Simultaneous determination of doxorubicin and dasatinib as two breast anticancer drugs uses an amplified sensor with ionic liquid and ZnO nanoparticle

Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids in Biomedicine

The use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in biomedical applications has grown dramatically in recent years due to their unique properties and their inherent tunability. This review will introduce ionic liquids and deep eutectics and discuss their biomedical applications, namely solubilization of drugs, creation of active pharmaceutical ingredients, delivery of pharmaceuticals through biological barriers, stabilization of proteins and other nucleic acids, antibacterial agents, and development of new biosensors. Current challenges and future outlooks are discussed, including biocompatibility, the potential impact of the presence of impurities, and the importance of understanding the microscopic interactions in ionic liquids in order to design task-specific solvents.

Label-free Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen

In this work, an integrated electrode system consisting of a graphene working electrode, a carbon counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode was fabricated on an FR-4 glass fiber plate by a polyethylene self-adhesive mask stencil method combined with a manual screen printing technique. The integrated graphene electrode was used as the base electrode, and AuNPs were deposited on the working electrode surface by cyclic voltammetry. Then, the carcinoembryonic antigen aptamer was immobilized using the sulfhydryl self-assembly technique. The sensor uses [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe for label free detection of carcinoembryonic antigen based on the impedance change caused by the difference in electron transfer rate before and after the binding of carcinoembryonic antigen aptamer and the target carcinoembryonic antigen. The results showed a good linear relationship when the CEA concentration is in the range of 0.2-15.0 ng/ml. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.085 ng/ml (S/N = 3).

Fabrication of litchi-like lignin/zinc oxide composites with enhanced antibacterial activity and their application in polyurethane films

Lignin has been demonstrated to be green and effective for the modification of ZnO-based materials. In this work, quaternized lignin/zinc oxide nanostructured hybrid composites (QLS/ZnO NCs) were synthesized with good dispersion and uniform particle size via a facile hydrothermal method. Sodium lignosulfonate (LS) was modified by quaternization to endow the positive charges, which effectively captured bacteria due to the electrostatic interactions. Interestingly, QLS/ZnO NCs show a litchi-like morphology consisting of nanorods with diameters of 5-10 nm, which further resulted in damage to the bacterial cell membrane. Owing to the surface charge and rough surface topology for bacterial capture, QLS/ZnO NCs exhibited greatly enhanced antibacterial activity compared with bare ZnO. After being treated with QLS/ZnO NCs for 90 min, the sterilization rates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reached 97.54% and 99.55%, respectively. Due to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by ZnO under light irradiation, the antibacterial activity of QLS/ZnO NCs could be further enhanced. In addition, the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) of QLS/ZnO NCs towards E. coli and S. aureus were both 100 μg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, with the incorporation of QLS/ZnO NCs into polyurethane films, the composite films showed excellent antibacterial activity, strong tensile strength and enhanced ultraviolet light blocking performance.

Novel Diethyl Ether Gas Sensor Based on Cataluminescence on Nano-Pd/ZnNi3Al2O7

A sensitive diethyl ether gas sensor based on cataluminescence on nano-Pd/ZnNi3Al2O7 at a temperature lower than 150 °C was reported. The composition of the sensitive material was determined by energy-dispersive spectrometry, and a particle size of less than 50 nm was shown by transmission electron microscopy. When the atomic percentage of Pd in the sensing material is 0.8-1.3%, it is beneficial to the low-temperature and high-selective cataluminescence of diethyl ether. The signal response and recovery of diethyl ether on the sensitive material can be completed quickly in 0.5 s, and the relative standard deviation of the signal within 500 h of continuous operation is not more than 2.5%. There is good linear relationship between the luminescence intensity and the concentration of diethyl ether in the range of 0.08-75 mg/m3. The detection limit (3σ) is 0.04 mg/m3. The working conditions optimized by the response surface methodology were an analytical wavelength of 548.86 nm, a reaction temperature of 109.18 °C, and a carrier gas velocity of 125.88 mL/min. The sensitivity of the method can be increased by 4.5% under the optimized working conditions. The optimization method is universal for many multi-parameter processes.

Doxorubicin Anticancer Drug Monitoring by ds-DNA-Based Electrochemical Biosensor in Clinical Samples

In this research, glassy carbon electrode (GCE) amplified with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and ds-DNA was fabricated and utilized for voltammetric sensing of doxorubicin with a low detection limit. In this technique, the reduction in guanine signal of ds-DNA in the presence of doxorubicin (DOX) was chosen as an analytical factor. The molecular docking study revealed that the doxorubicin drug interacted with DNA through intercalation mode, which was in agreement with obtained experimental results. The DOX detection performance of ds-DNA/SWCNTs/GCE was assessed at a concentration range of 1.0 nM-20.0 µM. The detection limit was found to be 0.6 nM that was comparable and even better (in many cases) than that of previous electrochemical reported sensors. In the final step, the ds-DNA/SWCNTs/GCE showed powerful ability for determination of the DOX in injection samples with acceptable recovery data.

Effects of silver nanoparticles added into polyurea coating on sulfate-reducing bacteria activity and electrochemical properties; an environmental nano-biotechnology investigation

In the present work, Ag nanoparticles were added to polyurea coating in order to improve its antibacterial and electrochemical properties in sulfide-reducing bacteria-containing media. To this end, Ag nano-powder was mixed with two component polyuria, and then the antibacterial behavior of the nanocomposite coating was studied in sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)-containing medium. The results revealed the inhibitory effects of nanocomposite coating on the formation of SRB biofilms on the samples. Moreover, the SRB population decreased in contact with the Ag nanoparticles-mixed coating over 7 days. Investigation of the growth and activity of the bacteria represented the effective antibacterial properties of Ag nanoparticles in the polyurea matrix. Furthermore, EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) measurements indicated that the corrosion properties of the nanocomposite coating improved considerably over 7 days. The coating resistance increased 2 times by adding Ag nanoparticles after 1 day and 3.3 times after 7 days. In accordance with the same results, the charge transfer resistance increased 1.5 times and 1.1 times by adding Ag nanoparticles after 1 day and 7 days, respectively. The improvement in the protective properties of the nanocomposite coating are reflected in the increase in both film and charge transfer resistance.

Electro-oxidation of formoterol fumarate on the surface of novel poly(thiazole yellow-G) layered multi-walled carbon nanotube paste electrode

The current study explicates the electro-oxidation behavior of formoterol fumarate (FLFT) in the presence of uric acid (UA) on the surface of poly thiazole yellow-G (TY-G) layered multi-walled carbon nanotube paste electrode (MWCNTPE). The modified (Poly(TY-G)LMWCNTPE) and unmodified (MWCNTPE) electrode materials were characterized through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) approaches. The characterization data confirms the good conducting and electrocatalytic nature with more electrochemical active sites on the Poly(TY-G)LMWCNTPE than MWCNTPE towards the FLFT analysis in the presence of UA. Poly(TY-G)LMWCNTPE easily separates the two drugs (FLFT and UA) even though they both have nearer oxidation peak potential. The electro-catalytic activity of the developed electrode is fast and clear for FLFT electro-oxidation in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) of pH 6.5. The Poly(TY-G)LMWCNTPE offered a well-resolved peak with the highest electro-oxidation peak current at the peak potential of 0.538 V than MWCNTPE. The potential scan rate and oxidation peak growth time studies show the electrode reaction towards FLFT electro-oxidation is continued through a diffusion-controlled step. The variation of concentration of FLFT in the range from 0.2 to 1.5 µM (absence of UA) and 3.0 to 8.0 μM (presence of UA) provides a good linear relationship with increased peak current and a lower limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.0128 µM and 0.0129 µM, respectively. The prepared electrode gives a fine recovery for the detection of FLFT in the medicinal sample with acceptable repeatability, stability, and reproducibility.

Lanthanum-Zinc Binary Oxide Nanocomposite with Promising Heterogeneous Catalysis Performance for the Active Conversion of 4-Nitrophenol into 4-Aminophenol

This work intended to enhance the unique and outstanding properties of lanthanum by synthesizing its nanocomposite. A lanthanum-based nanocomposite was prepared by a simple and cost-effective “co-precipitation” method. Lanthanum nitrate (La (NO3)3) and zinc nitrate (Zn (NO3)2) were used as precursors. The lanthanum/zinc oxide nano composite formed was then calcined at 450 °C for 4 h in order to obtain a fine powder with size in the nano range of 1–100 nm. Characterization of the prepared catalyst was done by ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. Crystallinity and morphology were found by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized nanocomposite material was also tested for heterogeneous catalytic applications of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction into 4-aminophenol (4-AP). It was found to be successful in complete reduction of 4-NP with enhanced catalytic performance.

A critical review on the use of potentiometric based biosensors for biomarkers detection

Potentiometric-based biosensors have the potential to advance the detection of several biological compounds and help in early diagnosis of various diseases. They belong to the portable analytical class of biosensors for monitoring biomarkers in the human body. They contain ion-sensitive membranes sensors can be used to determine potassium, sodium, and chloride ions activity while being used as a biomarker to gauge human health. The potentiometric based ion-sensitive membrane systems can be coupled with various techniques to create a sensitive tool for the fast and early detection of cancer biomarkers and other critical biological compounds. This paper discusses the application of potentiometric-based biosensors and classifies them into four major categories: photoelectrochemical potentiometric biomarkers, potentiometric biosensors amplified with molecular imprinted polymer systems, wearable potentiometric biomarkers and light-addressable potentiometric biosensors. This review demonstrated the development of several innovative biosensor-based techniques that could potentially provide reliable tools to test biomarkers. Some challenges however remain, but these can be removed by coupling techniques to maximize the testing sensitivity.

A New Electrochemical Platform for Dasatinib Anticancer Drug Sensing Using Fe3O4-SWCNTs/Ionic Liquid Paste Sensor

A new electrochemical platform was suggested for the sensing of the dasatinib (DA) anticancer drug based on paste electrode modification (PE) amplified with Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs nanocomposite and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (mim-BF₄⁻). The new platform showed a linear dynamic range from 0.001–220 µM with a detection limit of 0.7 nM to determine DA at optimal condition. Electrochemical investigation showed that the redox reaction of DA is relative to changing the pH of solution. Moreover, Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs/mim-BF₄⁻/PE has improved the oxidation current of DA about 5.58 times which reduced its oxidation potential by about 120 mV at optimal condition. In the final step, Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs/mim-BF₄⁻/PE was used as an analytical platform to determine the DA in tablets and a dextrose saline spike sample, and the results showed recovery data 99.58–103.6% which confirm the powerful ability of the sensor as an analytical tool to determine the DA in real samples.

A review on analytical methods with special reference to electroanalytical methods for the determination of some anticancer drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples

It is widely accepted that cancer, the second leading cause of death, is a morbidity with big impacts on the global health. In the last few years, chemo-therapeutic treatment continually induces alone most lengthy consequents, which is extremely harmful for the physiological and psychological health of the patients. In the present research, we discuss the recent techniques for employed for extraction, and quantitative determination of such compounds in pharmaceutical, and biological specimens. In the frame of this information, this review aims to provide basic principles of chromatography, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs published in the last three years. The review also describes the recent developments regarding enhancing the limit of detection (LOD), the linear dynamic range, and so forth. The results show that the LOD for the chromatographic techniques with the UV detector was obtained equaled over the range 2.0 ng mL^-1-0.2 μg mL^-1, whereas the LOD values for analysis by chromatographic technique with the mass spectrometry (MS) detector was found between 10.0 pg mL^-1-0.002 μg mL^-1. The biological fluids could be directly injected to capillary electrophoresis (CE) in cases where the medicine concentration is at the contents greater than mg L^-1 or g L^-1. Additionally, electrochemical detection of the anticancer drugs has been mainly conducted by the voltammetry techniques with diverse modified electrodes, and lower LODs were estimated between 3.0 ng mL^-1-0.3 μg mL^-1. It is safe to say that the analyses of anticancer drugs can be achieved by employing a plethora of techniques such as electroanalytical, spectroscopy, and chromatography techniques.

Nano-sized Metal and Metal Oxide Modified Electrodes for Pharmaceuticals Analysis

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The electrochemical analysis offers a number of important advantages such as providing information on pharmaceuticals analysis and their in vivo redox processes and pharmacological activity. The interest in developing electrochemical sensing devices for use in clinical assays is growing rapidly. Metallic nanoparticles can be synthesized and modified with various chemical functional groups, which allow them to be conjugated with antibodies, ligands, and drugs of interest.

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In this article, the novel developments to enhance the performance of sensor modified with metal nanoparticles of pharmaceuticals were reviewed. A discussion of the properties of metal nanostructures and their application in drug analysis is presented. Their application as a modifier agent in determining low levels of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples is discussed. It has been found that the electrocatalytic effect of the electrode, sensitivity and selectivity were increased using various working electrodes modified with nano-sized metal, metal oxide and metal/metal oxide particles.

Interaction of a Vanadyl Schiff Base Complex with DNA and BSA: A Combination of Experimental and Computational Studies

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cancer is the primary cause of death in the world. Vanadium (IV) is a metal ion complex which has been proposed as a suitable candidate for cancer treatment. In this study, the interaction of the oxido-vanadium (IV) complex [VOL(bipy)] with salmon sperm DNA and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was investigated through experimental and computational approaches. With the results of this experimental study, the mechanism and parameters related to the interaction of [VOL(bipy)] with DNA and BSA were determined.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The kinetic interaction of DNA and BSA with [VOL(bipy)] was determined using absorption titration and fluorescence quenching, respectively. Moreover, the possible interactions were calculated by molecular docking prediction using the available software.

RESULTS

The binding constant (Kb) of the complex-DNA interaction was calculated to be 2.34×104 M-1, indicating a relatively strong interaction between the complex and DNA. It was found that the V(IV) complex interacted with DNA through the groove binding mode followed by partial intercalation into the DNA helix. The Kb values obtained for [VOL(bipy)]-BSA interaction were in the range of 1.07×103-5.82×104 M-1. The V(IV) complex was found to prefer the domain I binding pocket of BSA with the ΔGb value of -7.52 kcal/mol.

CONCLUSION

Both experimental and computational analyses confirmed the interaction of the vanadium complex with DNA and BSA. The moderate affinity of [VOL(bipy)] for BSA indicates that this protein is a good candidate for transferring the complex.

A portable selective electrochemical sensor amplified with Fe3O4@Au-cysteamine-thymine acetic acid as conductive mediator for determination of mercuric ion

Mercury ion (Hg²⁺) is considered to be one of the most toxic heavy metal ions and can cause adverse effects on kidney function, the central nervous system, and the immune system. Therefore, it is important to develop a fast and simple method for sensitive and selective detection of Hg²⁺ in the environment. This research proposes a portable electrochemical sensor for rapid and selective detection of Hg²⁺. The sensor platform is designed based on thymine acetic acid anchored with cysteamine-conjugated core shell Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@Au/CA/T-COOH) immobilized on a sensing area of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with the aid of an external magnetic field embedded in a homemade electrode holder for ease of handling. In the presence of Hg²⁺, the immobilized thymine combines specifically with Hg²⁺ and forms a thymine-Hg²⁺-thymine mismatch (T-Hg²⁺-T). The resulting amount of Hg²⁺ was determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Under optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited two wide linearities in a range from 1 to 200 μg L^-1 and 200-2200 μg L^-1 with the reliability coefficient of determination of 0.997 and 0.999, respectively. The detection limit (LOD) and the quantification limit (LOQ) were also determined to be 0.5 μg L^-1 and 1.0 μg L^-1, respectively. The sensor was further applied for determination of Hg²⁺ in water samples, a certified reference material and fish samples. The results were compared with flow injection atomic spectroscopy-inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (FIAS-ICP-OES) systems as a reference method. Results obtained with the proposed sensor were relatively satisfactory, and they showed no significant differences at a 95% confidence level by t-test from the standard method. Therefore, considering its fast and simple advantages, this novel strategy provides a potential platform for construction of a Hg²⁺ electrochemical sensor.

An electrochemical sensor based on gold nanoparticles-functionalized reduced graphene oxide screen printed electrode for the detection of pyocyanin biomarker in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is known to be a problematic bacterium for being a major cause of opportunistic and nosocomial infections. In this study, reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/rGO) was utilized as a new sensing material for a fast and direct electrochemical detection of pyocyanin as a biomarker of P. aeruginosa infections. Under optimal condition, the developed electrochemical pyocyanin sensor exhibited a good linear range for the determination of pyocyanin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), human saliva and urine at a clinically relevant concentration range of 1-100 μM, achieving a detection limit of 0.27 μM, 1.34 μM, and 2.3 μM, respectively. Our developed sensor demonstrated good selectivity towards pyocyanin in the presence of interfering molecule such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, NADH, glucose, and acetylsalicylic acid, which are commonly found in human fluids. Furthermore, the developed sensor was able to discriminate the signal with and without the presence of pyocyanin directly in P. aeruginosa culture. This proposed technique demonstrates its potential application in monitoring the presence of P. aeruginosa infection in patients.

Preparation of Dawson heteropolyacid-embedded silver nanoparticles/graphene oxide nanocomposite thin film used to modify pencil graphite electrode as a sensor for trace electrochemical sensing of levodopa

Measurement of levodopa (LD) as the most efficient treatment accessible for controlling the symptoms of Parkinson's disease was investigated. The electrocatalytic measurement of LD was performed at the surface of pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with graphene oxide (GO) and silver nanoparticle@Dawson heteropolyacid (AgNPs@DHPA). For this purpose, GO and the intermediate (AgNPs@DHPA) were first synthesized using a simple, cost-effective and straightforward method. The synthetic compounds, morphology, and surface characteristics of the modified sensor were evaluated. The results demonstrated that AgNPs@DHPA well-dispersed on the GO/PGE surface with a mean size of 6.27 nm and thickness of 42 nm. The electrochemical behavior of the modified PGE was also investigated. The heterogeneous charge transfer rate constant (k_s) and transfer coefficient (α) for the electron transfer between AgNPs@DHPA/GO and PGE were obtained as 16.44 s^-1 and 0.59, respectively. Also, the diffusion coefficient of LD for AgNPs@DHPA/GO/PGE thin film was calculated using chronoamperometric experiments (D = 9.05 × 10^-6 cm² s^-1). Optimal parameters were obtained to access the best response for the measurement of LD. The results revealed that the modified PGE was able to measure the trace amounts of LD in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 6.0) in the concentration ranges from 3.0 × 10^-9 to 1.0 × 10^-7 M and 1.0 × 10^-7 to 1.0 × 10^-5 M. The calculated limit of detection was obtained 7.6 × 10^-10 M which was much better than the previously reported electrochemical sensors. The modified electrode was used to measure LD in tablet, blood serum and urine.

Pt-Pd-doped NiO nanoparticle decorated at single-wall carbon nanotubes: An excellent, powerful electrocatalyst for the fabrication of An electrochemical sensor to determine nalbuphine in the presence of tramadol as two opioid analgesic drugs

In this study, a Pt-Pd-doped NiO nanoparticle decorated at the surface of single-wall carbon nanotubes (Pt-Pd/NiO-NPs/SWCNTs) was synthesized using a simple chemical precipitation method and characterized by XRD, TEM, and EDS methods. The results confirmed that Pt-Pd/NiO-NPs/SWCNTs were synthesized with good purity and at the nanoscale size. Moreover, a highly sensitive electroanalytical sensor was fabricated by incorporating synthesized Pt-Pd/NiO-NPs/SWCNT nanocomposites into a carbon paste electrode (CPE) in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate (EMICH₃SO₃^-) as binder. The Pt-Pd/NiO-NPs/SWCNTs/EMICH₃SO₃^-/CPE showed a powerful electro-catalytic activity for electro-oxidation of nalbuphine, and the results confirmed that the oxidation of nalbuphine was improved 6.34 times and relative oxidation potential was decreased about 110 mV compared to unmodified electrodes. The Pt-Pd/NiO-NPs/SWCNTs/EMICH₃SO₃^-/CPE also showed good catalytic activity for the determination of nalbuphine in the presence of tramadol and the oxidation potential of these opioid analgesic drugs separated with ΔE =460 mV. In the final step, the Pt-Pd/NiO-NPs/SWCNTs/EMICH₃SO₃^-/CPE was used to determine nalbuphine with a detection limit of 0.9 nM and tramadol with a detection limit of 50.0 nM in drug samples. The results confirmed the powerful and interesting ability of the sensor in the analysis of a real sample.

Evaluation of Pt,Pd-Doped, NiO-Decorated, Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube-Ionic Liquid Carbon Paste Chemically Modified Electrode: An Ultrasensitive Anticancer Drug Sensor for the Determination of Daunorubicin in the Presence of Tamoxifen

Measuring the concentration of anticancer drugs in pharmacological and biological samples is a very useful solution to investigate the effectiveness of these drugs in the chemotherapy process. A Pt,Pd-doped, NiO-decorated SWCNTs (Pt,Pd-NiO/SWCNTs) nanocomposite was synthesized using a one-pot procedure and combining chemical precipitation and ultrasonic sonochemical methods and subsequently characterized by TEM and EDS analysis methods. The analyses results showed the high purity and good distribution of elements and the ~10-nm diameter of the Pt,Pd-NiO nanoparticle decorated on the surface of the SWCNTs with a diameter of about 20-30 nm. Using a combination of Pt,Pd-NiO/SWCNTs and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (1B23DTFB) in a carbon paste (CP) matrix, Pt,Pd-NiO/SWCNTs/1B23DTFB/CP was fabricated as a highly sensitive analytical tool for the electrochemical determination of daunorubicin in the concentration range of 0.008-350 μM with a detection limit of 3.0 nM. Compared to unmodified CP electrodes, the electro-oxidation process of daunorubicin has undergone significant improvements in current (about 9.8 times increasing in current) and potential (about 110 mV) decreasing in potential). It is noteworthy that the designed sensor can well measure daunorubicin in the presence of tamoxifen (two breast anticancer drugs with a ΔE = 315 mV. According to the real sample analysis data, the Pt,Pd-NiO/SWCNTs/1B23DTFB/CP has proved to be a promising methodology for the analysis and measuring of daunorubicin and tamoxifen in real (e.g., pharmaceutical) samples.

A new nickel-based co-crystal complex electrocatalyst amplified by NiO dope Pt nanostructure hybrid; a highly sensitive approach for determination of cysteamine in the presence of serotonin

A highly sensitive electrocatalytic sensor was designed and fabricated by the incorporation of NiO dope Pt nanostructure hybrid (NiO–Pt–H) as conductive mediator, bis (1,10 phenanthroline) (1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) nickel(II) hexafluorophosphate (B,1,10,P,1,10, PDNiPF6), and electrocatalyst into carbon paste electrode (CPE) matrix for the determination of cysteamine. The NiO–Pt–H was synthesized by one-pot synthesis strategy and characterized by XRD, elemental mapping analysis (MAP), and FESEM methods. The characterization data, which confirmed good purity and spherical shape with a diameter of ⁓ 30.64 nm for the synthesized NiO–Pt–H. NiO–Pt–H/B,1,10, P,1,10, PDNiPF6/CPE, showed an excellent catalytic activity and was used as a powerful tool for the determination of cysteamine in the presence of serotonin. The NiO–Pt–H/B,1,10, P,1,10, PDNiPF6/CPE was able to solve the overlap problem of the two drug signals and was used for the determination of cysteamine and serotonin in concentration ranges of 0.003–200 µM and 0.5–260 µM with detection limits of 0.5 nM and 0.1 µM, using square wave voltammetric method, respectively. The NiO–Pt–H/B,1,10,P,1,10,PDNiPF6/CPE showed a high-performance ability for the determination of cysteamine and serotonin in the drug and pharmaceutical serum samples with the recovery data of 98.1–103.06%.

Suppressor capacity of copper nanoparticles biosynthesized using Crocus sativus L. leaf aqueous extract on methadone-induced cell death in adrenal phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cell line

In this research, we prepared and formulated a neuroprotective supplement (copper nanoparticles in aqueous medium utilizing Crocus sativus L. Leaf aqueous extract) for determining its potential against methadone-induced cell death in PC12. The results of chemical characterization tests i.e., FE-SEM, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, TEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the study showed that copper nanoparticles were synthesized in the perfect way possible. In the TEM and FE-SEM images, the copper nanoparticles were in the mean size of 27.5 nm with the spherical shape. In the biological part of the present research, the Rat inflammatory cytokine assay kit was used to measure the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) test was used to show DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. Caspase-3 activity was assessed by the caspase activity colorimetric assay kit and mitochondrial membrane potential was studied by Rhodamine123 fluorescence dye. Also, the cell viability of PC12 was measured by trypan blue assay. Copper nanoparticles-treated cell cutlers significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the inflammatory cytokines concentrations, caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation and they raised the cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential in the high concentration of methadone-treated PC12 cells. The best result of neuroprotective properties was seen in the high dose of copper nanoparticles i.e., 4 µg. According to the above results, copper nanoparticles containing C. sativus leaf aqueous extract can be used in peripheral nervous system treatment as a neuroprotective promoter and central nervous system after approving in the clinical trial studies in humans.

Carbon-based ruthenium nanomaterial-based electroanalytical sensors for the detection of anticancer drug Idarubicin

In this work, a novel nanosensing platform was suggested based on ruthenium for the sensitive determination of Idarubicin anticancer drugs. Ruthenium/Vulcan carbon-based nanoparticles were synthesized ultrasonication method and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mean particle size of the nanoparticles calculated by the TEM analysis was found to be 1.98 nm ± 0.29 nm, and the Ru nanoparticles were mostly dispersed on the support material. Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface was modified with Ruthenium/Vulcan carbon-based nanomaterials (Ru@VC), and characterization of the nanosensor was performed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were found as 9.25 × 10^–9 M and 2.8 × 10^–8 M in buffer samples. To demonstrate the applicability and validity of developed nanosensor, it was used for the determination of Idarubicin in Idamen^® IV (10 mg/10 mL vial) and human serum sample. The results of recovery studies showed that the Ru@VC/GCE nanosensor was free from excipient interferences in the dosage forms of injection, and it can be successfully applied to biological samples.

A novel selective ternary platform fabricated with MgAl-layered double hydroxide/NiMn2O4 functionalized polyaniline nanocomposite deposited on a glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical sensing of levodopa

In this study, a novel selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated for determination of levodopa (LD) using a glassy carbon electrode modified with MgAl-layered double hydroxide/NiMn₂O₄ functionalized polyaniline nanocomposite (LDH/NMO/PANI) and its successful formation was confirmed by various techniques. Owing to the high surface area and outstanding conductivity features provided by the combination of MgAl-LDH, NiMn₂O₄ and PANI nanoparticles, this ternary nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical activity towards the detection of LD compared with the electrode modified by the pristine MgAl-LDH and MgAl-LDH/NiMn₂O₄ binary nanocomposite. In addition, enormous quantities of amine and imine functional groups on the surface of PANI lead to a strong affinity for attachment to organic molecules such as LD. The ternary nanocomposite modified electrode exhibited excellent analytical parameters such as wide linear response from 0.1 to 100 μM with very low detection limit of 0.005 μM, good reproducibility and long-term stability which are superior among the LD electrochemical sensors. Besides, the constructive sensor possessed acceptable selectivity for recognition of LD in the presence of a variety of potentially interfering species and can also effectively avoid the interference of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA). Consequently, the LDH/NMO/PANI/GC electrode was effectively applied to detect LD in human plasma and urine samples with good recoveries, ranging from 98.0-100.1% and it shows potential usage in clinical researches.

Facile and Fast Detection of Genistein in Derris scandens by Square Wave Voltammetry using a Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine-Modified Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensor

Background:

Recently, Derris scandens, a Thai herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory activity, is widely used as beverage and supplementary food. When the traditional medicine is a choice for health therapy, the simple and reliable equipment is required to control the suitable consuming amount of the active component.

Objective:

To develop the electrochemical sensor for genistein determination in Derris scandens with high sensitivity and rapid operation.

Methods:

An in-house screen-printed electrochemical sensor consisting of a three-electrode system was developed for genistein determination. A silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode, a carbon counter electrode and a carbon working electrode were prepared on a 0.3-mm-thick plastic substrate by the screen-printing technique using conductive ink. The dimensions of each sensor were 2.5×1.0 cm. Only 50 µL of sample solution was required on this device for the determination of genistein concentration by rapid response square wave voltammetry.

Results:

The oxidation peak of genistein appeared with good response in acidic media at a peak potential of 0.6 V. Moreover, the signal was enhanced by modifying the conductive carbon ink with cobalt( II) phthalocyanine. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was found to be 2.5-150 µM and the detection limit was 1.5 µM. Moreover, the small volume extraction was successfully developed without any further pre-concentration. This proposed method was applied to determine genistein in Derris scandens with satisfying results.

Conclusion:

The proposed method is promising as an alternative method for genistein determination with facile and fast analysis.