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Abstract
Type-1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse starts with an insulitis stage, wherein a mixed population of leukocytes invades the pancreas, followed by overt diabetes once enough insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed by invading immunocytes. Little is known of the dynamics of lymphocyte movement into the pancreas during disease progression. We used the Kaede transgenic mouse, whose photoconvertible fluorescent reporter permits noninvasive labeling and subsequent tracking of immunocytes, to investigate pancreatic infiltrate dynamics and the requirement for antigen specificity during progression of autoimmune diabetes in the unmanipulated NOD mouse. Our results indicate that the insulitic lesion is very open with constant cell influx and active turnover, predominantly of B and T lymphocytes, but also CD11b(+)c(+) myeloid cells. Both naïve- and memory-phenotype lymphocytes trafficked to the insulitis, but Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells circulated less than their conventional CD4(+) counterparts. Receptor specificity for pancreatic antigens seemed irrelevant for this homing, because similar kinetics were observed in polyclonal and antigen-specific transgenic contexts. This "open" configuration was also observed after reversal of overt diabetes by anti-CD3 treatment. These results portray insulitis as a dynamic lesion at all stages of disease, continuously fed by a mixed influx of immunocytes, and thus susceptible to evolve over time in response to immunologic or environmental influences.
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102
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Leal-Lopes C, Velloso FJ, Campopiano JC, Sogayar MC, Correa RG. Roles of Commensal Microbiota in Pancreas Homeostasis and Pancreatic Pathologies. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:284680. [PMID: 26347203 PMCID: PMC4544440 DOI: 10.1155/2015/284680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas plays a central role in metabolism, allowing ingested food to be converted and used as fuel by the cells throughout the body. On the other hand, the pancreas may be affected by devastating diseases, such as pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC), and diabetes mellitus (DM), which generally results in a wide metabolic imbalance. The causes for the development and progression of these diseases are still controversial; therefore it is essential to better understand the underlying mechanisms which compromise the pancreatic homeostasis. The interest in the study of the commensal microbiome increased extensively in recent years, when many discoveries have illustrated its central role in both human physiology and maintenance of homeostasis. Further understanding of the involvement of the microbiome during the development of pathological conditions is critical for the improvement of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the behavior and functions played by the microbiota in major pancreatic diseases and provide further insights into its potential roles in the maintenance of pancreatic steady-state activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leal-Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando J. Velloso
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia C. Campopiano
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mari C. Sogayar
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G. Correa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- *Ricardo G. Correa:
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103
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Steed AL, Stappenbeck TS. Role of viruses and bacteria-virus interactions in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:102-7. [PMID: 25459001 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A potential role for viral and bacterial-viral interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease has been long recognized. Recently, intensive investigation has begun to decipher interactions between specific microbes with the host that contribute toward autoimmunity. This work has primarily focused on known viral and bacterial pathogens. A major challenge is to determine the role of bacteria that are typically considered as commensals as well as chronic viruses. Furthermore, equally challenging is to prove causality given the potential complexity of microbe-microbe interactions. Important initial contributions to this field have shown that specific interactions of microbes with hosts that contain a background of genetic susceptibility can play a role in autoimmune pathogenesis. In this review, we describe principles of immune tolerance with a focus on its breakdown during pathogenic as well as commensal relationships between the host and the microbial world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Steed
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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104
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Yarde DN, Lorenzo-Arteaga K, Corley KP, Cabrera M, Sarvetnick NE. CD28⁻ CD8⁺ T cells are significantly reduced and correlate with disease duration in juveniles with type 1 diabetes. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:1069-74. [PMID: 25241914 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. T1D is typically diagnosed in children, but information regarding immune cell subsets in juveniles with T1D is scarce. Therefore, we studied various lymphocytic populations found in the peripheral blood of juveniles with T1D compared to age-matched controls (ages 2-17). One population of interest is the CD28(-) CD8(+) T cell subset, which are late-differentiated cells also described as suppressors. These cells are altered in a number of disease states and have been shown to be reduced in adults with T1D. We found that the proportion of CD28(-) cells within the CD8(+) T cell population is significantly reduced in juvenile type 1 diabetics. Furthermore, this reduction is not correlated with age in T1D juveniles, although a significant negative correlation between proportion CD28(-) CD8(+) T cells and age was observed in the healthy controls. Finally, correlation analysis revealed a significant and negative correlation between the proportion of CD28(-) CD8(+) T cells and T1D disease duration. These findings show that the CD28(-) CD8(+) T cell population is perturbed following onset of disease and may prove to be a valuable marker for monitoring the progression of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Yarde
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985965 NE Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5965, USA
| | - Kristina Lorenzo-Arteaga
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985965 NE Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5965, USA
| | - Kevin P Corley
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, 8200 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Monina Cabrera
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, 8200 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Nora E Sarvetnick
- Department of Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985965 NE Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5965, USA.
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105
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Li W, Zhao R, Liu J, Tian M, Lu Y, He T, Cheng M, Liang K, Li X, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen L. Small islets transplantation superiority to large ones: implications from islet microcirculation and revascularization. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:192093. [PMID: 24829922 PMCID: PMC4009214 DOI: 10.1155/2014/192093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising therapy to regain glycemic control in diabetic patients. The selection of ideal grafts is the basis to guarantee short-term effectivity and longevity of the transplanted islets. Contradictory to the traditional notion, recent findings implied the superiority of small islets for better transplantation outcomes rather than the large and intact ones. However, the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Recent evidences emphasized the major impact of microcirculation on islet β -cell mass and function. And potentials in islet graft revascularization are crucial for their survival and preserved function in the recipient. In this study, we verified the distinct histological phenotype and functionality of small islets versus large ones both in vitro and in vivo. With efforts to exploring the differences in microcirculation and revascularization of islet grafts, we further evaluated local expressions of angiotensin and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) at different levels. Our findings reveal that, apart from the higher density of insulin-producing β -cells, small islets express less angiotensin and more angiotrophic VEGF-A. We therefore hypothesized a logical explanation of the small islet superiority for transplantation outcome from the aspects of facilitated microcirculation and revascularization intrinsically in small islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ruxing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Disease, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yiran Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Tianyi He
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- *Yu Sun: and
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- *Li Chen:
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