
Genetics unquestionably contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predisposition, progression and outcome. Nevertheless, single-gene defects causing lupus-like phenotypes have been infrequently documented. The majority of the identified genetic SLE risk factors are, therefore, common variants, responsible for a small effect on the global risk. Recently, genome wide association studies led to the identification of a growing number of gene variants associated with SLE susceptibility, particular disease phenotypes, and antibody profiles. Further studies addressed the biological effects of these variants. In addition, the role of epigenetics has recently been revealed. These combined efforts contributed to a better understanding of SLE pathogenesis and to the characterization of clinically relevant pathways. In this review, we describe SLE-associated single-gene defects, common variants, and epigenetic changes. We also discuss the limitations of current methods and the challenges that we still have to face in order to incorporate genomic and epigenomic data into clinical practice.
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150
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Nagamachi A, Nakata Y, Ueda T, Yamasaki N, Ebihara Y, Tsuji K, Honda ZI, Takubo K, Suda T, Oda H, Inaba T, Honda H. Acquired deficiency of A20 results in rapid apoptosis, systemic inflammation, and abnormal hematopoietic stem cell function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87425. [PMID: 24498102 PMCID: PMC3909109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A20 is a negative regulator of NF-κB, and mutational loss of A20 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and B-cell lymphomas. To clarify the role of A20 in adult hematopoiesis, we generated conditional A20 knockout mice (A20flox/flox) and crossed them with Mx–1Cre (MxCre+) and ERT2Cre (ERT2Cre+) transgenic mice in which Cre is inducibly activated by endogenous interferon and exogenous tamoxifen, respectively. A20flox/flox MxCre+ (A20Mx) mice spontaneously exhibited myeloid proliferation, B cell apoptosis, and anemia with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bone marrow transplantation demonstrated that these changes were caused by hematopoietic cells. NF-κB was constitutively activated in A20Mx hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which caused enhanced cell cycle entry and impaired repopulating ability. Tamoxifen stimulation of A20flox/flox ERT2Cre+ (A20ERT2) mice induced fulminant apoptosis and subsequent myeloproliferation, lymphocytopenia, and progressive anemia with excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as observed in A20Mx mice. These results demonstrate that A20 plays essential roles in the homeostasis of adult hematopoiesis by preventing apoptosis and inflammation. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying A20 dysfunction and human diseases in which A20 expression is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakata
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueda
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norimasa Yamasaki
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ebihara
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichiro Tsuji
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zen-ichiro Honda
- Health Care Center and Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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