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Effect of charge density of bonding agent containing a new quaternary ammonium methacrylate on antibacterial and bonding properties. Dent Mater 2014; 30:433-41. [PMID: 24534376 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quaternary amine charge density is important because when the negatively charged bacteria contact the positive quaternary amine charge, the electric balance is disturbed and the bacterium could be disrupted. There has been no report on the effects of charge density on the antibacterial efficacy of dental bonding agents. The objective of this study was to synthesize a new quaternary ammonium methacrylate, and investigate the effects of charge density of bonding agent on bacteria early-attachment, biofilm colony-forming units (CFU) and dentin bond strength. METHODS Dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) with an alkyl chain length of 16 was synthesized and mixed into Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive and primer (SBMP) at mass fractions of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. A microtensile dentin bond test was performed. The density of quaternary ammonium groups was measured using a fluorescein dye method. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) early-attachment was examined at 4 h, and biofilm colony-forming units (CFU) were measured at 2 days. RESULTS All groups had similar microtensile bonding strengths (mean±sd; n=40) of about 60 MPa (p>0.1). Quaternary amine charge density of bonding agents monotonically increased with increasing DMAHDM mass fraction. Bacteria early-attachment coverage greatly decreased with increasing DMAHDM content in the resin. Biofilm CFU at 10% DMAHDM was reduced by more than 4 log, compared to SBMP control. Charge density of bonding agent was inversely proportional to bacteria early-attachment coverage and biofilm CFU. SIGNIFICANCE Increasing the quaternary amine charge density of dentin bonding agent resin was shown to greatly reduce S. mutans attachment and decrease biofilm CFU by four orders of magnitude, without compromising the dentin bond strength. The new DMAHDM is promising for use in bonding agents and other antibacterial restorative materials to inhibit caries.
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102
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Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Dental materials with antibiofilm properties. Dent Mater 2014; 30:e1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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103
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Vasilev K, Cook J, Griesser HJ. Antibacterial surfaces for biomedical devices. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 6:553-67. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.09.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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104
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Melinte V, Buruiana T, Aldea H, Matiut S, Silion M, Buruiana EC. Photopolymerizable phosphate acrylates as comonomers in dental adhesives with or without triclosan monomer units. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 34:176-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nam SH, Lee WM, Shin YJ, Yoon SJ, Kim SW, Kwak JI, An YJ. Derivation of guideline values for gold (III) ion toxicity limits to protect aquatic ecosystems. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:126-36. [PMID: 24094731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on estimating the toxicity values of various aquatic organisms exposed to gold (III) ion (Au(3+)), and to propose maximum guideline values for Au(3+) toxicity that protect the aquatic ecosystem. A comparative assessment of methods developed in Australia and New Zealand versus the European Community (EC) was conducted. The test species used in this study included two bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis), one alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), one euglena (Euglena gracilis), three cladocerans (Daphnia magna, Moina macrocopa, and Simocephalus mixtus), and two fish (Danio rerio and Oryzias latipes). Au(3+) induced growth inhibition, mortality, immobilization, and/or developmental malformations in all test species, with responses being concentration-dependent. According to the moderate reliability method of Australia and New Zealand, 0.006 and 0.075 mg/L of guideline values for Au(3+) were obtained by dividing 0.33 and 4.46 mg/L of HC5 and HC50 species sensitivity distributions (SSD) with an FACR (Final Acute to Chronic Ratio) of 59.09. In contrast, the EC method uses an assessment factor (AF), with the 0.0006 mg/L guideline value for Au(3+) being divided with the 48-h EC50 value for 0.60 mg/L (the lowest toxicity value obtained from short term results) by an AF of 1000. The Au(3+) guideline value derived using an AF was more stringent than the SSD. We recommend that more toxicity data using various bioassays are required to develop more accurate ecological risk assessments. More chronic/long-term exposure studies on sensitive endpoints using additional fish species and invertebrates not included in the current dataset will be needed to use other derivation methods (e.g., US EPA and Canadian Type A) or the "High Reliability Method" from Australia/New Zealand. Such research would facilitate the establishment of guideline values for various pollutants that reflect the universal effects of various pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest guideline values for Au(3+) levels permitted to enter freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Nam
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Li F, Weir MD, Fouad AF, Xu HHK. Effect of salivary pellicle on antibacterial activity of novel antibacterial dental adhesives using a dental plaque microcosm biofilm model. Dent Mater 2013; 30:182-91. [PMID: 24332270 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antibacterial primer and adhesive are promising to inhibit biofilms and caries. Since restorations in vivo are exposed to saliva, one concern is the attenuation of antibacterial activity due to salivary pellicles. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of salivary pellicles on bonding agents containing a new monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) or nanoparticles of silver (NAg) against biofilms for the first time. METHODS DMADDM and NAg were synthesized and incorporated into Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive and primer. Specimens were either coated or not coated with salivary pellicles. A microcosm biofilm model was used with mixed saliva from ten donors. Two types of culture medium were used: an artificial saliva medium (McBain), and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium without salivary proteins. Metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFU), and lactic acid production of plaque microcosm biofilms were measured (n=6). RESULTS Bonding agents containing DMADDM and NAg greatly inhibited biofilm activities, even with salivary pellicles. When using BHI, the pre-coating of salivary pellicles on resin surfaces significantly decreased the antibacterial effect (p<0.05). When using artificial saliva medium, pre-coating of salivary pellicles on resin did not decrease the antibacterial effect. These results suggest that artificial saliva yielded medium-derived pellicles on resin surfaces, which provided attenuating effects on biofilms similar to salivary pellicles. Compared with the commercial control, the DMADDM-containing bonding agent reduced biofilm CFU by about two orders of magnitude. SIGNIFICANCE Novel DMADDM- and NAg-containing bonding agents substantially reduced biofilm growth even with salivary pellicle coating on surfaces, indicating a promising usage in saliva-rich environment. DMADDM and NAg may be useful in a wide range of primers, adhesives and other restoratives to achieve antibacterial and anti-caries capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA.
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Rüttermann S, Trellenkamp T, Bergmann N, Beikler T, Ritter H, Janda R. Bacterial viability and physical properties of antibacterially modified experimental dental resin composites. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79119. [PMID: 24223890 PMCID: PMC3815119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the antibacterial effect and the effect on the material properties of a novel delivery system with Irgasan as active agent and methacrylated polymerizable Irgasan when added to experimental dental resin composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS A delivery system based on novel polymeric hollow beads, loaded with Irgasan and methacrylated polymerizable Irgasan as active agents were used to manufacture three commonly formulated experimental resin composites. The non-modified resin was used as standard (ST). Material A contained the delivery system providing 4 % (m/m) Irgasan, material B contained 4 % (m/m) methacrylated Irgasan and material C 8 % (m/m) methacrylated Irgasan. Flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), surface roughness Ra, polymerization shrinkage, contact angle Θ, total surface free energy γS and its apolar γS (LW), polar γS (AB), Lewis acid γS (+)and base γS (-) term as well as bacterial viability were determined. Significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS The materials A to C were not unacceptably influenced by the modifications and achieved the minimum values for FS, WS and SL as requested by EN ISO 4049 and did not differ from ST what was also found for Ra. Only A had lower FM than ST. Θ of A and C was higher and γS (AB) of A and B was lower than of ST. Materials A to C had higher γS (+) than ST. The antibacterial effect of materials A to C was significantly increased when compared with ST meaning that significantly less vital cells were found. CONCLUSION Dental resin composites with small quantities of a novel antibacterially doped delivery system or with an antibacterial monomer provided acceptable physical properties and good antibacterial effectiveness. The sorption material being part of the delivery system can be used as a vehicle for any other active agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rüttermann
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Taina Trellenkamp
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nora Bergmann
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Ritter
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Janda
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Centre of Dentistry, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Li F, Weir M, Xu H. Effects of quaternary ammonium chain length on antibacterial bonding agents. J Dent Res 2013; 92:932-8. [PMID: 23958761 PMCID: PMC3775374 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513502053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to synthesize new quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) with systematically varied alkyl chain lengths (CL) and to investigate, for the first time, the CL effects on antibacterial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and dentin bond strength of bonding agents. QAMs were synthesized with CL of 3 to 18 and incorporated into Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) bonding agent. The cured resins were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. Bacterial early attachment was investigated at 4 hrs. Biofilm colony-forming units (CFU) were measured after 2 days. With CL increasing from 3 to 16, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were decreased by 5 orders of magnitude. Incorporating QAMs into SBMP reduced bacterial early attachment, with the least colonization at CL = 16. Biofilm CFU for CL = 16 was 4 log lower than SBMP control (p < .05). All groups had similar dentin bond strengths (p > .1). The new antibacterial materials had fibroblast/odontoblast viability similar to that of commercial controls. In conclusion, increasing the chain length of new QAMs in bonding agents greatly increased the antibacterial efficacy. A reduction in Streptococcus mutans biofilm CFU by 4 log could be achieved, without compromising bond strength and cytotoxicity. New QAM-containing bonding agents are promising for a wide range of restorations to inhibit biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - M.D. Weir
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - H.H.K. Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
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109
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Zhou H, Li F, Weir MD, Xu HHK. Dental plaque microcosm response to bonding agents containing quaternary ammonium methacrylates with different chain lengths and charge densities. J Dent 2013; 41:1122-31. [PMID: 23948394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antibacterial bonding agents are promising to combat bacteria and caries at tooth-restoration margins. The objectives of this study were to incorporate new quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) to bonding agent and determine the effects of alkyl chain length (CL) and quaternary amine charge density on dental plaque microcosm bacteria response for the first time. METHODS Six QAMs were synthesized with CL=3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18. Each QAM was incorporated into Scotchbond multi-purpose (SBMP). To determine the charge density effect, dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM, CL=16) was mixed into SBMP at mass fraction=0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%. Charge density was measured using a fluorescein dye method. Dental plaque microcosm using saliva from ten donors was tested. Bacteria were inoculated on resins. Early-attachment was tested at 4h. Biofilm colony-forming units (CFU) were measured at 2 days. RESULTS Incorporating QAMs into SBMP reduced bacteria early-attachment. Microcosm biofilm CFU for CL=16 was 4 log lower than SBMP control. Charge density of bonding agent increased with DMAHDM content. Bacteria early-attachment decreased with increasing charge density. Biofilm CFU at 10% DMAHDM was reduced by 4 log. The killing effect was similarly-strong against total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci. CONCLUSIONS Increasing alkyl chain length and charge density of bonding agent was shown for the first time to decrease microcosm bacteria attachment and reduce biofilm CFU by 4 orders of magnitude. Novel antibacterial resins with tailored chain length and charge density are promising for wide applications in bonding, cements, sealants and composites to inhibit biofilms and caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Zhou C, Weir MD, Zhang K, Deng D, Cheng L, Xu HHK. Synthesis of new antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomer for incorporation into CaP nanocomposite. Dent Mater 2013; 29:859-70. [PMID: 23768794 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Composites are the principal material for tooth cavity restorations due to their esthetics and direct-filling capabilities. However, composites accumulate biofilms in vivo, and secondary caries due to biofilm acids is the main cause of restoration failure. The objectives of this study were to: (1) synthesize new antibacterial monomers and (2) develop nanocomposite containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and antibacterial monomer. METHODS Two new antibacterial monomers were synthesized: dimethylaminohexane methacrylate (DMAHM) with a carbon chain length of 6, and dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) with a chain length of 12. A spray-drying technique was used to make NACP. DMADDM was incorporated into NACP nanocomposite at mass fractions of 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25% and 3%. A flexural test was used to measure composite strength and elastic modulus. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used to measure viability, metabolic activity, and lactic acid production of biofilms on composites. RESULTS The new DMAHM was more potent than a previous quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM). DMADDM was much more strongly antibacterial than DMAHM. The new DMADDM-NACP nanocomposite had strength similar to that of composite control (p>0.1). At 3% DMADDM in the composite, the metabolic activity of adherent biofilms was reduced to 5% of that on composite control. Lactic acid production by biofilms on composite containing 3% DMADDM was reduced to only 1% of that on composite control. Biofilm colony-forming unit (CFU) counts on composite with 3% DMADDM were reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude. SIGNIFICANCE New antibacterial monomers were synthesized, and the carbon chain length had a strong effect on antibacterial efficacy. The new DMADDM-NACP nanocomposite possessed potent anti-biofilm activity without compromising load-bearing properties, and is promising for antibacterial and remineralizing dental restorations to inhibit secondary caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Gong SQ, Epasinghe DJ, Zhou B, Niu LN, Kimmerling KA, Rueggeberg FA, Yiu CK, Mao J, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Effect of water-aging on the antimicrobial activities of an ORMOSIL-containing orthodontic acrylic resin. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6964-73. [PMID: 23485857 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium methacryloxy silicate (QAMS), an organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) functionalized with polymerizable methacrylate groups and an antimicrobial agent with a long lipophilic alkyl chain quaternary ammonium group, was synthesized through a silane-based sol-gel route. By dissolving QAMS in methyl methacrylate monomer, this ORMOSIL molecule was incorporated into an auto-polymerizing, powder/liquid orthodontic acrylic resin system, yielding QAMS-containing poly(methyl methacrylate). The QAMS-containing acrylic resin showed a predominant contact-killing effect on Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) and Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 12104) biofilms, while inhibiting adhesion of Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) on the acrylic surface. The antimicrobial activities of QAMS-containing acrylic resin were maintained after a 3month water-aging period. Bromophenol blue assay showed minimal leaching of quaternary ammonium species when an appropriate amount of QAMS (<4wt.%) was incorporated into the acrylic resin. The results suggest that QAMS is predominantly co-polymerized with the poly(methyl methacrylate) network, and only a minuscule amount of free QAMS molecules is present within the polymer network after water-aging. Acrylic resin with persistent antimicrobial activities represents a promising method for preventing bacteria- and fungus-induced stomatitis, an infectious disease commonly associated with the wearing of removable orthodontic appliances.
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112
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Jacobo C, Torrella F, Bravo-González LA, Ortiz AJ, Vicente A. In vitro study of the antibacterial properties and microbial colonization susceptibility of four self-etching adhesives used in orthodontics. Eur J Orthod 2013; 36:200-6. [PMID: 23720449 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjt032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 1. To determine the in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of the orthodontic bonding Transbond XT (3M Unitek) and four self-etching adhesives with possible use in orthodontic bonding (Clearfil Protect Bond, CPB; Clearfil Self-etching Bond, CSB; Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer, TSEP; iBond) against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus gasseri in order to compare that capacity among the adhesives and with respect to Transbond XT; 2. To determine the bacterial adhesion capacity of the above mentioned microorganisms to the tested adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory effects of the adhesives against S. mutans and L. gasseri were examined using the agar diffusion method with Whatman No.1 5mm disks loaded with 15 μl of adhesive, UV polymerized, layered on previously inoculated BHI and MRS plates incubated microaerobically for 48 hours at 37 degree C. Data were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0.05) and Mann-Whitney tests, applying the Bonferroni correction (P < 0.003). Bacterial adhesion was studied with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Only CPB and iBond produced a clear growth inhibition halo against S. mutans and L. gasseri (P < 0.0001). iBond was the only tested product to which the bacteria adhere profusely, particularly S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS CPB has shown antimicrobial properties in vitro, and, provided the limitations of an in vitro study, the use of this self-etching adhesive may contribute to reduce microbial decalcification, making the use of this self-etching adhesive an attractive option for bracket bonding.
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Zhang K, Cheng L, Wu EJ, Weir MD, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Effect of water-ageing on dentine bond strength and anti-biofilm activity of bonding agent containing new monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate. J Dent 2013; 41:504-13. [PMID: 23583528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to develop bonding agent containing a new antibacterial monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) as well as nanoparticles of silver (NAg) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP), and to investigate the effects of water-ageing for 6 months on dentine bond strength and anti-biofilm properties for the first time. METHODS Four bonding agents were tested: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) Primer and Adhesive control; SBMP+5% DMADDM; SBMP+5% DMADDM+0.1% NAg; and SBMP+5% DMADDM+0.1% NAg with 20% NACP in adhesive. Specimens were water-aged for 1d and 6 months at 37°C. Then the dentine shear bond strengths were measured. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model was used to inoculate bacteria on water-aged specimens and to measure metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFUs), and lactic acid production. RESULTS Dentine bond strength showed a 35% loss in 6 months of water-ageing for SBMP control (mean±sd; n=10); in contrast, the new antibacterial bonding agents showed no strength loss. The DMADDM-NAg-NACP containing bonding agent imparted a strong antibacterial effect by greatly reducing biofilm viability, metabolic activity and acid production. The biofilm CFU was reduced by more than two orders of magnitude, compared to SBMP control. Furthermore, the DMADDM-NAg-NACP bonding agent exhibited a long-term antibacterial performance, with no significant difference between 1d and 6 months (p>0.1). CONCLUSIONS Incorporating DMADDM-NAg-NACP in bonding agent yielded potent and long-lasting antibacterial properties, and much stronger bond strength after 6 months of water-ageing than a commercial control. The new antibacterial bonding agent is promising to inhibit biofilms and caries at the margins. The method of DMADDM-NAg-NACP incorporation may have a wide applicability to other adhesives, cements and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Pupo YM, Farago PV, Nadal JM, Esmerino LA, Maluf DF, Zawadzki SF, Michél MD, Santos FAD, Gomes OMM, Gomes JC. An innovative quaternary ammonium methacrylate polymer can provide improved antimicrobial properties for a dental adhesive system. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2013; 24:1443-58. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2013.766784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Mendes Pupo
- a Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
| | - Paulo Vitor Farago
- b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
| | - Jessica Mendes Nadal
- b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
| | - Luis Antônio Esmerino
- c Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
| | - Daniela Florencio Maluf
- d Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Paraná , P.O. Box 19081, 81531-990 , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Sônia Faria Zawadzki
- d Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Paraná , P.O. Box 19081, 81531-990 , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Milton Domingos Michél
- e Department of Materials Engineering , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
| | - Fábio André dos Santos
- a Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
| | - Osnara Maria Mongruel Gomes
- a Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
| | - João Carlos Gomes
- a Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry , State University of Ponta Grossa , 4748 Carlos Cavalcanti Ave, 84030-900 , Ponta Grossa , Brazil
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Cheng L, Zhang K, Weir MD, Liu H, Zhou X, Xu HHK. Effects of antibacterial primers with quaternary ammonium and nano-silver on Streptococcus mutans impregnated in human dentin blocks. Dent Mater 2013; 29:462-72. [PMID: 23422420 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies developed antibacterial bonding agents and composites containing a quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) and nanoparticles of silver (NAg). The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the effect of antibacterial primers containing QADM and NAg on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans impregnated into dentin blocks for the first time, and (2) the effect of QADM or NAg alone or in combination, and the effect of NAg mass fraction, on S. mutans viability in dentin. METHODS Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) bonding agent was used. QADM and NAg were incorporated into SBMP primer. Six primers were tested: SBMP primer control, control+10% QADM (mass%), control+0.05% NAg, control+10% QADM+0.05% NAg, control+0.1% NAg, and control+10% QADM+0.1% NAg. S. mutans were impregnated into dentin blocks, then a primer was applied. The viable colony-forming units (CFU) were then measured by harvesting the bacteria in dentin using a sonication method. RESULTS Control+10% QADM+0.1% NAg had bacteria inhibition zone 8-fold that of control (p<0.05). The sonication method successfully harvested bacteria from dentin blocks. Control+10% QADM+0.1% NAg inhibited S. mutans in dentin blocks, reducing the viable CFU in dentin by three orders of magnitude, compared to control dentin without primer. Using QADM+NAg was more effective than QADM alone. Higher NAg content increased the potency. Dentin shear bond strength was similar for all groups (p>0.1). SIGNIFICANCE Antibacterial primer with QADM and NAg were shown to inhibit the S. mutans impregnated into dentin blocks for the first time. Bonding agent containing QADM and NAg is promising to eradicate bacteria in tooth cavity and inhibit caries. The QADM and NAg may have applicability to other adhesives, cements, sealants and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Melo MAS, Cheng L, Zhang K, Weir MD, Rodrigues LKA, Xu HHK. Novel dental adhesives containing nanoparticles of silver and amorphous calcium phosphate. Dent Mater 2013; 29:199-210. [PMID: 23138046 PMCID: PMC3552134 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Secondary caries is the main reason for restoration failure, and replacement of the failed restorations accounts for 50-70% of all restorations. Antibacterial adhesives could inhibit residual bacteria in tooth cavity and invading bacteria along the margins. Calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion release could remineralize the lesions. The objectives of this study were to incorporate nanoparticles of silver (NAg) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) into adhesive for the first time, and to investigate the effects on dentin bond strength and plaque microcosm biofilms. METHODS Scotchbond multi-purpose adhesive was used as control. NAg were added into primer and adhesive at 0.1% by mass. NACP were mixed into adhesive at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. Microcosm biofilms were grown on disks with primer covering the adhesive on a composite. Biofilm metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid were measured. RESULTS Human dentin shear bond strengths (n=10) ranged from 26 to 34 MPa; adding NAg and NACP into adhesive did not decrease the bond strength (p>0.1). SEM examination revealed resin tags from well-filled dentinal tubules. Numerous NACP infiltrated into the dentinal tubules. While NACP had little antibacterial effect, NAg in bonding agents greatly reduced the biofilm viability and metabolic activity, compared to the control (p<0.05). CFU for total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci on bonding agents with NAg were an order of magnitude less than those of the control. Lactic acid production by biofilms for groups containing NAg was 1/4 of that of the control. SIGNIFICANCE Dental plaque microcosm biofilm viability and acid production were greatly reduced on bonding agents containing NAg and NACP, without compromising dentin bond strength. The novel method of incorporating dual agents (remineralizing agent NACP and antibacterial agent NAg) may have wide applicability to other dental bonding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne S. Melo
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael D. Weir
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lidiany K. A. Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
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Cheng L, Weir MD, Zhang K, Arola DD, Zhou X, Xu HHK. Dental primer and adhesive containing a new antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate. J Dent 2013; 41:345-55. [PMID: 23353068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main reason for restoration failure is secondary caries caused by biofilm acids. Replacing the failed restorations accounts for 50-70% of all operative work. The objectives of this study were to incorporate a new quaternary ammonium monomer (dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate, DMADDM) and nanoparticles of silver (NAg) into a primer and an adhesive, and to investigate their effects on antibacterial and dentin bonding properties. METHODS Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) served as control. DMADDM was synthesized and incorporated with NAg into primer/adhesive. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva was used to investigate metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFU), and lactic acid. Dentin shear bond strengths were measured. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the new DMADDM were orders of magnitude lower than those of a previous quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM). Uncured primer with DMADDM had much larger inhibition zones than QADM (p<0.05). Cured primer/adhesive with DMADDM-NAg greatly reduced biofilm metabolic activity (p<0.05). Combining DMADDM with NAg in primer/adhesive resulted in less CFU than DMADDM alone (p<0.05). Lactic acid production by biofilms was reduced by 20-fold via DMADDM-NAg, compared to control. Incorporation of DMADDM and NAg into primer/adhesive did not adversely affect dentin bond strength. CONCLUSIONS A new antibacterial monomer DMADDM was synthesized and incorporated into primer/adhesive for the first time. The bonding agents are promising to combat residual bacteria in tooth cavity and invading bacteria at tooth-restoration margins to inhibit caries. DMADDM and NAg are promising for use into a wide range of dental adhesive systems and restoratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Melo MAS, Cheng L, Weir MD, Hsia RC, Rodrigues LKA, Xu HHK. Novel dental adhesive containing antibacterial agents and calcium phosphate nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 101:620-9. [PMID: 23281264 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Secondary caries remains the main reason for dental restoration failure. Replacement of failed restorations accounts for 50%-70% of all restorations performed. Antibacterial adhesives could inhibit biofilm acids at tooth-restoration margins, and calcium phosphate (CaP) ions could remineralize tooth lesions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) incorporate nanoparticles of silver (NAg), quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM), and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) into bonding agent; and (2) investigate their effects on dentin bonding and microcosm biofilms. An experimental primer was made with pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). An adhesive was made with bisphenol-A-glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). NAg was incorporated into primer at 0.1 wt %. The adhesive contained 0.1% NAg and 10% QADM, and 0%-40% NACP. Incorporating NAg into primer and NAg-QADM-NACP into adhesive did not adversely affect dentin bond strength (p > 0.1). Scanning electron microscopy showed numerous resin tags, and transmission electron microscopy revealed NAg and NACP in dentinal tubules. Viability of human saliva microcosm biofilms on primer/adhesive/composite disks was substantially reduced via NAg and QADM. Metabolic activity, lactic acid, and colony-forming units of biofilms were much lower on the new bonding agents than control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, novel dental bonding agents containing NAg, QADM, and NACP were developed with the potential to kill residual bacteria in the tooth cavity and inhibit the invading bacteria along tooth-restoration margins, with NACP to remineralize tooth lesions. The novel method of combining antibacterial agents (NAg and QADM) with remineralizing agent (NACP) may have wide applicability to other adhesives for caries inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne S Melo
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Rupf S, Balkenhol M, Sahrhage TO, Baum A, Chromik JN, Ruppert K, Wissenbach DK, Maurer HH, Hannig M. Biofilm inhibition by an experimental dental resin composite containing octenidine dihydrochloride. Dent Mater 2012; 28:974-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhang K, Melo MAS, Cheng L, Weir MD, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Effect of quaternary ammonium and silver nanoparticle-containing adhesives on dentin bond strength and dental plaque microcosm biofilms. Dent Mater 2012; 28:842-52. [PMID: 22592165 PMCID: PMC3393841 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibacterial bonding agents are promising to hinder the residual and invading bacteria at the tooth-restoration interfaces. The objectives of this study were to develop an antibacterial bonding agent by incorporation of quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) and nanoparticles of silver (NAg), and to investigate the effect of QADM-NAg adhesive and primer on dentin bond strength and plaque microcosm biofilm response for the first time. METHODS Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive and primer were used as control. Experimental adhesive and primer were made by adding QADM and NAg into control adhesive and primer. Human dentin shear bond strengths were measured (n = 10). A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used to investigate biofilm metabolic activity, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, lactic acid production, and live/dead staining assay (n = 6). RESULTS Adding QADM and NAg into adhesive and primer did not compromise the dentin shear bond strength which ranged from 30 to 35MPa (p>0.1). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations revealed numerous resin tags, which were similar for the control and the QADM and NAg groups. Adding QADM or NAg markedly reduced the biofilm viability, compared to adhesive control. QADM and NAg together in the adhesive had a much stronger antibacterial effect than using each agent alone (p<0.05). Adding QADM and NAg in both adhesive and primer had the strongest antibacterial activity, reducing metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid by an order of magnitude, compared to control. SIGNIFICANCE Without compromising dentin bond strength and resin tag formation, the QADM and NAg containing adhesive and primer achieved strong antibacterial effects against microcosm biofilms for the first time. QADM-NAg adhesive and primer are promising to combat residual bacteria in tooth cavity and invading bacteria at the margins, thereby to inhibit secondary caries. QADM and NAg incorporation may have a wide applicability to other dental bonding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mary Anne S. Melo
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael D. Weir
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
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121
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A novel furanone-modified antibacterial dental glass ionomer cement. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3153-60. [PMID: 22554887 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel furanone derivative and a polyacid constructed from it were synthesized, characterized and formulated into experimental high strength cements. The compressive strength (CS) and Streptococcus mutans viability were used to evaluate the mechanical strength and antibacterial activity of the cements. The effect of human saliva and aging were investigated. The antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus sp. and cytotoxicity to human pulp cells were also evaluated. The results show that all the formulated furanone-containing cements showed antibacterial activity, with an initial reduction in CS. The effect of the furanone derivative loading was significant. Increasing loading enhanced the antibacterial activity but reduced the initial CS of the formed cements. The derivative showed antibacterial activity against both S. mutans and Lactobacillus sp. Human saliva did not affect the antibacterial activity of the cement. The cytotoxicity study with human dental pulp cells shows that the furanone-modified cement was biocompatible. A 30 day aging study indicated that the cements may have long-lasting antibacterial activity. Within the limitations of this study it appears that the experimental cement could be a clinically attractive dental restorative due to its high mechanical strength and antibacterial function.
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122
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Cheng L, Weir MD, Zhang K, Wu E, Xu SM, Zhou X, Xu HHK. Dental plaque microcosm biofilm behavior on calcium phosphate nanocomposite with quaternary ammonium. Dent Mater 2012; 28:853-62. [PMID: 22578992 PMCID: PMC3393817 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Half of dental restorations fail in 10 years, with secondary caries as the main reason. Calcium phosphate composites could remineralize tooth lesions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) impart antibacterial activity to a composite with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP); and (2) investigate the effect of quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) on mechanical and dental plaque microcosm biofilm properties for the first time. METHODS The NACP and glass particles were filled into a dental resin that contained bis(2-methacryloyloxy-ethyl) dimethyl-ammonium bromide, the QADM. NACP nanocomposites containing 0%, 7%, 14%, and 17.5% of QADM by mass, respectively, were photo-cured. A commercial composite with no antibacterial activity was used as control. Mechanical properties were measured in three-point flexure. A human saliva microcosm model was used to grow biofilms on composites. Live/dead assay, metabolic activity, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and lactic acid production of biofilms on the composites were measured. RESULTS Increasing QADM mass fraction monotonically reduced the biofilm viability, CFU and lactic acid. Biofilms on NACP nanocomposite with 17.5% QADM had metabolic activity that was 30% that on a commercial composite control (p<0.05). Total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci CFU counts (mean ± sd; n = 6) on composite control was 6-fold those on NACP +17.5% QADM nanocomposite. Composite control had long strings of bacterial cells with normal short-rod shapes, while some cells on NACP-QADM nanocomposites disintegrated into pieces. Adding QADM to NACP did not decrease the composite strength and elastic modulus, which matched (p>0.1) those of a commercial composite without Ca-PO(4) or antibacterial activity. SIGNIFICANCE A dental plaque microcosm model was used to evaluate the novel NACP-QADM nanocomposite. The nanocomposite greatly reduced the biofilm viability, metabolic activity and lactic acid, while its mechanical properties matched those of a commercial composite. NACP-QADM nanocomposite with calcium phosphate fillers, good mechanical properties and a strong antibacterial activity may have potential for anti-biofilm and anti-caries restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael D. Weir
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eric Wu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sarah M. Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Dept. of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
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Weng Y, Howard L, Guo X, Chong VJ, Gregory RL, Xie D. A novel antibacterial resin composite for improved dental restoratives. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1553-1561. [PMID: 22466818 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel furanone-containing antibacterial resin composite has been prepared and evaluated. compressive strength (CS) and Streptococcus mutans viability were used to evaluate the mechanical strength and antibacterial activity of the composites. The modified resin composites showed a significant antibacterial activity without substantially decreasing the mechanical strengths. With 5-30 % addition of the furanone derivative, the composite kept its original CS unchanged but showed a significant antibacterial activity with a 16-68 % reduction in the S. mutans viability. Further, the antibacterial function of the new composite was not affected by human saliva. The aging study indicates that the composite may have a long-lasting antibacterial function. Within the limitations of this study, it appears that the experimental antibacterial resin composite may potentially be developed into a clinically attractive dental restorative due to its high mechanical strength and antibacterial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Huang L, Sun X, Xiao YH, Dong Y, Tong ZC, Xing XD, Li F, Chai ZG, Chen JH. Antibacterial effect of a resin incorporating a novel polymerizable quaternary ammonium salt MAE-DB against Streptococcus mutans. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1353-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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125
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Cheng L, Weir MD, Xu HHK, Antonucci JM, Lin NJ, Lin-Gibson S, Xu SM, Zhou X. Effect of amorphous calcium phosphate and silver nanocomposites on dental plaque microcosm biofilms. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1378-86. [PMID: 22566464 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A dental composite containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (NACP) was developed that released calcium (Ca) and phosphate (PO(4)) ions and possessed acid-neutralization capability. There has been little study on incorporation of antibacterial agents into calcium phosphate composites. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticle (NAg) mass fraction in NACP nanocomposite on mechanical properties and dental plaque microcosm biofilm for the first time. NACP nanoparticles of 116 nm were synthesized via a spray-drying technique. NAg nanoparticles were synthesized using Ag 2-ethylhexanoate and 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate, yielding NAg of particle size of 2.7 nm that were well-dispersed in the resin. Five NACP nanocomposites were fabricated with NAg mass fractions of 0, 0.028, 0.042, 0.088, and 0.175%, respectively. Mechanical properties of NACP nanocomposites containing 0-0.042% of NAg matched those of a commercial composite without antibacterial activity. Live/dead assay of dental plaque microcosm biofilms showed complete coverage with live bacteria on commercial composite. However, there were increasingly more dead bacteria with higher NAg content in the NACP nanocomposite. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts for total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci for NACP nanocomposite with 0.042% NAg were about 1/4 those of commercial composite. Lactic acid production on NACP nanocomposite with 0.042% NAg was 1/3 that on commercial composite. In conclusion, novel NACP-NAg nanocomposites were developed which possessed good mechanical properties and potent antibacterial properties, with substantially reduced biofilm viability and lactic acid production. Hence, the NACP-NAg nanocomposites are promising for dental restorations with remineralizing and antibacterial capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Cheng L, Zhang K, Melo MAS, Weir MD, Zhou X, Xu HHK. Anti-biofilm dentin primer with quaternary ammonium and silver nanoparticles. J Dent Res 2012; 91:598-604. [PMID: 22492276 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512444128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial bonding agents could combat recurrent caries at the tooth-composite margins. The objectives of this study were to develop novel antibacterial dentin primers containing quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) and nanoparticles of silver (NAg), and to investigate the effects on dentin bond strength and dental plaque microcosm biofilms for the first time. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose ("SBMP") bonding agent was used. QADM and NAg were incorporated into SBMP primer, yielding 4 primers: SBMP primer (control), control + 10% QADM (mass), control + 0.05% NAg, and control + 10% QADM + 0.05% NAg. Human saliva was collected to grow microcosm biofilms. The NAg particle size (mean ± SD; n = 100) was 2.7 ± 0.6 nm. Dentin shear bond strengths (n = 10) with human third molars were approximately 30 MPa for all groups (p > 0.1). QADM-NAg-containing primer increased the bacteria inhibition zone by 9-fold, compared with control primer (p < 0.05). QADM-NAg-containing primer reduced lactic acid production and colony-forming units of total micro-organisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci by an order of magnitude. In conclusion, novel QADM-NAg-containing primers were strongly antibacterial without compromising dentin bond strength, and hence are promising to inhibit biofilms and secondary caries. The processing method of incorporating QADM and NAg together into the same primer produced the strongest antibacterial effect, which could have a wide applicability to other bonding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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127
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Du X, Huang X, Huang C, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) enhances the therapeutic activity of a dental adhesive. J Dent 2012; 40:485-92. [PMID: 22421091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial potential and physicochemical properties of a dental adhesive incorporated with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in different concentration over time. METHODS EGCG was incorporated at a ratio of 100, 200, and 300 μg/ml into a dental adhesive. The effects of the cured adhesives on the growth of Streptococcus mutans were determined by direct contact test immediately or one month later and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test was used to test the mechanical property of the adhesives immediately or six months later. The degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesives was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). RESULTS Compared with negative control, the 200 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml EGCG-incorporated dental adhesive were found to exhibit inhibitory effect on the growth of S. mutans. The μTBS of the EGCG-incorporated dental adhesive was higher than the control. The DC of the adhesive system was not affected by the addition of EGCG. CONCLUSIONS 200 μg/ml EGCG incorporated dental adhesives could accomplish therapeutic goals that play in antimicrobial function whilst keeping the durability of resin-dentine bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijin Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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128
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Regis RR, Della Vecchia MP, Pizzolitto AC, Compagnoni MA, Souza PPC, de Souza RF. Antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity of an antimicrobial monomer for application in prosthodontics. J Prosthodont 2012; 21:283-90. [PMID: 22339776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.2011.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity of the monomer methacryloyloxyundecylpyridinium bromide (MUPB), an antiseptic agent capable of copolymerizing with denture base acrylic resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity of MUPB was tested against the species Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal/bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MFC/MBC) of MUPB were determined by serial dilutions in comparison with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The cytotoxic effects of MUPB at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 g/L were assessed by MTT test on L929 cells and compared with methyl methacrylate (MMA). The antimicrobial activity of copolymerized MUPB was tested by means of acrylic resin specimens containing three concentrations of the monomer (0, 0.3, 0.6% w/w). Activity was quantified by means of a disc diffusion test and a quantification of adhered planktonic cells. Statistical analysis employed the Mann-Whitney test for MIC and MFC/MBC, and ANOVA for the microbial adherence test (α = 0.05). RESULTS MUBP presented lower MIC values when compared with CPC, although differences were significant for C. dubliniensis and S. mutans only (p= 0.046 and 0.043, respectively). MFC/MBC values were similar for all species except C. albicans; in that case, MUPB presented significantly higher values (p = 0.046). MUPB presented higher cytotoxicity than MMA for all tested concentrations (p < 0.001) except at 0.01 g/L. Irrespective of the concentration incorporated and species, there was no inhibition halo around the specimens. The incorporation of MUPB influenced the adhesion of C. albicans only (p = 0.003), with lower CFU counts for the 0.6% group. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that non-polymerized MUPB has an antimicrobial capacity close to that of CPC and high cytotoxicity when compared with MMA. The antimicrobial activity of MUPB after incorporation within a denture base acrylic resin did not depend on its elution, but was shown to be restricted to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo Rocha Regis
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Cheng L, Weir MD, Xu HHK, Antonucci JM, Kraigsley AM, Lin NJ, Lin-Gibson S, Zhou X. Antibacterial amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomposites with a quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate and silver nanoparticles. Dent Mater 2012; 28:561-72. [PMID: 22305716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calcium and phosphate ion-releasing resin composites are promising for remineralization. However, there has been no report on incorporating antibacterial agents to these composites. The objective of this study was to develop antibacterial and mechanically strong nanocomposites incorporating a quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM), nanoparticles of silver (NAg), and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP). METHODS The QADM, bis(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) dimethylammonium bromide (ionic dimethacrylate-1), was synthesized from 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate. NAg was synthesized by dissolving Ag 2-ethylhexanoate salt in 2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Mechanical properties were measured in three-point flexure with bars of 2 mm×2 mm×25 mm (n=6). Composite disks (diameter=9 mm, thickness=2 mm) were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. The metabolic activity and lactic acid production of biofilms were measured (n=6). Two commercial composites were used as controls. RESULTS Flexural strength and elastic modulus of NACP+QADM, NACP+NAg, and NACP+QADM+NAg matched those of commercial composites with no antibacterial property (p>0.1). The NACP+QADM+NAg composite decreased the titer counts of adherent S. mutans biofilms by an order of magnitude, compared to the commercial composites (p<0.05). The metabolic activity and lactic acid production of biofilms on NACP+QADM+NAg composite were much less than those on commercial composites (p<0.05). Combining QADM and NAg rendered the nanocomposite more strongly antibacterial than either agent alone (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE QADM and NAg were incorporated into calcium phosphate composite for the first time. NACP+QADM+NAg was strongly antibacterial and greatly reduced the titer counts, metabolic activity, and acid production of S. mutans biofilms, while possessing mechanical properties similar to commercial composites. These nanocomposites are promising to have the double benefits of remineralization and antibacterial capabilities to inhibit dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, 21201, USA
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Cheng L, Weir MD, Limkangwalmongkol P, Hack GD, Xu HHK, Chen Q, Zhou X. Tetracalcium phosphate composite containing quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate with antibacterial properties. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 100:726-34. [PMID: 22190356 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tooth caries is a carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease, and recurrent caries is a frequent reason for restoration failure. The objective of this study was to develop a novel antibacterial composite using tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) fillers and bis(2-methacryloyloxy-ethyl) dimethyl-ammonium bromide, which is a quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM). QADM was synthesized using 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate and incorporated into a resin. The resin was filled with 40% TTCP and 30% glass particles. The following QADM mass fractions in the composite were tested: 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were formed on the composites and the colony-forming units (CFUs), metabolic activity, and lactic acid production were measured. The TTCP-QADM composite had flexural strength and elastic modulus similar to those of two commercial composites (p > 0.1). Increasing the QADM content in TTCP composite greatly decreased the bacteria growth and biofilm matrix production. There were significantly more dead bacteria with increasing QADM content. TTCP composite containing 18% QADM had biofilm CFU, metabolic activity, and acid production about half of those without QADM. Inversely linear relationships were established between QADM mass fraction and S. mutans biofilm CFU, metabolic activity, and acid production, with correlation coefficients R(2) ≥ 0.98. In conclusion, TTCP-QADM composites were developed and the effect of QADM mass fraction on the antibacterial properties of the composite was determined for the first time. The novel TTCP-QADM composites possessing a strong antibacterial capability, together with calcium phosphate ion release and good mechanical properties, are promising for dental restorations to reduce biofilm growth and recurrent caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Pandit S, Kim GR, Lee MH, Jeon JG. Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms formed on fluoride releasing and non fluoride releasing resin composites. J Dent 2011; 39:780-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Synthesis and characterization of dimethacrylates containing quaternary ammonium functionalities for dental applications. Dent Mater 2011; 28:219-28. [PMID: 22035983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The widespread incidence of recurrent caries highlights the need for improved dental restorative materials. The objective of this study was to synthesize low viscosity ionic dimethacrylate monomers (IDMAs) that contain quaternary ammoniums groups (antimicrobial functionalities) and are compatible with existing dental dimethacrylate-based monomers. Such monomers have the potential to copolymerize with other methacrylate monomers and produce antibacterial polymers. METHODS Two monomers (IDMA-1 and IDMA-2) were synthesized using the Menschutkin reaction and incorporated at 0-30% (by mass) into a 1:1 (by mass) bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA):triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) resin. Resin viscosity was quantified using rheology, and polymer degree of conversion (DC) and surface charge density were measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescein binding, respectively. Effects of IDMA-1 on initial attachment of Streptococcus mutans and on viability and metabolic activity (via reductase enzymes) of RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were quantified. RESULTS IDMA-1 and IDMA-2 were prepared and characterized. IDMA-1 was miscible with BisGMA:TEGDMA and slightly increased the resin viscosity and DC. As expected, polymeric surface charge density increased with increasing IDMA-1. Incorporation of 10% IDMA-1 into BisGMA:TEGDMA reduced bacterial colonization without affecting viability or metabolic activity of mammalian cells. Increasing IDMA-1 up to 30% had no additional effect on bacterial coverage, but ≥20% IDMA-1 significantly reduced macrophage density, viability, and metabolic activity. Leachables from polymers containing IDMA-1 were not cytotoxic. SIGNIFICANCE The Menschutkin reaction provides a facile, convenient means to synthesize new monomers with quaternary ammonium groups for dental and medical applications.
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Ma S, Shan LQ, Xiao YH, Li F, Huang L, Shen L, Chen JH. The cytotoxicity of methacryloxylethyl cetyl ammonium chloride, a cationic antibacterial monomer, is related to oxidative stress and the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:1125-33. [PMID: 22002093 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial monomers incorporated in dentin bonding systems may have toxic effects on the pulp. Thus, the cytotoxicity of antibacterial monomers and its underlying mechanisms must be elucidated to improve the safety of antibacterial monomer application. The influence of an antibacterial monomer, methacryloxylethyl cetyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-CB), on the vitality of L929 mouse fibroblasts was tested using MTT assay. Cell cycle progression was studied using flow cytometry. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) after DMAE-CB treatment was measured using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining and flow cytometry analysis. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, disturbance of Bcl-2 and Bax expression, as well as release of cytochrome C were also measured using flow cytometry analysis or Western blot to explore the possible involvement of the mitochondrial-related apoptotic pathway. DMAE-CB elicited cell death in a dose-dependent manner and more than 50% of cells were killed after treatment with 30 µM of the monomer. Both necrosis and apoptosis were observed. DMAE-CB also induced G1- and G2-phase arrest. Increased levels of intracellular ROS were observed after 1 h and this overproduction was further enhanced by 6-h treatment with the monomer. DMAE-CB may cause apoptosis by disturbing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, reducing the mitochondrial potential and inducing release of cytochrome C. Taken together, these findings suggest that the toxicity of the antibacterial monomer DMAE-CB is associated with ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell cycle disturbance, and cell apoptosis/necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University
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Silva TC, Pereira AFF, Exterkate RAM, Bagnato VS, Buzalaf MAR, Machado MADAM, Ten Cate JM, Crielaard W, Deng DM. Application of an active attachment model as a high-throughput demineralization biofilm model. J Dent 2011; 40:41-7. [PMID: 21996336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential of an active attachment biofilm model as a high-throughput demineralization biofilm model for the evaluation of caries-preventive agents. METHODS Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms were grown on bovine dentine discs in a high-throughput active attachment model. Biofilms were first formed in a medium with high buffer capacity for 24h and then subjected to various photodynamic therapies (PACT) using the combination of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs, Biotable(®)) and Photogem(®). Viability of the biofilms was evaluated by plate counts. To investigate treatment effects on dentine lesion formation, the treated biofilms were grown in a medium with low buffer capacity for an additional 24h. Integrated mineral loss (IML) and lesion depth (LD) were assessed by transversal microradiography. Calcium release in the biofilm medium was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Compared to the water treated control group, significant reduction in viability of S. mutans biofilms was observed when the combination of LEDs and Photogem(®) was applied. LEDs or Photogem(®) only did not result in biofilm viability changes. Similar outcomes were also found for dentine lesion formation. Significant lower IML and LD values were only found in the group subjected to the combined treatment of LEDs and Photogem(®). There was a good correlation between the calcium release data and the IML or LD values. CONCLUSIONS The high-throughput active attachment biofilm model is applicable for evaluating novel caries-preventive agents on both biofilm and demineralization inhibition. PACT had a killing effect on 24h S. mutans biofilms and could inhibit the demineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
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Xie D, Weng Y, Guo X, Zhao J, Gregory RL, Zheng C. Preparation and evaluation of a novel glass-ionomer cement with antibacterial functions. Dent Mater 2011; 27:487-96. [PMID: 21388668 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to use the newly synthesized poly(quaternary ammonium salt) (PQAS)-containing polyacid to formulate the light-curable glass-ionomer cements and study the effect of the PQAS on the compressive strength and antibacterial activity of the formed cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS The functional QAS and their constructed PQAS were synthesized, characterized and formulated into the experimental high-strength cements. Compressive strength (CS) and Streptococcus mutans viability were used to evaluate the mechanical strength and antibacterial activity of the cements. Fuji II LC cement was used as control. The specimens were conditioned in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h prior to testing. The effects of the substitute chain length, loading as well as grafting ratio of the QAS and aging on CS and S. mutans viability were investigated. RESULTS All the PQAS-containing cements showed a significant antibacterial activity, accompanying with an initial CS reduction. The effects of the chain length, loading and grafting ratio of the QAS were significant. Increasing chain length, loading, grafting ratio significantly enhanced antibacterial activity but reduced the initial CS. Under the same substitute chain length, the cements containing QAS bromide were found to be more antibacterial than those containing QAS chloride although the CS values of the cements were not statistically different from each other, suggesting that we can use QAS bromide directly without converting bromide to chloride. The experimental cement showed less CS reduction and higher antibacterial activity than Fuji II LC. The long-term aging study suggests that the cements may have a long-lasting antibacterial function. CONCLUSIONS This study developed a novel antibacterial glass-ionomer cement. Within the limitations of this study, it appears that the experimental cement is a clinically attractive dental restorative due to its high mechanical strength and antibacterial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Weng Y, Guo X, Gregory RL, Xie D. Preparation and evaluation of an antibacterial dental cement containing quaternary ammonium salts. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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CHAI Z, LI F, FANG M, WANG Y, MA S, XIAO Y, HUANG L, CHEN J. The bonding property and cytotoxicity of a dental adhesive incorporating a new antibacterial monomer. J Oral Rehabil 2011; 38:849-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of two novel cross-linking antibacterial monomers on oral pathogens. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:367-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A new approach to influence contact angle and surface free energy of resin-based dental restorative materials. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1160-5. [PMID: 20933616 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to identify novel delivery systems and active agents which increase the water contact angle and reduce the surface free energy when added to resin-based dental restorative materials. Two delivery systems based on zeolite or novel polymeric hollow beads (Poly-Pore), loaded with two low surface tension active agents (hydroxy functional polydimethylsiloxane and polydimethylsiloxane) or a polymerizable active agent (silicone polyether acrylate) were used to modify commonly formulated experimental dental resin composites. The non-modified resin was used as a standard (ST). Flexural strength, flexural modulus, water sorption, solubility, polymerization shrinkage, surface roughness Ra, contact angle θ, total surface free energy γS, and the apolar γSLW, polar γSAB, Lewis acid γS+ and base γS- components, and the active agents surface tensions γL were determined (P<0.05). The active agents did not differ in γL. The modified materials had significantly higher θ but significantly lower γS, γSAB and γS- than the ST. A Poly-Pore/polydimethyl siloxane delivery system yielded the highest θ (110.9±3.5°) acceptable physical properties and the lowest values for γSLW and γS-. Among the modified materials the polymerizable materials containing active agents had the lowest γAB and the highest γS+ and γS-. Although not significant, both of the zeolite delivery systems yielded higher γSLW, γS+ and γS- but lower γSAB than the Poly-Pore delivery systems. Poly-Pore based delivery systems highly loaded with low surface tension active agents were found not to influence the physical properties but to significantly increase the water contact angle and thus reduce surface free energy of dental resin composites.
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The Effect of an Antibacterial Monomer on the Antibacterial Activity and Mechanical Properties of a Pit-and-Fissure Sealant. J Am Dent Assoc 2011; 142:184-93. [DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Weng Y, Guo X, Chong VJ, Howard L, Gregory RL, Xie D. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel antibacterial dental resin composite with quaternary ammonium salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2011.43021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Can interaction of materials with the dentin-pulp complex contribute to dentin regeneration? Odontology 2010; 98:2-14. [PMID: 20155502 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-009-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding outcomes of the interaction between a dental material and tooth tissue is important in terms not only of biocompatibility but also of the potential for the material to modulate the response of the tissue. This interaction is influenced by many factors, including the chemistry of the material and any of its eluted components or degradation products, and the manner in which the tissue responds to these agents. Past studies of this interaction have primarily been aimed at identifying cytotoxic effects. More recently, investigations have focused on specific cellular responses, and in particular, on understanding how the materials themselves actually may contribute to regenerative processes in the tooth. Recent work has demonstrated the solubilization of proteins from dentin exposed to certain materials, such as calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate, and acidic solutions that relate to those used in dentin bonding agents, with the subsequent modulation by these proteins of gene expression in odontoblast-like cells. This work suggests that dentin bridge formation under such materials may be stimulated through this process. Thus, there is much merit in examining both how new dental materials can be developed and how more traditional ones can be modified to preferentially stimulate regenerative processes when preferred. This review summarizes current knowledge about the potential beneficial effects derived from the interaction of dental materials with the dentin-pulp complex, as well as potential future developments in this exciting field.
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