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Pedroza MA, Amendola D, Maggi L, Zalacain A, De Faveri DM, Spigno G. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Dried Waste Grape Skins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was investigated for recovering of total phenolic compounds from dried waste grape skins using a domestic microwave oven. Influence of vessel geometry, irradiation cycles, irradiation power and time was investigated. The results in terms of phenolics yield, antioxidant capacity and energy consumption were compared with a reference solid–liquid extraction (SLE) carried out for 2 h at 60°C. Equivalent yield of total phenolics as in SLE was achieved with a MAE extraction time of 1,033 sec (corresponding to 83 sec of irradiation at 900 W, 83% saving in extraction time compared to SLE and with a 70% energetic efficiency). Pre-maceration of samples and solvent pre-heating are proposed for large-scale industrial processes to enhance phenolics extraction and process efficiency.
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102
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Comparison of microwave, ultrasound and accelerated-assisted solvent extraction for recovery of polyphenols from Citrus sinensis peels. Food Chem 2015; 187:507-16. [PMID: 25977057 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peel of Citrus sinensis contains significant amounts of bioactive polyphenols that could be used as ingredients for a number of value-added products with health benefits. Extraction of polyphenols from the peels was performed using a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The effects of aqueous acetone concentration, microwave power, extraction time and solvent-to-solid ratio on the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA) (using DPPH and ORAC-values) and individual phenolic acids (IPA) were investigated using a response surface method. The TPC, TAA and IPA of peel extracts using MAE was compared with conventional, ultrasound-assisted and accelerated solvent extraction. The maximum predicted TPC under the optimal MAE conditions (51% acetone concentration in water (v/v), 500 W microwave power, 122 s extraction time and 25 mL g(-1) solvent to solid ratio), was 12.20 mg GAE g(-1) DW. The TPC and TAA in MAE extracts were higher than the other three extracts.
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103
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104
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Chan CH, Yusoff R, Ngoh GC. Assessment of Scale-Up Parameters of Microwave-Assisted Extraction via the Extraction of Flavonoids from Cocoa Leaves. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201400459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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105
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Catechins: Sources, extraction and encapsulation: A review. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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106
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Wong Paz JE, Muñiz Márquez DB, Martínez Ávila GCG, Belmares Cerda RE, Aguilar CN. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from native plants in the Mexican desert. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 22:474-481. [PMID: 25012563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several plants that are rich in polyphenolic compounds and exhibit biological properties are grown in the desert region of Mexico under extreme climate conditions. These compounds have been recovered by classic methodologies in these plants using organic solvents. However, little information is available regarding the use of alternative extraction technologies, such as ultrasound. In this paper, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters, such as the liquid:solid ratio, solvent concentration and extraction time, were studied using response surface methodology (RSM) for the extraction of polyphenols from desert plants including Jatrophadioica,Flourensiacernua, Turneradiffusa and Eucalyptuscamaldulensis. Key process variables (i.e., liquid:solid ratio and ethanol concentration) exert the greatest influence on the extraction of all of the phenolic compounds (TPC) in the studied plants. The best conditions for the extraction of TPC involved an extraction time of 40min, an ethanol concentration of 35% and a liquid:solid ratio ranging from 8 to 12mlg(-1) depending on the plant. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained in the E. camaldulensis extracts. The results indicated the ability of UAE to obtain polyphenolic antioxidant preparations from desert plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Wong Paz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Diana B Muñiz Márquez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | | | - Ruth E Belmares Cerda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal N Aguilar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
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107
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Wei S. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pigments from Hylocereus undatus flowers: optimization, antioxidant activity, and HPLC analysis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization extraction, antioxidant activity, and HPLC analysis of pigments fromHylocereus undatusflowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- P.R. China
| | - Shoulian Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Zhaoqing University
- Zhaoqing
- P.R. China
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108
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Zhao Y, Hou Y, Tang G, Cai E, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L, Wang S. Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activities In Vitro. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:864654. [PMID: 25478287 PMCID: PMC4244914 DOI: 10.1155/2014/864654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim was modeled using response surface methodology. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to optimize three extraction variables, including ethanol concentration (X 1), extraction time (X 2), and ratio of aqueous ethanol to raw material (X 3), for the achievement of high extraction yield of the phenolic compounds. The optimized conditions are X 1 of 50% (v/v), X 2 of 27.5 min, and X 3 of 250 mL/g. Under these conditions, the experimental yield is 4.29 ± 0.033% (n = 3). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). And it indicates that the phenolic compounds from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim possess significant antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis reveals that the main phenolic compound in the extract product was identified as gallic acid, catechin (Cianidanol), p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulaic acid, rutin, benzoic acid, and quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Guosheng Tang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Enbo Cai
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shuangli Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - He Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
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109
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Zhao S, Baik OD, Choi YJ, Kim SM. Pretreatments for the efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from plant-based biomaterials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1283-97. [PMID: 24564586 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.632698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of medicinal or functional compounds from herbal plants is an important unit operation in food and bio-industries. The target compounds are generally present inter- or intra-cellularly in an intricate microstructure formed by cells, intercellular spaces, capillaries, and pores. The major resistance of molecular diffusion in materials of plant origin always comes from the intact cell walls and adhering membranes. Therefore, increasing the permeability of cell walls and membranes plays a very important role to increase extraction yield and/or extraction rate. Important pretreatment methods to modify the cellular structures and increase the permeability of cell walls or membranes are discussed in this paper. They include physical, biologic, and chemical treatments. In physical methods, mechanical disruption, high-pressure (HP) process, pulsed electric field (PEF) application, ultrasonic treatment, and freeze-thaw, and so on were applied. In biologic methods, different cell wall-degrading enzymes were applied to break-down cell walls or membranes and to diminish the overall internal resistance for transporting bioactive compounds from internal matrix to the external solution. In chemical methods, various chemicals for increasing the inner- or outer-membrane permeabilization were introduced. The principles of the technologies, examples of improvements, and advantages and disadvantages of the pretreatment methods are critically reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Zhao
- a Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , SK , Canada
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110
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Chumnanpaisont N, Niamnuy C, Devahastin S. Mathematical model for continuous and intermittent microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compound from plant material: Extraction of β-carotene from carrot peels. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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111
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Dahmoune F, Nayak B, Moussi K, Remini H, Madani K. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Myrtus communis L. leaves. Food Chem 2014; 166:585-595. [PMID: 25053097 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals, such as phenolic compounds, are of great interest due to their health-benefitting antioxidant properties and possible protection against inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. Maximum retention of these phytochemicals during extraction requires optimised process parameter conditions. A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was investigated for extraction of total phenolics from Myrtus communis leaves. The total phenolic capacity (TPC) of leaf extracts at optimised MAE conditions was compared with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional solvent extraction (CSE). The influence of extraction parameters including ethanol concentration, microwave power, irradiation time and solvent-to-solid ratio on the extraction of TPC was modeled by using a second-order regression equation. The optimal MAE conditions were 42% ethanol concentration, 500 W microwave power, 62 s irradiation time and 32 mL/g solvent to material ratio. Ethanol concentration and liquid-to-solid ratio were the significant parameters for the extraction process (p<0.01). Under the MAE optimised conditions, the recovery of TPC was 162.49 ± 16.95 mg gallic acidequivalent/gdry weight(DW), approximating the predicted content (166.13 mg GAE/g DW). When bioactive phytochemicals extracted from Myrtus leaves using MAE compared with UAE and CSE, it was also observed that tannins (32.65 ± 0.01 mg/g), total flavonoids (5.02 ± 0.05 mg QE/g) and antioxidant activities (38.20 ± 1.08 μg GAE/mL) in MAE extracts were higher than the other two extracts. These findings further illustrate that extraction of bioactive phytochemicals from plant materials using MAE method consumes less extraction solvent and saves time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Dahmoune
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometrics, Abderrahmane Mira University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Balunkeswar Nayak
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States.
| | - Kamal Moussi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometrics, Abderrahmane Mira University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Hocine Remini
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometrics, Abderrahmane Mira University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Khodir Madani
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometrics, Abderrahmane Mira University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
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112
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Chan CH, Yusoff R, Ngoh GC. Modeling and kinetics study of conventional and assisted batch solvent extraction. Chem Eng Res Des 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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113
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Mediani A, Abas F, Tan CP, Khatib A. Effects of Different Drying Methods and Storage Time on Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Cosmos Caudatus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:358-70. [PMID: 26784876 PMCID: PMC4665491 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of air (AD), oven (OD) and freeze drying (FD) on the free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of Cosmos caudatus and the effect of storage time by the comparison with a fresh sample (FS). Among the three drying methods that were used, AD resulted in the highest free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 0.0223 mg/mL) and total phenolic content (27.4 g GAE/100 g), whereas OD produced the lowest scavenging activity and TPC value. After three months of storage, the dried samples showed a high and consistent free radical scavenging activity when compared to stored fresh material. The drying methods could preserve the quality of C. caudatus during storage and the stability of its bioactive components can be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mediani
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia.
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114
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115
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The optimum conditions for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from the Persian gulf green algae (Chaetomorpha sp.) using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:2974-81. [PMID: 25892798 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of antioxidant activity of the green algae (Chaetomorpha sp.) was studied in this work. The optimum processing conditions for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from dried green algae were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was applied to determine the effects of three process variables as follows: solvent concentration (percent), extraction time (min) and microwave power (w) on total phenolic contents, ferric reducing power, 2'2-dipheny-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity assays. The independent variables were coded at five levels and CCD included 20 experimental runs with six replications at the center point. The statistical analysis of data was performed using design expert software and second-order polynomial models generated after analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied for predicting the responses. The results revealed that the highest total phenol content and reducing power were 1.09 and 0.12 mg of tannic acid equivalent/g dry weight, respectively. The maximum antioxidant activity was 0.19 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry weight and DPPH was 99.8 % under MAE. The optimum conditions using RSM for the predicted responses were: microwave power 300 W, extraction time 8 min and solvent concentration 25 %, respectively. Furthermore the actual experimental values were adjacent to the corresponding predicted values which demonstrated fitness of the employed models and suitability of RSM in extraction parameters optimization.
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116
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The Use of Microwave and Pulsed Electric Field as a Pretreatment Step in Ultrasonic Extraction of Polyphenols from Defatted Hemp Seed Cake (Cannabis sativa) Using Response Surface Methodology. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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117
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Haddadi-Guemghar H, Janel N, Dairou J, Remini H, Madani K. Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction of prune (Prunus domestica) antioxidants by response surface methodology. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Haddadi-Guemghar
- Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientométrie; Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie; Université de Bejaia; 06000 Bejaia Algéria
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, Bioprofiler facility; F-75205 Paris France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, Bioprofiler facility; F-75205 Paris France
| | - Hocine Remini
- Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientométrie; Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie; Université de Bejaia; 06000 Bejaia Algéria
| | - Khodir Madani
- Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientométrie; Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie; Université de Bejaia; 06000 Bejaia Algéria
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118
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Torun M, Dincer C, Topuz A, Sahin-Nadeem H, Ozdemir F. Aqueous extraction kinetics of soluble solids, phenolics and flavonoids from sage (Salvia fruticosa Miller) leaves. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:2797-805. [PMID: 25892777 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, aqueous extraction kinetics of total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from Salvia fruticosa leaves were investigated throughout 150 min. of extraction period against temperature (60-80 °C), particle size (2-8 mm) and loading percentage (1-4 %). The extract yielded 25 g/100 g TSS which contained 30 g/100 g TPC and 25 g/100 g TFC. The extraction data in time course fit with reversible first order kinetic model. All tested variables showed significant effect on the estimated kinetic parameters except equilibrium concentration. Increasing the extraction temperature resulted high extraction rate constants and equilibrium concentrations of the tested variables notably above 70 °C. By using the Arrhenius relationship, activation energy of the TSS, TPC and TFC were determined as 46.11 ± 5.61, 36.80 ± 3.12 and 33.52 ± 2.23 kj/mol, respectively. By decreasing the particle size, the extraction rate constants and diffusion coefficients exponentially increased whereas equilibrium concentrations did not change significantly. The equilibrium concentrations of the tested parameters showed linear behavior with increasing the loading percentage of the sage, however; the change in extraction rates did not show linear behavior due to submerging effect of 4 % loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Torun
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Dincer
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Topuz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilal Sahin-Nadeem
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Feramuz Ozdemir
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07059 Antalya, Turkey
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119
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Rahim A, Nofrizal S, Saad B. Rapid tea catechins and caffeine determination by HPLC using microwave-assisted extraction and silica monolithic column. Food Chem 2014; 147:262-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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120
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Nuhu AA. Bioactive micronutrients in coffee: recent analytical approaches for characterization and quantification. ISRN NUTRITION 2014; 2014:384230. [PMID: 24967266 PMCID: PMC4045301 DOI: 10.1155/2014/384230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Production of coffee beans is an important lifeline for the economy of several countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The brew from this well sought for cash crop is readily consumed due to its good sensory qualities owing to the presence of many micronutrients. Some of these chemical compounds possess biological activities, including antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Four representative groups of these micronutrients, namely, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, diterpenes, and trigonelline, play key roles in these bioactive effects of coffee. In order to guarantee the quality of coffee products and to protect consumer interest and safeguard their well-being, it is extremely important to employ sensitive and accurate analytical methods in the characterization and quantitative determination of these bioactive constituents. This review aims to present recent applications in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmumin A. Nuhu
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1069, Zaria, Kaduna 2222, Nigeria
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121
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Development of a microwave-assisted extraction for the analysis of phenolic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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122
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Vuong QV. Epidemiological Evidence Linking Tea Consumption to Human Health: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:523-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.594184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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123
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Solvent and solvent to sample ratio as main parameters in the microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from apple pomace. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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124
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Chan CH, Yusoff R, Ngoh GC. Modeling and prediction of extraction profile for microwave-assisted extraction based on absorbed microwave energy. Food Chem 2013; 140:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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125
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Ilbay Z, Sahin S, Kırbaşlar Sİ. Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) with response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2804-2809. [PMID: 23576112 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from rosehip (Rosa canina L.) was investigated. The aim of the study was to examine the extraction parameters such as extraction time (30-90 min), temperature (30-50 °C) and solvent concentration (40-100% ethanol, v/v), and to obtain the best possible combinations of these parameters by using response surface methodology. RESULTS The experiments were performed according to the face-centred central design. Total phenolic content was expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dried matter (DM). The second-order polynomial model gave a satisfactory description of the experimental data. 47.23 mg GAE g(-1) DM was predicted at the optimum operating conditions (40% EtOH composition, 50 °C of temperature, and 81.23 min of extraction time). CONCLUSION All of the parameters (ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature) used in this research have the significant effect on the extraction efficiency of total phenolic content in rosehip extracts (P < 0.05). The solvent concentration was proved to be the most significant effective on the yields obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ilbay
- Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
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126
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Microwave Maceration of Pinot Noir Grape Must: Sanitation and Extraction Effects and Wine Phenolics Outcomes. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-013-1112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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127
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Investigation of Polyhenolic Content of Rose Hip ( Rosa canina L.) Tea Extracts: A Comparative Study. Foods 2013; 2:43-52. [PMID: 28239095 PMCID: PMC5302237 DOI: 10.3390/foods2010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different brands of Rose hip (Rosa canina L.) tea were extracted with water, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and aqueous mixtures (50%, v/v) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet methods. Total phenolic content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results were presented by means of the extract yields and total phenolic contents, expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of dried matter (DM). The greatest amount of extract observed in tea samples was obtained by UAE through water with the value of 619.37 ± 0.58 mg/g DM. Regarding the phenolic content, the best result was achieved by the Soxhlet method through 50% MeOH mixture (59.69 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g DM), followed by the UAE method with water (48.59 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g DM).
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128
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Extraction characteristics and optimal parameters of anthocyanin from blueberry powder under microwave-assisted extraction conditions. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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129
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Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactives from arecanut (Areca catechu L.) and optimization study using response surface methodology. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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130
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Abstract
Antioxidant activity of the flavonoids from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peel obtained by conventional soxhlet extraction (CSE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction were investigated. For measuring antioxidant activities, different methods have been used corresponding to different levels of antioxidant action. The results indicated that the extraction yields of flavonoids by MAE and SC-CO2 extraction were higher than that by CSE method, whereas flavoniods by SC-CO2 extraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities. Our results indicated that SC-CO2 extraction method could effectively reserve the antioxidant ability of pomelo peel flavonoids.
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131
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Gude V, Patil P, Martinez-Guerra E, Deng S, Nirmalakhandan N. Microwave energy potential for biodiesel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2043-7129-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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132
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Şahin S, Samlı R. Optimization of olive leaf extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with response surface methodology. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:595-602. [PMID: 22964032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present article, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols from agricultural and industrial waste of olive oil and table oil productions, olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves were investigated. The aim of the study is to examine the extraction parameters such as solvent concentration (0-100% ethanol (EtOH), v/v), the ratio of solid to solvent (25-50mg/mL) and extraction time (20-60 min), and to obtain the best possible combinations of these parameters through response surface methodology (RSM). The extract yield was stated as mg extract per g of dried leaf (DL). Total phenolic content was expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of dried leaf. Free radical scavenging activity for the antioxidant capacity was tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The second order polynomial model gave a satisfactory description of the experimental data. 201.2158 mg extract/g DL, 25.0626 mg GAE/g DL, and 95.5610% in respect to inhibition of DPPH radical were predicted at the optimum operating conditions (500 mg solid to 10 mL solvent ratio, 60 min of extraction time and 50% EtOH composition), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Şahin
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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133
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Zhang Y, Zheng B, Tian Y, Huang S. Microwave-assisted extraction and anti-oxidation activity of polyphenols from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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134
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Liu L, Liu RL, Zhang J, Zhang ZQ. Study on the PEG-based microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoid compounds from persimmon leaves. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3412-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Rui-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University; Xi'an P. R. China
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135
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Mass Transfer During Vanilla Pods Solid Liquid Extraction: Effect of Extraction Method. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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136
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Vuong QV, Tan SP, Stathopoulos CE, Roach PD. Improved extraction of green tea components from teabags using the microwave oven. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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137
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QUISPE-FUENTES ISSIS, VEGA-GÁLVEZ ANTONIO, MIRANDA MARGARITA, LEMUS-MONDACA ROBERTO, LOZANO MARIBEL, AH-HEN KONG. A KINETIC APPROACH TO SAPONIN EXTRACTION DURING WASHING OF QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM QUINOAWILLD.) SEEDS. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2012.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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138
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Ahmad J, Langrish T. Optimisation of total phenolic acids extraction from mandarin peels using microwave energy: The importance of the Maillard reaction. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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139
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Rodríguez-Rojo S, Visentin A, Maestri D, Cocero M. Assisted extraction of rosemary antioxidants with green solvents. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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140
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Effect of energy density and citric acid concentration on anthocyanins yield and solution temperature of grape peel in microwave-assisted extraction process. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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141
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Delazar A, Nahar L, Hamedeyazdan S, Sarker SD. Microwave-assisted extraction in natural products isolation. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 864:89-115. [PMID: 22367895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-624-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) or simply microwave extraction is a relatively new extraction technique that combines microwave and traditional solvent extraction. Application of microwaves for heating the solvents and plant tissues in extraction process, which increases the kinetic of extraction, is called microwave-assisted extraction. MAE has a number of advantages, e.g., shorter extraction time, less solvent, higher extraction rate and lower cost, over traditional method of extraction of compounds from various matrices, especially natural products. The use of MAE in natural products extraction started in the late 1980s, and through the technological developments, it has now become one of the popular and cost-effective extraction methods available today, and several advanced MAE instrumentations and methodologies have become available, e.g., pressurized microwave-assisted extraction (PMAE) and solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction (SFMAE). This chapter provides an overview of the MAE and presents a number of specific protocols for natural products extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Delazar
- School of Pharmacy and Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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142
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143
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Zhang HF, Yang XH, Wang Y. Microwave assisted extraction of secondary metabolites from plants: Current status and future directions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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144
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Xiao X, Song W, Wang J, Li G. Microwave-assisted extraction performed in low temperature and in vacuo for the extraction of labile compounds in food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 712:85-93. [PMID: 22177069 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, low temperature vacuum microwave-assisted extraction, which simultaneous performed microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) in low temperature and in vacuo environment, was proposed. The influencing parameters including solid/liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, degree of vacuum and microwave power were discussed. The predominance of low temperature vacuum microwave-assisted extraction was investigated by comparing the extraction yields of vitamin C, β-carotene, aloin A and astaxanthin in different foods with that in MAE and solvent extraction, and 5.2-243% increments were obtained. On the other hand, the chemical kinetics of vitamin C and aloin A, which composed two different steps including the extraction step of analyte transferred from matrix into solvent and the decomposition step of analyte degraded in the extraction solvent, were proposed. All of the decomposition rates (K(2)) for the selected analyte in low temperature, in vacuo and in nitrogen atmosphere decreased significantly comparing with that in conventional MAE, which are in agreement with that obtained from experiments. Consequently, the present method was successfully applied to extract labile compound from different food samples. These results showed that low temperature and/or in vacuo environment in microwave-assisted extraction system was especially important to prevent the degradation of labile components and have good potential on the extraction of labile compound in foods, pharmaceutical and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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145
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Damm M, Kappe CO. A high-throughput platform for low-volume high-temperature/pressure sealed vessel solvent extractions. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 707:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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146
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Li XY, Li N, Luo HD, Lin LR, Zou ZX, Jia YZ, Li YQ. A novel synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic approach for the rapid determination of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea with simple microwave-assisted pretreatment of sample. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5899-5905. [PMID: 21520950 DOI: 10.1021/jf104873g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic, and some have been reported to be present in tea. People can be exposed to PAHs through tea consumption. Therefore, there is real importance for the determination of PAHs in tea. Because of the complex matrix of tea, it is hard to detect PAHs in tea without cleanup and chromatographic separation procedures. In this research, for the first time, a novel synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic approach coupling nonlinear variable-angle synchronous and matrix-isopotential synchronous scanning modes has been developed for the rapid determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), and anthracene (AN) in tea with simple microwave-assisted pretreatment of samples. This novel technique is able to resolve the spectra of the three PAHs well, even with interference from other EPA PAHs. The detection limits for BaP, BkF, and AN in tea were 0.18-0.28, 0.55-0.89, and 0.64-3.58 μg/kg, respectively, depending on various teas, with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 77.1 to 116%. The relative standard deviations achieved for BaP, BkF, and AN were 1.5, 6.6, and 8.5% for green tea; 2.9, 7.4, and 2.1% for oolong tea; and 5.6, 5.4, and 5.8% for black tea, respectively. Our results showed good correlation with those of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The approach developed is simple, reliable, and cost-efficient, providing an attractive alternative for the rapid selective screening of PAHs in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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147
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DONG J, GAO W, LU D, WANG Y. SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF FOUR POLYPHENOLS FROM LEAVES OF LYCIUM BARBARUM L. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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148
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Soybean and rice bran oil extraction in a continuous microwave system: From laboratory- to pilot-scale. J FOOD ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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149
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Sosa M, Rodríguez-Rojo S, Mattea F, Cismondi M, Cocero M. Green tea encapsulation by means of high pressure antisolvent coprecipitation. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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150
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Vuong QV, Golding JB, Nguyen M, Roach PD. Extraction and isolation of catechins from tea. J Sep Sci 2011; 33:3415-28. [PMID: 21049524 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tea is a major source of catechins, which have become well known for their antioxidant potential. Numerous human, animal, and in vitro studies have linked tea catechins with prevention of certain types of cancers, reduction of the risks for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and improvement of the immune system. Tea catechins are widely used in various neutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics for either enhancing product shelf-life or for enhancing human health. Thus, the demand for catechins has increased considerably. Catechins have been extracted and isolated from tea leaves by numerous methods through several steps including: treatment of the tea leaves, extraction of catechins from teas into solvents, isolation of catechins from other extracted components, and drying the preparations to obtain catechin extracts in a powder form. This paper outlines the physical and chemical properties of the tea catechins and reviews the extraction steps of the various extraction methods, as a basis to improve and further develop the extraction and isolation of the tea catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan V Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.
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