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David Boothe W, Tarbox JA, Tarbox MB. Atopic Dermatitis: Pathophysiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1027:21-37. [PMID: 29063428 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64804-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex and multifactorial, involving elements of barrier dysfunction, alterations in cell mediated immune responses, IgE mediated hypersensitivity, and environmental factors. Loss of function mutations in filaggrin have been implicated in severe atopic dermatitis due to a potential increase in trans-epidermal water loss, pH alterations, and dehydration. Other genetic changes have also been identified which may alter the skin's barrier function, resulting in an atopic dermatitis phenotype. The imbalance of Th2 to Th1 cytokines observed in atopic dermatitis can create alterations in the cell mediated immune responses and can promote IgE mediated hypersensitivity, both of which appear to play a role in the development of atopic dermatitis. One must additionally take into consideration the role of the environment on the causation of atopic dermatitis and the impact of chemicals such as airborne formaldehyde, harsh detergents, fragrances, and preservatives. Use of harsh alkaline detergents in skin care products may also unfavorably alter the skin's pH causing downstream changes in enzyme activity and triggering inflammation. Environmental pollutants can trigger responses from both the innate and adaptive immune pathways. This chapter will discuss the multifaceted etiology of atopic dermatitis which will help us to elucidate potential therapeutic targets. We will also review existing treatment options and their interaction with the complex inflammatory and molecular triggers of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Boothe
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - James A Tarbox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michelle B Tarbox
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Haas K, Weighardt H, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Clausen B, Zahner S, Boukamp P, Bloch W, Krutmann J, Esser C. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Keratinocytes Is Essential for Murine Skin Barrier Integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2260-2269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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103
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Uchi H, Yasumatsu M, Morino-Koga S, Mitoma C, Furue M. Inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and induction of NRF2-mediated antioxidant activity by cinnamaldehyde in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 85:36-43. [PMID: 27720465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioxins and other environmental pollutants are toxic and remain in biological tissues for a long time leading to various levels of oxidative stress. Although the toxicity of these agents has been linked to activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), no effective treatment has been developed. OBJECTIVE To explore novel phytochemicals that inhibit AHR activation in keratinocytes. METHODS Keratinocytes were used in this study because the skin is one of the organs most affected by dioxin and other environmental pollutants. HaCaT cells, which are a human keratinocyte cell line, and normal human epidermal keratinocytes were stimulated with benzo[a]pyrene to induce AHR activation, and the effects of traditional Japanese Kampo herbal formulae were analyzed. Quantification of mRNA, western blotting, immunofluorescence localization of molecules, siRNA silencing, and visualization of oxidative stress were performed. RESULTS Cinnamomum cassia extract and its major constituent cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited the activation of AHR. Cinnamaldehyde also activated the NRF2/HO1 pathway and significantly alleviated the production of reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes. The inhibition of AHR signaling and the activation of antioxidant activity by cinnamaldehyde operated in a mutually independent manner as assessed by siRNA methods In addition, AHR signaling was effectively inhibited by traditional Kampo formulae containing C. cassia. CONCLUSION Cinnamaldehyde has two independent biological activities; namely, an inhibitory action on AHR activation and an antioxidant effect mediated by NRF2/HO1 signaling. Through these dual functions, cinnamaldehyde may be beneficial for the treatment of disorders related to oxidative stress such as dioxin intoxication, acne, and vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Uchi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Mao Yasumatsu
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Saori Morino-Koga
- Division of Statistics, Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikage Mitoma
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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104
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Cibrián Vera D, Saiz ML, de la Fuente H, Sánchez-Díaz R, Moreno-Gonzalo O, Jorge Cerrudo I, Ferrarini A, Vázquez J, Punzón C, Fresno M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Daudén Tello E, Fernández-Salguero PM, Martín P, Sánchez-Madrid F. CD69 controls the uptake of L-tryptophan through LAT1-CD98 and AhR-dependent secretion of IL-22 in psoriasis. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:985-96. [PMID: 27376471 PMCID: PMC5146640 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation marker CD69 is expressed by skin γδ T cells. Here we found that CD69 controlled the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent secretion of interleukin 22 (IL-22) by γδ T cells, which contributed to the development of psoriasis induced by IL-23. CD69 associated with the aromatic-amino-acid-transporter complex LAT1-CD98 and regulated its surface expression and uptake of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and the intracellular quantity of L-Trp-derived activators of AhR. In vivo administration of L-Trp, an inhibitor of AhR or IL-22 abrogated the differences between CD69-deficient mice and wild-type mice in skin inflammation. We also observed LAT1-mediated regulation of AhR activation and IL-22 secretion in circulating Vγ9(+) γδ T cells of psoriatic patients. Thus, CD69 serves as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of psoriasis by controlling LAT1-CD98-mediated metabolic cues.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Transport System y+/metabolism
- Amino Acid Transport System y+L
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endocytosis
- Fusion Regulatory Protein-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Tryptophan/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Danay Cibrián Vera
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Laura Saiz
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Díaz
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Moreno-Gonzalo
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jorge Cerrudo
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessia Ferrarini
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Punzón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro M. Fernández-Salguero
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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