101
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Evidence that conditioned avoidance responses are reinforced by positive prediction errors signaled by tonic striatal dopamine. Behav Brain Res 2013; 241:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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102
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Liu Y, Pan W, Yang S, Wu X, Wu J, Ma J, Yuan Z, Meng S. Interleukin-22 protects rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells from serum deprivation-induced cell death. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 371:137-46. [PMID: 22983826 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), an IL-10 family cytokine, mediates the crosstalk between leukocytes and epithelial cells. Previous studies reported that IL-22 expresses in mouse brain, and the rat PC12 cells are responsive to IL-22 stimulation. However, the biological roles of IL-22 in neuronal cells remain largely unknown. We show here that IL-22 activates Stat3, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and Akt pathways and inhibits Erk/MAPK pathway in naïve PC12 cells. We further demonstrate that IL-22 protects naïve PC12 cells from serum starvation-induced cell death via the Jak1/Stat3 and Akt pathways. We also show that IL-22 has no effects on naïve PC12 cell proliferation and cannot protect naïve PC12 cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced cytotoxicity. However, IL-22 exerts a dose-dependent protective effect on MPP(+)-induced neurodegeneration in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. Overall, our data suggest that IL-22 might play a role in neurological processes. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that IL-22 confers a neuroprotective function, which may provide a new therapeutic option for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Nantong West Road No. 98, Yangzhou 225001, China
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103
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Wang XH, Lu G, Hu X, Tsang KS, Kwong WH, Wu FX, Meng HW, Jiang S, Liu SW, Ng HK, Poon WS. Quantitative assessment of gait and neurochemical correlation in a classical murine model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:142. [PMID: 23151254 PMCID: PMC3507899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gait deficits are important clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, existing behavioral tests for the detection of motor impairments in rodents with systemic dopamine depletion only measure akinesia and dyskinesia, and data focusing on gait are scarce. We evaluated gait changes in the methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced C57BL/6 murine model of PD by using a computer-assisted CatWalk system. Correlations of gait parameters with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels in the substantia nigra (SN) were also investigated. Results The gait readouts, including the walking duration, variation of walking speed, step cycle, duty cycle, stance, initial dual stance, terminal dual stance, three- and four-point supports, and the base of support between hind limbs was noted to increase significantly one week after MPTP injection. In contrast, values of the stride length, cadence, swing speed, and diagonal dual support decreased substantially following MPTP treatment (p < 0.05). All of these changes lasted for three weeks after the last MPTP administration. Except for the stance in the fore limbs and the swing speed in the hind limbs, the gait variability in the PD mice showed a closer correlation with the protein levels of TH in the SN than the walking distances in the conventional open field test. Coordination parameters of the regularity index and step pattern were not affected in mice treated with MPTP. Conclusion Data of the study suggest that the computer-assisted CatWalk system can provide reliable and objective criteria to stratify gait changes arising from MPTP-induced bilateral lesions in C57/BL6 mice. The extent of gait changes was noted to correlate with the expression of the biomarker for dopaminergic neurons. This novel analytical method may hold promise in the study of disease progression and new drug screening in a murine PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hong Wang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
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104
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Lindgren HS, Dunnett SB. Cognitive dysfunction and depression in Parkinson's disease: what can be learned from rodent models? Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1894-907. [PMID: 22708601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has for decades been considered a pure motor disorder and its cardinal motor symptoms have been attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and to nigral Lewy body pathology. However, there has more recently been a shift in the conceptualization of the disease, and its pathological features have now been recognized as involving several other areas of the brain and indeed even outside the central nervous system. There are a corresponding variety of intrinsic non-motor symptoms such as autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances and neuropsychiatric problems, which cannot be explained exclusively by nigral pathology. In this review, we will focus on cognitive impairment and affective symptoms in PD, and we will consider whether, and how, these deficits can best be modelled in rodent models of the disorder. As only a few of the non-motor symptoms respond to standard DA replacement therapies, the quest for a broader therapeutic approach remains a major research effort, and success in this area in particular will be strongly dependent on appropriate rodent models. In addition, better understanding of the different models, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the available behavioural tasks, will result in better tools for evaluating new treatment strategies for PD patients suffering from these neuropsychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S Lindgren
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK.
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105
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Rampersaud N, Harkavyi A, Giordano G, Lever R, Whitton J, Whitton PS. Exendin-4 reverses biochemical and behavioral deficits in a pre-motor rodent model of Parkinson's disease with combined noradrenergic and serotonergic lesions. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:183-93. [PMID: 22921965 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on Parkinson's disease (PD) has mainly focused on the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of nigro-striatal pathway; however, post-mortem studies have demonstrated that other brain regions such as the locus coeruleus (LC) and raphe nuclei (RN) are significantly affected as well. Degeneration of these crucial neuronal cell bodies may be responsible for depressive behavior and cognitive decline present in the pre-motor stage of PD. We have thus set out to create a pre-motor rodent model of PD which mimics the early stages of the condition. N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4), a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin, and parachloroampetamine (pCA), a selective serotonergic neurotoxin, were utilized concomitantly with bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections into the striatum to produce a pre-motor rodent model of PD with partial deficits in the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. Our model exhibited a depressive/anhedonic condition as assessed using sucrose preference testing and the forced swim test. Our model also demonstrated deficits in object memory. These behavioral impairments were accompanied by a decline in both tissue and extracellular levels of all three neurotransmitters in both the frontal cortex and striatum. Immunohistochemistry also revealed a decrease in TH+ cells in the LC and substantia nigra. Exendin-4 (EX-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, promoted recovery of both the biochemical and behavioral dysfunction exhibited by our model. EX-4 was able to preserve the functional integrity of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. In conclusion, we have generated a novel animal model of PD that recapitulates certain pre-motor symptomology. These symptoms and causative physiology are ameliorated upon treatment with EX-4 and thus it could be used as a possible therapy for the non-motor symptoms prominent in the early stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rampersaud
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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106
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Morais LH, Lima MM, Martynhak BJ, Santiago R, Takahashi TT, Ariza D, Barbiero JK, Andreatini R, Vital MA. Characterization of motor, depressive-like and neurochemical alterations induced by a short-term rotenone administration. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1081-90. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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107
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Pienaar IS, Lu B, Schallert T. Closing the gap between clinic and cage: sensori-motor and cognitive behavioural testing regimens in neurotoxin-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2305-24. [PMID: 22910679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that make use of chemical toxins to adversely affect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway of rodents and primates have contributed significantly towards the development of symptomatic therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although their use in developing neuro-therapeutic and -regenerative compounds remains to be ascertained, toxin-based mammalian and a range of non-mammalian models of PD are important tools in the identification and validation of candidate biomarkers for earlier diagnosis, as well as in the development of novel treatments that are currently working their way into the clinic. Toxin models of PD have and continue to be important models to use for understanding the consequences of nigrostriatal dopamine cell loss. Functional assessment of these models is also a critical component for eventual translational success. Sensitive behavioural testing regimens for assessing the extent of dysfunction exhibited in the toxin models, the degree of protection or improvement afforded by potential treatment modalities, and the correlation of these findings with what is observed clinically in PD patients, ultimately determines whether a potential treatment moves to clinical trials. Here, we review existing published work that describes the use of such behavioural outcome measures associated with toxin models of parkinsonism. In particular, we focus on tests assessing sensorimotor and cognitive function, both of which are significantly and progressively impaired in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Pienaar
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Department of Neurology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
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108
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Zurkovsky L, Bychkov E, Tsakem EL, Siedlecki C, Blakely RD, Gurevich EV. Cognitive effects of dopamine depletion in the context of diminished acetylcholine signaling capacity in mice. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:171-83. [PMID: 22864020 PMCID: PMC3529349 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of patients with Parkinson’s disease acquires a debilitating dementia characterized by severe cognitive impairments (i.e. Parkinson’s disease dementia; PDD). Brains from PDD patients show extensive cholinergic loss as well as dopamine (DA) depletion. We used a mutant mouse model to directly test whether combined cholinergic and DA depletion leads to a cognitive profile resembling PDD. Mice carrying heterozygous deletion of the high-affinity, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (CHTHET) show reduced levels of acetylcholine throughout the brain. We achieved bilateral DA depletion in CHTHET and wild-type (WT) littermates via intra-striatal infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or used vehicle as control. Executive function and memory were evaluated using rodent versions of cognitive tasks commonly used with human subjects: the set-shifting task and spatial and novel-object recognition paradigms. Our studies revealed impaired acquisition of attentional set in the set-shifting paradigm in WT-6OHDA and CHTHET-vehicle mice that was exacerbated in the CHTHET-6OHDA mice. The object recognition test following a 24-hour delay was also impaired in CHTHET-6OHDA mice compared with all other groups. Treatment with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors physostigmine (0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg) and donepezil (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) reversed the impaired object recognition of the CHTHET-6OHDA mice. Our data demonstrate an exacerbated cognitive phenotype with dual ACh and DA depletion as compared with either insult alone, with traits analogous to those observed in PDD patients. The results suggest that combined loss of DA and ACh could be sufficient for pathogenesis of specific cognitive deficits in PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Zurkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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109
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Potential of D-cycloserine in the treatment of behavioral and neuroinflammatory disorders in Parkinson's disease and studies that need to be performed before clinical trials. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:407-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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110
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Blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits cognition and neurodegeneration in an MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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111
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Riddle J, Rokosik S, Napier T. Pramipexole- and methamphetamine-induced reward-mediated behavior in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease and controls. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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112
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McDowell K, Chesselet MF. Animal models of the non-motor features of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:597-606. [PMID: 22236386 PMCID: PMC3442929 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) occur in roughly 90% of patients, have a profound negative impact on their quality of life, and often go undiagnosed. NMS typically involve many functional systems, and include sleep disturbances, neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits, and autonomic and sensory dysfunction. The development and use of animal models have provided valuable insight into the classical motor symptoms of PD over the past few decades. Toxin-induced models provide a suitable approach to study aspects of the disease that derive from the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, a cardinal feature of PD. This also includes some NMS, primarily cognitive dysfunction. However, several NMS poorly respond to dopaminergic treatments, suggesting that they may be due to other pathologies. Recently developed genetic models of PD are providing new ways to model these NMS and identify their mechanisms. This review summarizes the current available literature on the ability of both toxin-induced and genetically-based animal models to reproduce the NMS of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly McDowell
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
| | - Marie-Françoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
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113
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Brooks SP, Dunnett SB. Cognitive deficits in animal models of basal ganglia disorders. Brain Res Bull 2012; 92:29-40. [PMID: 22588013 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The two most common neurological disorders of the basal ganglia are Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). The most overt symptoms of these diseases are motoric, reflecting the loss of the striatal medium spiny neurons in HD and ascending substantia nigra dopaminergic cells in PD. However, both disease processes induce insidious psychiatric and cognitive syndromes that can manifest well in advance of the onset of motor deficits. These early deficits provide an opportunity for prophylactic therapeutic intervention in order to retard disease progression from the earliest possible point. In order to exploit this opportunity, animal models of HD and PD are being probed for the specific cognitive deficits represented in the disease states. At the neuronal level, these deficits are typically, but not exclusively, mediated by disruption of parallel corticostriatal loops that integrate motor information with sensory and higher order, "executive" cognitive functions. Dysfunction in these systems can be probed with sensitive behavioural tests that selectively probe these cognitive functions in mouse models with focal lesions of striatal or cortical regions, or of specific neurotransmitter systems. Typically these tests were designed and validated in rats. With the advent of genetically modified mouse models of disease, validated tests provide an opportunity to screen mouse models of disease for early onset cognitive deficits. This review seeks to draw together the literature on cognitive deficits in HD and PD, to determine the extent to which these deficits are represented in the current animal models of disease, and to evaluate the viability of selecting cognitive deficits as potential therapeutic targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Animal Models'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Brooks
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
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114
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Fernandes VS, Santos JR, Leão AH, Medeiros AM, Melo TG, Izídio GS, Cabral A, Ribeiro RA, Abílio VC, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH. Repeated treatment with a low dose of reserpine as a progressive model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:154-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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115
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Hsieh MH, Gu SL, Ho SC, Pawlak CR, Lin CL, Ho YJ, Lai TJ, Wu FY. Effects of MK-801 on recognition and neurodegeneration in an MPTP-induced Parkinson's rat model. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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116
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Braun AA, Graham DL, Schaefer TL, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Dorsal striatal dopamine depletion impairs both allocentric and egocentric navigation in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:402-8. [PMID: 22465436 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Successful navigation requires interactions among multiple but overlapping neural pathways mediating distinct capabilities, including egocentric (self-oriented, route-based) and allocentric (spatial, map-based) learning. Route-based navigation has been shown to be impaired following acute exposure to the dopaminergic (DA) drugs (+)-methamphetamine and (+)-amphetamine, but not the serotoninergic (5-HT) drugs (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or (±)-fenfluramine. The dopaminergic-rich neostriatum is involved in both allocentric and egocentric navigation. This experiment tested whether dorsal striatal DA loss using bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections impaired one or both types of navigation. Two weeks following 6-OHDA injections, rats began testing in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM) followed by the Morris water maze (MWM) for route-based and spatial navigation, respectively. 6-OHDA treatment significantly increased latency and errors in the CWM and path length, latency, and cumulative distance in the MWM with no difference on cued MWM trials. Neostriatal DA levels were reduced by 80% at 2 and 7 weeks post-treatment. In addition, 6-OHDA increased DA turnover and decreased norepinephrine (NE) levels. 6-OHDA injections did not alter monoamine levels in the prefrontal cortex. The data support that neostriatal DA modulates both types of navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Braun
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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117
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Lelos MJ, Dowd E, Dunnett SB. Nigral grafts in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Is recovery beyond motor function possible? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [PMID: 23195417 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has long been considered predominantly to be a "movement disorder," and it is only relatively recently that nonmotor symptoms of PD have been recognized to be a major concern to patients. Consequently, there has been surprisingly little investigation into the feasibility of utilizing cell replacement therapies to ameliorate any of the nonmotor dysfunctions of PD. In this chapter, we identify nonmotor impairments associated predominately with dopaminergic dysmodulation, evaluate the few emerging studies that have identified a role for dopamine and nigral transplantation in nonmotor performance, and consider a number of outstanding questions and considerations dominating the field of nigral transplantation today. Preliminary results obtained from rodent models of PD, despite being limited in number, give clear indications of graft effects on striatal processing beyond the simple activation of motor output and promise a major, exciting, and fruitful new avenue of research for the next decade. We can now consider the prospect of rewriting the opportunities for treating patients, with new stem cell sources to be complemented by new targets for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah J Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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118
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Ciobica A, Olteanu Z, Padurariu M, Hritcu L. The effects of pergolide on memory and oxidative stress in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 68:59-69. [PMID: 22006204 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) involves injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) directly into the substantia nigra (SN). Some recent reports speculated that dopaminergic drugs may exert brain antioxidant activity, which could explain some of their protective actions. In this way, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of low-dose pergolide on memory deficits and brain oxidative stress in a 6-OHDA-induced rat model of PD. Right-unilateral lesions of the SN were produced with 6-OHDA. Two weeks after neurosurgery, pergolide (0.3 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally in the 6-OHDA + pergolide and sham-operated + pergolide groups, while sham-operated and 6-OHDA alone groups received saline. Radial-8-arm maze and Y-maze were used for memory assessment. We also determined some enzymatic antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase and a lipid peroxidation marker [malondialdehyde (MDA)], from the temporal lobe. A reduced number of working/reference memory errors was observed in 6-OHDA + pergolide group, compared to sham-operated rats. Additionally, post hoc analysis showed significant differences between 6-OHDA and 6-OHDA + pergolide groups in both Y-maze and radial-arm-maze tasks. We also noted a significant decrease of MDA level in the 6-OHDA + pergolide group, compared to sham-operated rats. Significant correlations were also found between behavioral parameters and MDA levels. Our data suggest that pergolide facilitates spatial memory and improves brain oxidative balance, after a 6-OHDA-induced model of PD. This could be useful for further investigations and clinical applications of pergolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Bd. Carol I, nr. 11, Iasi 700506, Romania.
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119
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Xu CL, Wang QZ, Sun LM, Li XM, Deng JM, Li LF, Zhang J, Xu R, Ma SP. Asiaticoside: attenuation of neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in a rat model of Parkinsonism via maintaining redox balance and up-regulating the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:413-8. [PMID: 22001429 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of asiaticoside, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Centella asiatica, in the rats model of Parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Rats were first injected with MPTP. One day after surgery, asiaticoside was administered and the behavioral tests were assessed. On 14th day, the rats were sacrificed, substantia nigra (SN) and striatum were dissected, and then dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in striatum and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) contents, reduced glutathione (GSH) level and gene expression level in SN were estimated. Treatment with asiaticoside was found to protect dopaminergic neuron by antagonizing MPTP induced neurotoxicity and to improve locomotor dysfunction. Asiaticoside significantly attenuated the MPTP-induced reduction of dopamine in the striatum. The content of MDA was significantly decreased while the GSH level was significantly increased in asiaticoside-treated groups. In addition, asiaticoside increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. These results indicated that asiaticoside was effective in reversing MPTP induced Parkinsonism via its neuroprotective effects including antioxidant activity, maintaining the metabolic balance of DA, and increasing ratio of Bcl-2/Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Liang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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120
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Zheng LF, Wang ZY, Li XF, Song J, Hong F, Lian H, Wang Q, Feng XY, Tang YY, Zhang Y, Zhu JX. Reduced expression of choline acetyltransferase in vagal motoneurons and gastric motor dysfunction in a 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2011; 1420:59-67. [PMID: 21955729 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN) accompanied by pathology of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). PD patients have often experienced gastrointestinal dysfunctions, such as gastroparesis. However, the mechanism underlying these symptoms in PD patients is not clear. In the present study, we investigated alterations of cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons in the DMV and gastric motor function in rats microinjected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) bilaterally into the SN (referred to as 6-OHDA rats) and explored possible mechanisms. A strain gauge force transducer was used to record gastric motility in vivo. Expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Acetylcholine (Ach) content was measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) analysis. After treatment with 6-OHDA for 6weeks, 6-OHDA rats exhibited decreased ChAT and enhanced TH expression in the DMV and decreased Ach content in the gastric muscular layer. Delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility in vivo were observed in 6-OHDA rats. The results of the present study indicated that decreased ChAT and enhanced TH expression in the DMV may be correlated with the development of delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility, which may be partly due to the decreased Ach release from the vagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fei Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Evidence for learned skill during cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:91-100. [PMID: 21455708 PMCID: PMC4046857 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has been proposed that cocaine abuse results in skilled or "automatic" drug-taking behaviors. Brain regions important for skill learning are implicated in cocaine self-administration. However, the development of skill during self-administration has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES The present experiment investigated the development of skilled self-administration over extended drug use by employing a novel operant vertical head movement under discriminative stimulus (S(D)) control. In addition, the capacity of the head movement to serve as an operant was tested by manipulating drug levels above or below satiety drug levels via frequent noncontingent microinfusions (0.2 s) of cocaine. RESULTS Animals acquired the vertical head movement operant, which increased in number over days. Task learning was demonstrated by reduced reaction time in response to the S(D), increased propensity to self-administer upon S(D) presentation, and escalated drug consumption over days. Skill learning was demonstrated by (1) an increase over days in the velocity of operant movements, as a function of shorter duration but not altered distance, and (2) an increase over days in the probability of initiating the operant at the optimal starting position. Evidence that responding was specific to self-administration was revealed during periods of experimenter-manipulated drug level: maintaining drug levels above satiety decreased responding while maintaining drug levels below satiety increased responding. CONCLUSIONS Under the specific set of circumstances tested herein, cocaine self-administration became skilled over extended drug use. The vertical head movement can be used as an operant comparable to lever pressing with the additional benefit of quantifying skill learning.
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Cognitive-enhancing effect of quercetin in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:823206. [PMID: 21792372 PMCID: PMC3139913 DOI: 10.1155/2012/823206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been reported to induce cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. This paper aimed to determine the effect of quercetin, a substance possessing antioxidant activity, on the cognitive function in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Male Wistar rats, weighing 200–250 g, were orally given quercetin at doses of 100, 200, 300 mg/kg BW once daily for a period of 14 days before and 14 days after the unilateral lesion of right substantia nigra induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Their spatial memory was assessed at 7 and 14 days of treatment and neuron density was determined, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were evaluated at the end of the experiment. In addition, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was also measured. It was found that all doses of quercetin enhanced spatial memory. Therefore, it is suggested that the cognitive-enhancing effect of quercetin occurs partly because of decreased oxidative damage resulting in increased neuron density.
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Ho YJ, Ho SC, Pawlak CR, Yeh KY. Effects of d-cycloserine on MPTP-induced behavioral and neurological changes: Potential for treatment of Parkinson's disease dementia. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219:280-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li XM, Xu CL, Deng JM, Li LF, Ma SP, Qu R. Protective effect of Zhen-Wu-Tang (ZWT) through keeping DA stable and VMAT 2/DAT mRNA in balance in rats with striatal lesions induced by MPTP. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:768-774. [PMID: 21291984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhen-Wu-Tang (ZWT), the modified formulation of a classical Chinese prescription from "Treaties on Febrile Disease", was clinically employed to treat Parkinson's disease. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the neuroprotective effect of ZWT on intra-striatum injection of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of ZWT on the behavioral changes (open-field test, Ladder walking, spontaneous alternation in Y maze), the dopamine transmitter systems of substantia nigra, striatum and frontal cortex of rats by HPLC-ECD, mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT 2) of the above three brain regions was investigated. RESULTS This study showed that ZWT not only ameliorated the behavior induced by the administration of MPTP in striatum, but also increased DA in the brain, prevented the decreasing of TH and balanced the ratio of VMAT 2/DAT in mRNA level. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ZWT possesses neuroprotective and anti-parkinsonism properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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125
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Acute but not chronic administration of pioglitazone promoted behavioral and neurochemical protective effects in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2011; 216:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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126
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Dombrowski PA, Carvalho MC, Miyoshi E, Correia D, Bortolanza M, dos Santos LM, Wietzikoski EC, Eckart MT, Schwarting RK, Brandão ML, Da Cunha C. Microdialysis study of striatal dopamine in MPTP-hemilesioned rats challenged with apomorphine and amphetamine. Behav Brain Res 2010; 215:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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127
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The effects of docosahexaenoic acid on glial derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin in bilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 48:434-41. [DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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128
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Proanthocyanidin-rich fraction from Croton celtidifolius Baill confers neuroprotection in the intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1337-51. [PMID: 20931248 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that rodents treated intranasally with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) suffered impairments in olfactory, cognitive and motor functions associated with time-dependent disruption of dopaminergic neurotransmission in different brain structures conceivably analogous to those observed during different stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). On the other hand, the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (PRF) obtained from the bark of Croton celtidifolius Baill (Euphorbiaceae), a tree frequently found in the Atlantic forest in south Brazil, has been described to have several neurobiological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be of interest in the treatment of PD. The present data indicated that the pretreatment with PRF (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during five consecutive days was able to prevent mitochondrial complex-I inhibition in the striatum and olfactory bulb, as well as a decrease of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the olfactory bulb and substantia nigra of rats infused with a single intranasal administration of MPTP (1 mg/nostril). Moreover, pretreatment with PRF was found to attenuate the short-term social memory deficits, depressive-like behavior and reduction of locomotor activity observed at different periods after intranasal MPTP administration in rats. Altogether, the present findings provide strong evidence that PRF from C. celtidifolius may represent a promising therapeutic tool in PD, thus being able to prevent both motor and non-motor early symptoms of PD, together with its neuroprotective potential.
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129
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Santiago RM, Barbieiro J, Lima MMS, Dombrowski PA, Andreatini R, Vital MABF. Depressive-like behaviors alterations induced by intranigral MPTP, 6-OHDA, LPS and rotenone models of Parkinson's disease are predominantly associated with serotonin and dopamine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1104-14. [PMID: 20547199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a frequently encountered non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and it can have a significant impact on patient's quality of life. Considering the differential pathophysiology of depression in PD, it prompts the idea that a degenerated nigrostriatal system plays a role in depressive-like behaviors, whilst animal models of PD are employed. Therefore, we addressed the question of whether dopamine (DA) depletion, promoted by the neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rotenone are able to induce depressive-like behaviors and neurotransmitters alterations similarly that encountered in PD. To test this rationale, we performed intranigral injections of each neurotoxin, followed by motor behavior, depressive-like behaviors, histological and neurochemical tests. After the motor recovery period, MPTP, 6-OHDA and rotenone were able to produce anhedonia and behavioral despair. These altered behavioral responses were accompanied by reductions of striatal DA, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) restricted to the 6-OHDA group. Additionally, decreases on the hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) content were detected for the MPTP, 6-OHDA and rotenone groups. Notably, strong correlations were detected among the groups when 5-HT and DA were correlated with swimming (r=+0.97; P=0.001) and immobility (r=-0.90; P=0.012), respectively. Our data indicate that MPTP, 6-OHDA and rotenone, but not LPS were able to produce depressive-like behaviors accompanied primarily by hippocampal 5-HT reductions. Moreover, DA and 5-HT strongly correlated with "emotional" impairments suggesting an important participation of these neurotransmitters in anhedonia and behavioral despair after nigral lesions promoted by the neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronise M Santiago
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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130
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Ariza D, Lima MMS, Moreira CG, Dombrowski PA, Avila TV, Allemand A, B Mendes DAG, Cunha CD, Vital MABF. Intranigral LPS Administration Produces Dopamine, Glutathione but not Behavioral Impairment in Comparison to MPTP and 6-OHDA Neurotoxin Models of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1620-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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131
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Bortolanza M, Wietzikoski EC, Boschen SL, Dombrowski PA, Latimer M, Maclaren DAA, Winn P, Da Cunha C. Functional disconnection of the substantia nigra pars compacta from the pedunculopontine nucleus impairs learning of a conditioned avoidance task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:229-39. [PMID: 20595069 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) targets nuclei in the basal ganglia, including the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), in which neuronal loss occurs in Parkinson's disease, a condition in which patients show cognitive as well as motor disturbances. Partial loss and functional abnormalities of neurons in the PPTg are also associated with Parkinson's disease. We hypothesized that the interaction of PPTg and SNc might be important for cognitive impairments and so investigated whether disrupting the connections between the PPTg and SNc impaired learning of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) by male Wistar rats. The following groups were tested: PPTg unilateral; SNc unilateral; PPTg-SNc ipsilateral (ipsilateral lesions in PPTg and SNc); PPTg-SNc contralateral (contralateral lesions in PPTg and SNc); sham lesions (of each type). SNc lesions were made with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine HCl (MPTP, 0.6micromol); PPTg lesions with ibotenate (24nmol). After recovery, all rats underwent 50-trial sessions of 2-way active avoidance conditioning for 3 consecutive days. Rats with unilateral lesions in PPTg or SNc learnt this, however rats with contralateral (but not ipsilateral) combined lesions in both structures presented no sign of learning. This effect was not likely to be due to sensorimotor impairment because lesions did not affect reaction time to the tone or footshock during conditioning. However, an increased number of non-responses were observed in the rats with contralateral lesions. The results support the hypothesis that a functional interaction between PPTg and SNc is needed for CAR learning and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Bortolanza
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Brazil
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132
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A rotarod test for evaluation of motor skill learning. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 189:180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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133
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Distinct effects of intranigral L-DOPA infusion in the MPTP rat model of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2010. [PMID: 20411784 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The potential neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) are yet to be understood. We examined the behavioral, immunohistochemical, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and neurochemical parameters after an intranigral administration of L-DOPA (10 microM) in rats. L-DOPA elicited a 30.5% reduction in dopaminergic neurons, while 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (100 microg microL(-1)) produced a 53.6% reduction. A combined infusion of MPTP and L-DOPA generated a 42% reduction of nigral neurons. Motor parameters revealed that both the MPTP and L-DOPA groups presented impairments; however, the concomitant administration evoked a partial restorative effect. In addition, MPTP and L-DOPA separately induced reductions of TH protein expression within the substantia nigra. In contrast, the coadministration of MPTP and L-DOPA did not demonstrate such difference. The striatal levels of dopamine were reduced after MPTP or L-DOPA, with an increased turnover only for the MPTP group. In view of such results, it seems reasonable to suggest that L-DOPA could potentially produce dopaminergic neurotoxicity.
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134
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MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration and deficits in object recognition in rats are accompanied by neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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135
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Eckart MT, Huelse-Matia MC, McDonald RS, Schwarting RKW. 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the rat neostriatum impair sequential learning in a serial reaction time task. Neurotox Res 2010; 17:287-98. [PMID: 20095087 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sequential behavior has been intensively investigated in humans using so-called serial reaction time tasks(SRTT), in which visual stimuli are either presented in a random or sequential order. Typically, when the stimulus presentation follows a previously learned sequential order,reaction times are decreased compared to random stimulus presentation and become partly automated. A vast amount of SRTT findings indicates that sequential learning and performance seem to be mediated amongst others by the basal ganglia-especially the striatum-and the neurotransmitter dopamine therein. In this study we used an operant rat version of the human four choice SRTT to investigate the effect of bilateral neostriatal dopamine lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine on sequential learning. The rats' task was to respond rapidly to illuminated holes by nose-poking into them. During extensive training, the position of the illuminated hole followed a 12-item sequence. The outcome of this sequential training was also investigated in two tests, namely an interference test, where stimulus presentation switched between this sequential and a pseudo random order every five minutes, and a violation test, in which only one sequence item was eventually skipped. The neurotoxic lesions, which was placed before the start of training, led to the expected sub-total dopamine depletions (i.e. residual levels around 34-56% of controls), especially in the medial neostriatum. These lesions did not lead to general motor deficits in a catalepsy task, but moderate deficits in locomotion in an activity box, which largely recovered with time after lesion. In the SRTT, rats with lesions showed impaired learning, that is, less response accuracy and slower reaction times than the control group.During a subsequent test with alternating phases of sequential and random stimulus presentations, reaction times and accuracy of the control group were superior during sequential as compared to random stimulus phases. In the lesion group, only a moderate advantage in accuracy was observed. In the violation test, another outcome measure, the control group showed an expected increase in reaction times on the violated positions. By contrast, the lesion group showed no such increase, which indicates less automation of sequential behavior in these animals. For one, these findings support previous evidence in showing that neostriatal dopamine plays an important role for instrumental behavior, in general. Furthermore,and most importantly, they suggest that dopaminergic-striatal networks also play an important role in sequential behavior, especially its acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Thede Eckart
- Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstrasse18, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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136
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Delattre AM, Kiss Á, Szawka RE, Anselmo-Franci JA, Bagatini PB, Xavier LL, Rigon P, Achaval M, Iagher F, de David C, Marroni NA, Ferraz AC. Evaluation of chronic omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on behavioral and neurochemical alterations in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Res 2010; 66:256-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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137
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Involvement of NMDA receptors in both MPTP-induced neuroinflammation and deficits in episodic-like memory in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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138
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Ardayfio PA, Leung A, Park J, Hwang DY, Moran-Gates T, Choi YK, Carlezon WA, Tarazi FI, Kim KS. Pitx3-deficient aphakia mice display unique behavioral responses to psychostimulant and antipsychotic drugs. Neuroscience 2009; 166:391-6. [PMID: 20026251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal (A9) and ventral striatum (A10) of the midbrain mediate many of the effects of psychoactive drugs that alter emotion, cognition, and motor activity within the contexts of therapy or abuse. Although transgenic and knockout technologies have enabled development of genetic models to dissect contributions of specific dopamine (DA) receptor subtypes to psychoactive drug effects, few models exist that can distinguish contributions of A9 versus A10 circuits. Pitx3 is a transcription factor enriched in DA neurons. Aphakia (ak) mice deficient in Pitx3 show selective loss of nigrostriatal DA, while other DA pathways are relatively spared, and therefore could be a useful tool for investigating the role of this subclass of DA projections. We investigated the effects of stimulants amphetamine, apomorphine, and MK-801 and the antipsychotic drug haloperidol on behavior in ak mice. Whereas wild-type mice showed the characteristic locomotor hyperactivity in response to amphetamine (5 mg/kg) and apomorphine (4 mg/kg), these drugs caused a paradoxical suppression of locomotor hyperactivity in ak mice. MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) induced hyperactivity was maintained in both wt and ak mice. Additionally, mutant but not wild-type mice were insensitive to the cataleptic effects of haloperidol (1 mg/kg). These studies indicate that the nigrostriatal DA circuit plays a critical role in maintaining normal responsiveness to psychotropic drugs that either stimulate or block DA neurotransmission. We propose that ak mice may represent a valuable genetic model not only to study Parkinson's disease, but also to dissect the pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapuetic mechanisms of other DA-mediated disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ardayfio
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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139
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Humphries MD, Lepora N, Wood R, Gurney K. Capturing dopaminergic modulation and bimodal membrane behaviour of striatal medium spiny neurons in accurate, reduced models. Front Comput Neurosci 2009; 3:26. [PMID: 20011223 PMCID: PMC2791037 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.10.026.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of dopamine from the striatum can cause both profound motor deficits, as in Parkinson's disease, and disrupt learning. Yet the effect of dopamine on striatal neurons remains a complex and controversial topic, and is in need of a comprehensive framework. We extend a reduced model of the striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) to account for dopaminergic modulation of its intrinsic ion channels and synaptic inputs. We tune our D1 and D2 receptor MSN models using data from a recent large-scale compartmental model. The new models capture the input-output relationships for both current injection and spiking input with remarkable accuracy, despite the order of magnitude decrease in system size. They also capture the paired pulse facilitation shown by MSNs. Our dopamine models predict that synaptic effects dominate intrinsic effects for all levels of D1 and D2 receptor activation. We analytically derive a full set of equilibrium points and their stability for the original and dopamine modulated forms of the MSN model. We find that the stability types are not changed by dopamine activation, and our models predict that the MSN is never bistable. Nonetheless, the MSN models can produce a spontaneously bimodal membrane potential similar to that recently observed in vitro following application of NMDA agonists. We demonstrate that this bimodality is created by modelling the agonist effects as slow, irregular and massive jumps in NMDA conductance and, rather than a form of bistability, is due to the voltage-dependent blockade of NMDA receptors. Our models also predict a more pronounced membrane potential bimodality following D1 receptor activation. This work thus establishes reduced yet accurate dopamine-modulated models of MSNs, suitable for use in large-scale models of the striatum. More importantly, these provide a tractable framework for further study of dopamine's effects on computation by individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Humphries
- Adaptive Behaviour Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
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140
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Mice with reduced vesicular monoamine storage content display nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2009; 29:12842-4. [PMID: 19828798 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4156-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Van Camp N, Blockx I, Verhoye M, Casteels C, Coun F, Leemans A, Sijbers J, Baekelandt V, Van Laere K, Van der Linden A. Diffusion tensor imaging in a rat model of Parkinson's disease after lesioning of the nigrostriatal tract. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2009; 22:697-706. [PMID: 19378292 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of the nigrostrial connection causing dramatic changes in the dopaminergic pathway underlying clinical pathology. Till now, no MRI tools were available to follow up any specific PD-related neurodegeneration. However, recently, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has received considerable attention as a new and potential in vivo diagnostic tool for various neurodegenerative diseases. To assess this in PD, we performed DTI in the acute 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD to evaluate diffusion properties in the degenerating nigrostriatal pathway and its connecting structures. Injection of a neurotoxin in the striatum causes retrograde neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal tract, and selective degeneration of nigral neurons. The advantage of this model is that the lesion size is well controllable by the injected dose of the toxin. The degree of functional impairment was evaluated in vivo using the amphetamine rotation test and microPET imaging of the dopamine transporter (DAT). Despite a nearly complete lesion of the nigrostriatal tract, DTI changes were limited to the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN). In this study we demonstrate, using voxel-based statistics (VBS), an increase in fractional anisotropy (FA), whereas all eigenvalues were significantly decreased. VBS enabled us to visualise neurodegeneration of a cluster of neurons but failed to detect degeneration of more diffuse microstructures such as the nigrostriatal fibres or the dopaminergic endings in the striatum. VBS without a priori information proved to be better than manual segmentation of brain structures as it does not suffer from volume averaging and is not susceptible to erroneous segmentations of brain regions that show very little contrast on MRI images such as SN.
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Deguil J, Chavant F, Lafay-Chebassier C, Pérault-Pochat MC, Fauconneau B, Pain S. Neuroprotective effect of PACAP on translational control alteration and cognitive decline in MPTP parkinsonian mice. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:142-55. [PMID: 19626386 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a triade of motor symptoms due to the degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway. In addition to these motor impairments, cognitive disturbances have been reported to occur in PD patients in the early stage of the disease. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxin widely used to produce experimental models of PD. In a previous work, we showed that MPTP altered the expression of proteins involved in mTOR antiapoptotic and PKR apoptotic pathways of translational control (TC) in neuroblastoma cells. In the present study, the results indicated that a subchronic MPTP intoxication in mice decreased the dopaminergic neuron number, produced an activation of PKR way and an inhibition of mTOR way of TC especially in striatum and frontal cortex associated with a great activation of PKR in hippocampus. Moreover, in parallel to biochemical analysis, the mnesic disturbances induced by MPTP were characterized in C57Bl/6 mice, by testing their performance in three versions of the Morris Water Maze task. Behavioral results showed that the MPTP lesion altered mice learning of a spatial working memory, of a cued version and of a spatial reference memory task in the water maze. Furthermore, we previously demonstrated that the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) could counteract the MPTP toxicity on TC factors in neuroblastoma cells. Thus, the second objective of our study was to assess the PACAP effect on MPTP-induced TC impairment and cognitive deficit in mice. The pretreatment with PACAP27 by intravenous injections partially protected TH-positive neuron loss induced by MPTP, prevented the MPTP-induced protein synthesis control dysregulation and mnesic impairment of mice. Therefore, our results could indicate that PACAP may be a promising therapeutic agent in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deguil
- Research Group on Brain Aging, GReViC, EA 3808, Pôle de Biologie Santé, University of Poitiers, Poitiers cedex, France
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143
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Dopamine-modulated dynamic cell assemblies generated by the GABAergic striatal microcircuit. Neural Netw 2009; 22:1174-88. [PMID: 19646846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The striatum, the principal input structure of the basal ganglia, is crucial to both motor control and learning. It receives convergent input from all over the neocortex, hippocampal formation, amygdala and thalamus, and is the primary recipient of dopamine in the brain. Within the striatum is a GABAergic microcircuit that acts upon these inputs, formed by the dominant medium-spiny projection neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs). There has been little progress in understanding the computations it performs, hampered by the non-laminar structure that prevents identification of a repeating canonical microcircuit. We here begin the identification of potential dynamically-defined computational elements within the striatum. We construct a new three-dimensional model of the striatal microcircuit's connectivity, and instantiate this with our dopamine-modulated neuron models of the MSNs and FSIs. A new model of gap junctions between the FSIs is introduced and tuned to experimental data. We introduce a novel multiple spike-train analysis method, and apply this to the outputs of the model to find groups of synchronised neurons at multiple time-scales. We find that, with realistic in vivo background input, small assemblies of synchronised MSNs spontaneously appear, consistent with experimental observations, and that the number of assemblies and the time-scale of synchronisation is strongly dependent on the simulated concentration of dopamine. We also show that feed-forward inhibition from the FSIs counter-intuitively increases the firing rate of the MSNs. Such small cell assemblies forming spontaneously only in the absence of dopamine may contribute to motor control problems seen in humans and animals following a loss of dopamine cells.
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144
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Lima MMS, Reksidler ABB, Vital MABF. The neurobiology of the substantia nigra pars compacta: from motor to sleep regulation. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009:135-45. [PMID: 20411774 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the result of the degeneration of the neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Several mechanisms are implicated in the degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding, disturbances of dopamine (DA) metabolism and transport, neuroinflammation, and necrosis/apoptosis. The literature widely explores the neurotoxic models elicited by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Because of the models, it is known that basal ganglia, particularly substantia nigra, have been related to a diversity of functions, from motor to sleep regulation. Nevertheless, a current debate concerning the role of DA on the sleep-wake cycle is in progress. In summary, it is suggested that the dopaminergic system is implicated in the physiology of sleep, with particular regard to the influence of the SNpc neurons. The understanding of the functioning and connectivity of the SNpc neurons has become fundamental to discovering the neurobiology of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M S Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis SC 88049-900, Brazil.
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145
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Beneficial effects of pioglitazone on cognitive impairment in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2008; 197:398-403. [PMID: 18983875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to elucidate the beneficial effect of pioglitazone in cognitive impairment induced by bilateral infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in rats, a model of Parkinson's disease. MPTP-lesioned rats showed poor cognitive performance in both passive avoidance task and cued version of the Morris water maze test. This deficit in learning and memory was found to be associated with oxidative stress. Chronic administration of pioglitazone (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o., starting 5 days prior to MPTP administration and then for next 30 days) in MPTP-lesioned rats improved cognitive performance in passive avoidance task and cued version of the Morris water maze test. Furthermore, pioglitazone treatment also reduced oxidative stress (as evident by reduced malondialdehyde and increased glutathione levels). These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of pioglitazone on cognitive impairment in MPTP induced Parkinson's disease in rats.
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146
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Da Cunha C, Wietzikoski EC, Dombrowski P, Bortolanza M, Santos LM, Boschen SL, Miyoshi E. Learning processing in the basal ganglia: a mosaic of broken mirrors. Behav Brain Res 2008; 199:157-70. [PMID: 18977393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we propose a model to explain the role of the basal ganglia in sensorimotor and cognitive functions based on a growing body of behavioural, anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical evidence accumulated over the last decades. This model proposes that the body and its surrounding environment are represented in the striatum in a fragmented and repeated way, like a mosaic consisting of the fragmented images of broken mirrors. Each fragment forms a functional unit representing articulated parts of the body with motion properties, objects of the environment which the subject can approach or manipulate, and locations the subject can move to. These units integrate the sensory properties and movements related to them. The repeated and widespread distribution of such units amplifies the combinatorial power of the associations among them. These associations depend on the phasic release of dopamine in the striatum triggered by the saliency of stimuli and will be reinforced by the rewarding consequences of the actions related to them. Dopamine permits synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal synapses. The striatal units encoding the same stimulus/action send convergent projections to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) that stimulate or hold the action through a thalamus-frontal cortex pathway. According to this model, this is how the basal ganglia select actions based on environmental stimuli and store adaptive associations as nondeclarative memories such as motor skills, habits, and memories formed by Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Farmacologia, UFPR, C.P. 19.031, 81.531-980 Curitiba PR, Brazil.
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Tadaiesky MT, Dombrowski PA, Figueiredo CP, Cargnin-Ferreira E, Da Cunha C, Takahashi RN. Emotional, cognitive and neurochemical alterations in a premotor stage model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2008; 156:830-40. [PMID: 18817851 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to classic motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by cognitive and emotional deficits, which have been demonstrated to precede motor impairments. The present study addresses the question of whether a partial degeneration of dopaminergic neurons using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats is able to induce premotor behavioral signs. The time-course of nigrostriatal damage was evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and the levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-HT in various brain regions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Behavioral tests that assessed a variety of psychological functions, including locomotor activity, emotional reactivity and depression, anxiety and memory were conducted on 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Bilateral infusion of 6-OHDA in the striatum of rats caused early (1 week) damage of dopaminergic terminals in striatum and in cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta. The nigrostriatal lesion was accompanied by early loss of dopamine in the striatum, which remained stable through a 3-week period of observation. In addition, a late (3 weeks) loss of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus, was seen. Additional noradrenergic and serotonergic alterations were observed after 6-OHDA administration. The results indicated that 6-OHDA lesioned rats show decreased sucrose consumption and an increased immobility time in the forced swimming test, an anhedonic-depressive-like effect. In addition, an anxiogenic-like activity in the elevated plus maze test and cognitive impairments were observed on the cued version of the Morris water maze and social recognition tests. These findings suggest that partial striatal dopaminergic degeneration and parallel dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic alterations in striatum and prefrontal cortex may have caused the emotional and cognitive deficits observed in this rat model of early phase PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Tadaiesky
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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148
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Lane E, Dunnett S. Animal models of Parkinson's disease and L-dopa induced dyskinesia: how close are we to the clinic? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199:303-12. [PMID: 17899020 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several different animal models are currently used to research the neurodegenerative movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD). RESULTS Models based on the genetic deficits associated with a small percentage of sufferers demonstrate the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein characteristic of the disease but have few motor deficits and little neurodegeneration. Conversely, toxin-based models recreate the selective nigrostriatal cell death and show extensive motor dysfunction. However, these toxin models do not reproduce the extra-nigral degeneration that also occurs as part of the disease and lack the pathological hallmark of Lewy body inclusions. DISCUSSION Recently, several therapies that appeared promising in the MPTP-treated non-human primate and 6-OHDA-lesioned rat models have entered clinical trials, with disappointing results. We review the animal models in question and highlight the features that are discordant with PD, discussing if our search for pharmacological treatments beyond the dopamine system has surpassed the capacity of these models to adequately represent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lane
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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149
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Viggiano D. The hyperactive syndrome: metanalysis of genetic alterations, pharmacological treatments and brain lesions which increase locomotor activity. Behav Brain Res 2008; 194:1-14. [PMID: 18656502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The large number of transgenic mice realized thus far with different purposes allows addressing new questions, such as which animals, over the entire set of transgenic animals, show a specific behavioural abnormality. In the present study, we have used a metanalytical approach to organize a database of genetic modifications, brain lesions and pharmacological interventions that increase locomotor activity in animal models. To further understand the resulting data set, we have organized a second database of the alterations (genetic, pharmacological or brain lesions) that reduce locomotor activity. Using this approach, we estimated that 1.56% of the genes in the genome yield to hyperactivity and 0.75% of genes produce hypoactivity when altered. These genes have been classified into genes for neurotransmitter systems, hormonal, metabolic systems, ion channels, structural proteins, transcription factors, second messengers and growth factors. Finally, two additional classes included animals with neurodegeneration and inner ear abnormalities. The analysis of the database revealed several unexpected findings. First, the genes that, when mutated, induce hyperactive behaviour do not pertain to a single neurotransmitter system. In fact, alterations in most neurotransmitter systems can give rise to a hyperactive phenotype. In contrast, fewer changes can decrease locomotor activity. Specifically, genetic and pharmacological alterations that enhance the dopamine, orexin, histamine, cannabinoids systems or that antagonize the cholinergic system induce an increase in locomotor activity. Similarly, imbalances in the two main neurotransmitters of the nervous system, GABA and glutamate usually result in hyperactive behaviour. It is remarkable that no genetic alterations pertaining to the GABA system have been reported to reduce locomotor behaviour. Other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, have a more complex influence. For instance, a decrease in norepinephrine synthesis usually results in hypoactive behaviour. However, a chronic increase in norepinephrine may result in hypoactivity too. Similarly, changes in both directions of serotonin levels may reduce locomotor activity, whereas alterations in specific serotonin receptors can induce hyperactivity. The lesion of at least 12 different brain regions can increase locomotor activity too. Comparatively, few focal lesions decrease locomotor activity. Finally, a large number of toxic events can increase locomotor activity, particularly if delivered during the prepuberal time window. These data show that there is a net imbalance in the number of altered genes/brain lesions/toxics that induce hyperactivity versus hypoactive behaviour. Although some of these data may be explained in terms of the activating role of subcortical systems (such as catecholamines), the larger number of alterations that induce hyperactivity suggests a different scenario. Specifically, we hypothesize (i) the existence of a control system that continuously inhibit a basally hyperactive locomotor tone and (ii) that this control system is highly vulnerable (intrinsic fragility) to any change in the genetic asset or to any toxic/drug delivered during prepuberal stages. Brain lesion studies suggest that the putative control system is located along an axis that connects the olfactory bulb and the enthorhinal cortex (enthorhinal-hippocampal-septal-prefrontal cortex-olfactory bulb axis). We suggest that the increased locomotor activity in many psychiatric diseases may derive from the interference with the development of this brain axis during a specific postnatal time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Viggiano
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Scienze del Benessere, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis III Edificio Polifunzionale, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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150
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Reksidler AB, Lima MMS, Dombrowski P, Andersen ML, Zanata SM, Andreatini R, Tufik S, Vital MABF. Repeated intranigral MPTP administration: A new protocol of prolonged locomotor impairment mimicking Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 167:268-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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