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Yarygin KN, Lupatov AY, Kholodenko IV. Cell-based therapies of liver diseases: age-related challenges. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:1909-24. [PMID: 26664104 PMCID: PMC4671765 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s97926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of this review is to revise recent advances of the cell-based therapies of liver diseases with an emphasis on cell donor's and patient's age. Regenerative medicine with cell-based technologies as its integral part is focused on the structural and functional restoration of tissues impaired by sickness or aging. Unlike drug-based medicine directed primarily at alleviation of symptoms, regenerative medicine offers a more holistic approach to disease and senescence management aimed to achieve restoration of homeostasis. Hepatocyte transplantation and organ engineering are very probable forthcoming options of liver disease treatment in people of different ages and vigorous research and technological innovations in this area are in progress. Accordingly, availability of sufficient amounts of functional human hepatocytes is crucial. Direct isolation of autologous hepatocytes from liver biopsy is problematic due to related discomfort and difficulties with further expansion of cells, particularly those derived from aging people. Allogeneic primary human hepatocytes meeting quality standards are also in short supply. Alternatively, autologous hepatocytes can be produced by reprogramming of differentiated cells through the stage of induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells can be directly induced to undergo advanced stage hepatogenic differentiation. Reprogramming of cells derived from elderly people is accompanied by the reversal of age-associated changes at the cellular level manifesting itself by telomere elongation and the U-turn of DNA methylation. Cell reprogramming can provide high quality rejuvenated hepatocytes for cell therapy and liver tissue engineering. Further technological advancements and establishment of national and global registries of induced pluripotent stem cell lines homozygous for HLA haplotypes can allow industry-style production of livers for immunosuppression-free transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexei Y Lupatov
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Kholodenko
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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102
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Fathi I, Elhammady H, Sakr M, Nabawi A, Marei M. Rapid hepatic perfusion decellularization: technique and critique. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:451-7. [PMID: 26669725 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ shortage facing the increasing success of liver transplantation has provoked research into the utilization of animal organs for clinical transplantation. The technique of whole-organ decellularization aims at the removal of the antigenic cellular content, thus evading the immune rejection cascade and the production of complex three-dimensional extracellular matrices of the entire organs with preservation of their intrinsic vascular networks rendering them transplantable. The aim of this study was the production of decellularized rabbit liver matrices by applying a simple, rapid perfusion decellularization technique and their characterization (both qualitatively and quantitatively). MATERIALS AND METHODS Decellularization of the caudate hepatic lobes of New Zealand white rabbits (n = 22) was achieved through sequential perfusion of the portal venous system with deionized water, 0.8% Triton X-100 and 0.8% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Decellularized specimens were characterized both qualitatively (histology, fluoroscopy, corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy) and quantitatively (total collagen assay [colorimetric] and total DNA assay [Hoechst 33258]). A Student's t-test was used to compare quantitative laboratory results before and after decellularization. A probability (P) value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Effective decellularization was achieved as proven by histology and quantitative assessment (DNA remnants <1.5%, P = 0.0009), while preserving 68% of the total collagen content (P = 0.003). Portal vascular network integrity was confirmed by fluoroscopy and corrosion casting. Scanning electron microscopy also confirmed the preservation of the three-dimensional architecture. CONCLUSIONS Liver perfusion decellularization technique using both 0.8% Triton X-100 and 0.8% SDS is a simple and rapid technique, yielding efficiently decellularized liver matrices preserving their vascular integrity, 3D architecture and 68% of total collagen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Fathi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Habashi Elhammady
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Sakr
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ayman Nabawi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona Marei
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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103
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Rebelo SP, Costa R, Silva MM, Marcelino P, Brito C, Alves PM. Three-dimensional co-culture of human hepatocytes and mesenchymal stem cells: improved functionality in long-term bioreactor cultures. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:2034-2045. [PMID: 26511086 DOI: 10.1002/term.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of human cell models that can efficiently restore hepatic functionality and cope with the reproducibility and scalability required for preclinical development poses a significant effort in tissue engineering and biotechnology. Primary cultures of human hepatocytes (HHs), the preferred model for in vitro toxicity testing, dedifferentiate and have short-term viability in two-dimensional (2D) cultures. In this study, hepatocytes isolated from human liver tissue were co-cultured with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as spheroids in automated, computer-controlled, stirred-tank bioreactors with perfusion operation mode. A dual-step inoculation strategy was used, resulting in an inner core of parenchymal liver tissue with an outer layer of stromal cells. Hepatocyte polarization and morphology as well as the mesenchymal phenotype of BM-MSCs were maintained throughout the culture period and the crosstalk between the two cell types was depicted. The viability, compact morphology and phenotypic stability of hepatocytes were enhanced in co-cultures in comparison to monocultures. Gene expression of phase I and II enzymes was higher and CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 activity was inducible until week 2 of culture, being applicable for repeated-dose toxicity testing. Moreover, the excretory activity was maintained in co-cultures and the biosynthetic hepatocellular functions (albumin and urea secretion) were not affected by the presence of BM-MSCs. This strategy might be extended to other hepatic cell sources and the characterization performed brings knowledge on the interplay between the two cell types, which may be relevant for therapeutic applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P Rebelo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Costa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta M Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo Marcelino
- CEDOC, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, Nova Medical School-UNL, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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104
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Decellularized human liver as a natural 3D-scaffold for liver bioengineering and transplantation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13079. [PMID: 26248878 PMCID: PMC4528226 DOI: 10.1038/srep13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver synthetic and metabolic function can only be optimised by the growth of cells within a supportive liver matrix. This can be achieved by the utilisation of decellularised human liver tissue. Here we demonstrate complete decellularization of whole human liver and lobes to form an extracellular matrix scaffold with a preserved architecture. Decellularized human liver cubic scaffolds were repopulated for up to 21 days using human cell lines hepatic stellate cells (LX2), hepatocellular carcinoma (Sk-Hep-1) and hepatoblastoma (HepG2), with excellent viability, motility and proliferation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Biocompatibility was demonstrated by either omental or subcutaneous xenotransplantation of liver scaffold cubes (5 × 5 × 5 mm) into immune competent mice resulting in absent foreign body responses. We demonstrate decellularization of human liver and repopulation with derived human liver cells. This is a key advance in bioartificial liver development.
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105
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Prakash YS, Tschumperlin DJ, Stenmark KR. Coming to terms with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L625-38. [PMID: 26254424 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00204.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases such as emphysema, interstitial fibrosis, and pulmonary vascular diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality, but despite substantial mechanistic understanding, clinical management options for them are limited, with lung transplantation being implemented at end stages. However, limited donor lung availability, graft rejection, and long-term problems after transplantation are major hurdles to lung transplantation being a panacea. Bioengineering the lung is an exciting and emerging solution that has the ultimate aim of generating lung tissues and organs for transplantation. In this article we capture and review the current state of the art in lung bioengineering, from the multimodal approaches, to creating anatomically appropriate lung scaffolds that can be recellularized to eventually yield functioning, transplant-ready lungs. Strategies for decellularizing mammalian lungs to create scaffolds with native extracellular matrix components vs. de novo generation of scaffolds using biocompatible materials are discussed. Strengths vs. limitations of recellularization using different cell types of various pluripotency such as embryonic, mesenchymal, and induced pluripotent stem cells are highlighted. Current hurdles to guide future research toward achieving the clinical goal of transplantation of a bioengineered lung are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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106
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Mazza G, De Coppi P, Gissen P, Pinzani M. Hepatic regenerative medicine. J Hepatol 2015; 63:523-4. [PMID: 26070391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mazza
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gissen
- Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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107
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Methods of tissue decellularization used for preparation of biologic scaffolds and in vivo relevance. Methods 2015; 84:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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108
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Guan Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Sun C, Cheng G, Luan Y, Li K, Wang J, Xie X, Zhao S. Porcine kidneys as a source of ECM scaffold for kidney regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 56:451-6. [PMID: 26249614 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To produce and examine decellularized kidney scaffolds from porcine as a platform for kidney regeneration research. METHODS Porcine kidneys were decellularized with sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and Triton X-100 after the blood was rinsed. Then the renal ECM scaffolds were examined for vascular imaging, histology to investigate the vascular patency, degree of decellularization. RESULTS Renal ECM scaffolds of porcine kidneys were successfully produced. Decellularized renal scaffolds retained intact microarchitecture including the renal vasculature and essential extracellular matrix components. CONCLUSION We have developed an excellent decellularization method that can be used in large organs. These scaffolds maintain their basic components, and show intact vasculature system. This represents a step toward development of a transplantable organ using tissue engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guan
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Shuangde Liu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Yun Luan
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Kailin Li
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Xie
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China
| | - Shengtian Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, China.
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109
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Bao J, Wu Q, Sun J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Jiang X, Li L, Shi Y, Bu H. Hemocompatibility improvement of perfusion-decellularized clinical-scale liver scaffold through heparin immobilization. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10756. [PMID: 26030843 PMCID: PMC5377232 DOI: 10.1038/srep10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-liver perfusion-decellularization is an attractive scaffold–preparation technique for producing clinical transplantable liver tissue. However, the scaffold’s poor hemocompatibility poses a major obstacle. This study was intended to improve the hemocompatibility of perfusion-decellularized porcine liver scaffold via immobilization of heparin. Heparin was immobilized on decellularized liver scaffolds (DLSs) by electrostatic binding using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique (/h-LBL scaffold), covalent binding via multi-point attachment (/h-MPA scaffold), or end-point attachment (/h-EPA scaffold). The effect of heparinization on anticoagulant ability and cytocompatibility were investigated. The result of heparin content and release tests revealed EPA technique performed higher efficiency of heparin immobilization than other two methods. Then, systematic in vitro investigation of prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), platelet adhesion and human platelet factor 4 (PF4, indicates platelet activation) confirmed the heparinized scaffolds, especially the /h-EPA counterparts, exhibited ultralow blood component activations and excellent hemocompatibility. Furthermore, heparin treatments prevented thrombosis successfully in DLSs with blood perfusion after implanted in vivo. Meanwhile, after heparin processes, both primary hepatocyte and endothelial cell viability were also well-maintained, which indicated that heparin treatments with improved biocompatibility might extend to various hemoperfusable whole-organ scaffolds’ preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Bao
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [3] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The first people's hospital of Yibin, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Yongjie Zhou
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Li
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujun Shi
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Bu
- 1] Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [2] Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China [3] Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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110
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Lee SY, Kim HJ, Choi D. Cell sources, liver support systems and liver tissue engineering: alternatives to liver transplantation. Int J Stem Cells 2015; 8:36-47. [PMID: 26019753 PMCID: PMC4445708 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2015.8.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest organ in the body; it has a complex architecture, wide range of functions and unique regenerative capacity. The growing incidence of liver diseases worldwide requires increased numbers of liver transplant and leads to an ongoing shortage of donor livers. To meet the huge demand, various alternative approaches are being investigated including, hepatic cell transplantation, artificial devices and bioprinting of the organ itself. Adult hepatocytes are the preferred cell sources, but they have limited availability, are difficult to isolate, propagate poor and undergo rapid functional deterioration in vitro. There have been efforts to overcome these drawbacks; by improving culture condition for hepatocytes, providing adequate extracellular matrix, co-culturing with extra-parenchymal cells and identifying other cell sources. Differentiation of human stem cells to hepatocytes has become a major interest in the field of stem cell research and has progressed greatly. At the same time, use of decellularized organ matrices and 3 D printing are emerging cutting-edge technologies for tissue engineering, opening up new paths for liver regenerative medicine. This review provides a compact summary of the issues, and the locations of liver support systems and tissue engineering, with an emphasis on reproducible and useful sources of hepatocytes including various candidates formed by differentiation from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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111
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Bühler NEM, Schulze-Osthoff K, Königsrainer A, Schenk M. Controlled processing of a full-sized porcine liver to a decellularized matrix in 24 h. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:609-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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112
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Navarro-Tableros V, Herrera Sanchez MB, Figliolini F, Romagnoli R, Tetta C, Camussi G. Recellularization of rat liver scaffolds by human liver stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1929-39. [PMID: 25794768 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, rat liver acellular scaffolds were used as biological support to guide the differentiation of human liver stem-like cells (HLSC) to hepatocytes. Once recellularized, the scaffolds were maintained for 21 days in different culture conditions to evaluate hepatocyte differentiation. HLSC lost the embryonic markers (alpha-fetoprotein, nestin, nanog, sox2, Musashi1, Oct 3/4, and pax2), increased the expression of albumin, and acquired the expression of lactate dehydrogenase and three subtypes of cytochrome P450. The presence of urea nitrogen in the culture medium confirmed their metabolic activity. In addition, cells attached to tubular remnant matrix structures expressed cytokeratin 19, CD31, and vimentin. The rat extracellular matrix (ECM) provides not only a favorable environment for differentiation of HLSC in functional hepatocytes (hepatocyte like) but also promoted the generation of some epithelial-like and endothelial-like cells. When fibroblast growth factor-epidermal growth factor or HLSC-derived conditioned medium was added to the perfusate, an improvement of survival rate was observed. The conditioned medium from HLSC potentiated also the metabolic activity of hepatocyte-like cells repopulating the acellular liver. In conclusion, HLSC have the potential, in association with the natural ECM, to generate in vitro a functional "humanized liver-like tissue."
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Navarro-Tableros
- 1Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Beatriz Herrera Sanchez
- 1Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Figliolini
- 1Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Renato Romagnoli
- 2Liver Transplantation Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ciro Tetta
- 3EMEA LA Medical Board, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- 4Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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113
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Recellularization of organs: what is the future for solid organ transplantation? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 19:603-9. [PMID: 25304814 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allogeneic organ transplantation is burdened by donor shortage, graft rejection and adverse effects of lifelong immune suppression. Engineering bioartificial organs from acellular organ scaffolds and patient-derived cells are a new approach to potentially overcome these limitations. RECENT FINDINGS Decellularized organs yield a scaffold of extracellular matrix on which cells can adhere, integrate and ultimately form functional tissue. Various cell sources are currently used to repopulate acellular scaffolds, however, all have limitations. Patient-derived pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for tissue and organ engineering, when robust and mature cells can be directed in a reliable and safe manner. Finally, to produce mature organotypic tissue from a nonfunctional seeded scaffold, cellular scaffolds are cultured under biomimetic conditions in vitro. Alternatively, organs may be implanted at an immature stage to harness the recipient's body's regenerative capacity. In proof of principle experiments to date, bioengineered small animal organs have shown rudimentary function and maintained patency for limited time when transplanted in vivo. SUMMARY Recent advances in bioengineering organs raise the hope that we can overcome organ donor shortage and eliminate the need for livelong immunosuppression. However, significant challenges remain in generating mature large-scale donor-like bioartificial organs.
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114
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Optimizing perfusion-decellularization methods of porcine livers for clinical-scale whole-organ bioengineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:785474. [PMID: 25918720 PMCID: PMC4396818 DOI: 10.1155/2015/785474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim. To refine the decellularization protocol of whole porcine liver, which holds great promise for liver tissue engineering. Methods. Three decellularization methods for porcine livers (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1% Triton X-100 + 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 1% sodium deoxycholate + 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate) were studied. The obtained liver scaffolds were processed for histology, residual cellular content analysis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components evaluation to investigate decellularization efficiency and ECM preservation. Rat primary hepatocytes were seeded into three kinds of scaffold to detect the biocompatibility. Results. The whole liver decellularization was successfully achieved following all three kinds of treatment. SDS combined with Triton had a high efficacy of cellular removal and caused minimal disruption of essential ECM components; it was also the most biocompatible procedure for primary hepatocytes. Conclusion. We have refined a novel, standardized, time-efficient, and reproducible protocol for the decellularization of whole liver which can be further adapted to liver tissue engineering.
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115
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Scarritt ME, Pashos NC, Bunnell BA. A review of cellularization strategies for tissue engineering of whole organs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:43. [PMID: 25870857 PMCID: PMC4378188 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of whole organ decellularization, extracellular matrix scaffolds suitable for organ engineering were generated from numerous tissues, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, for use as alternatives to traditional organ transplantation. Biomedical researchers now face the challenge of adequately and efficiently recellularizing these organ scaffolds. Herein, an overview of whole organ decellularization and a thorough review of the current literature for whole organ recellularization are presented. The cell types, delivery methods, and bioreactors employed for recellularization are discussed along with commercial and clinical considerations, such as immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and Food and Drug Administartion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Scarritt
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Nicholas C Pashos
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Bioinnovation PhD Program, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
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Struecker B, Hillebrandt KH, Voitl R, Butter A, Schmuck RB, Reutzel-Selke A, Geisel D, Joehrens K, Pickerodt PA, Raschzok N, Puhl G, Neuhaus P, Pratschke J, Sauer IM. Porcine Liver Decellularization Under Oscillating Pressure Conditions: A Technical Refinement to Improve the Homogeneity of the Decellularization Process. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:303-13. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Struecker
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Herbert Hillebrandt
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Voitl
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Butter
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa B. Schmuck
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Geisel
- Institute of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Korinna Joehrens
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp A. Pickerodt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gero Puhl
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neuhaus
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Faulk DM, Wildemann JD, Badylak SF. Decellularization and cell seeding of whole liver biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:69-80. [PMID: 25941434 PMCID: PMC4415199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease is orthotropic transplantation. However, this option is limited by the disparity between the number of patients needing transplantation and the number of available livers. This issue is becoming more severe as the population ages and as the number of new cases of end-stage liver failure increases. Patients fortunate enough to receive a transplant are required to receive immunosuppressive therapy and must live with the associated morbidity. Whole organ engineering of the liver may offer a solution to this liver donor shortfall. It has been shown that perfusion decellularization of a whole allogeneic or xenogeneic liver generates a three-dimensional ECM scaffold with intact macro and micro architecture of the native liver. A decellularized liver provides an ideal transplantable scaffold with all the necessary ultrastructure and signaling cues for cell attachment, differentiation, vascularization, and function. In this review, an overview of complementary strategies for creating functional liver grafts suitable for transplantation is provided. Early milestones have been met by combining stem and progenitor cells with increasingly complex scaffold materials and culture conditions.
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Key Words
- BAL, biohybrid artificial liver
- BMC, basement membrane complex
- CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HMECs, human microvascular endothelial cells
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- PLECM, porcine-liver-derived extracellular matrix
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEC, sinusoidal endothelial cell
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- biologic scaffold
- decellularization
- extracellular matrix
- liver tissue engineering
- organ engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Faulk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justin D. Wildemann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Address for correspondence: Stephen F. Badylak, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. Tel.: +412 624 5252; fax: +412 624 5256.
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118
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Scaffolds from surgically removed kidneys as a potential source of organ transplantation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:325029. [PMID: 25756044 PMCID: PMC4338377 DOI: 10.1155/2015/325029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a common disease, which relates to nearly 600 million people in the total population. What is more, it seems to be a crucial problem from the epidemiological point of view. These facts lead to a further necessity of renal replacement therapy development connected with rising expenditures for the health care system. The aim of kidney tissue engineering is to develop and innovate methods of obtaining renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds derived from kidney decellularization. Recently, progress has been made towards developing a functional kidney graft in vitro on demand. In fact, decellularized tissues constitute ideal natural scaffolds, due to the preservation of native ECM architecture, as well as of cell-ECM binding domains critical in promoting cell attachment, migration, and proliferation. One of the potential sources of the natural scaffolds is the kidney, which cannot be transplanted immediately after excision.
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119
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Sullivan DC, Repper JP, Frock AW, McFetridge PS, Petersen BE. Current Translational Challenges for Tissue Engineering: 3D Culture, Nanotechnology, and Decellularized Matrices. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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120
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Dong S, Jiang T, Zhou Y, Zhang X. In vitro investigation of a tissue-engineered cell-tendon complex mimicking the transitional architecture at the ligament-bone interface. J Biomater Appl 2014; 29:1180-92. [PMID: 25311754 DOI: 10.1177/0885328214555168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of the transitional ligament-bone interface is critical for graft-bone integration. We postulated that an allogenic scaffold mimicking the fibrogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic transition gradients could physiologically promote ligament-bone incorporation. The aim of this study was to construct and characterize a composite tendon scaffold with a continuous and heterogeneous transition region mimicking a native ligament insertion site. Genetically modified heterogeneous cell populations were seeded within specific regions of decellularized rabbit Achilles tendons to fabricate a stratified scaffold containing three biofunctional regions supporting fibrogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. The observed morphology, architecture, cytocompatibility, and biomechanics of the scaffolds demonstrated their improved bio-physico-chemical properties. The formation of the transitional regions was augmented via enhanced delivery of two transcription factors, sex determining region Y-box 9 and runt-related transcription factor 2, which also triggered early up-regulated expression of cartilage- and bone-relevant markers, according to quantitative PCR and immunoblot analyses. Gradient tissue-specific matrix formation was also confirmed within the predesignated regions via histological staining and immunofluorescence assays. These results suggest that a transitional interface could be replicated on an engineered tendon through stratified tissue integration. The scaffold offers the advantages of a multitissue transition involving controlled cellular interactions and matrix heterogeneity, which can be applied for the regeneration of the ligament-bone interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Changjiang Street, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, PR China
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121
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Wang Y, Bao J, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Li Y, Wu X, Shi Y, Li L, Bu H. Method for perfusion decellularization of porcine whole liver and kidney for use as a scaffold for clinical-scale bioengineering engrafts. Xenotransplantation 2014; 22:48-61. [PMID: 25291435 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-organ engineering provides a new alternative source of donor organs for xenotransplantation. Utilization of decellularized whole-organ scaffolds, which can be created by detergent perfusion, is a strategy for tissue engineering. In this article, our aim is to scale up the decellularization process to human-sized liver and kidney to generate a decellularized matrix with optimal and stable characteristics on a clinically relevant scale. METHODS Whole porcine liver and kidney were decellularized by perfusion using different detergents (1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 1% peracetic acid (PAA), and 1% NaDOC) via the portal vein and renal artery of the liver and kidney, respectively. After rinsing with PBS to remove the detergents, the obtained liver and kidney extracellular matrix (ECM) were processed for histology, residual cellular content analysis, and ECM components evaluation to investigate decellularization efficiency, xenoantigens removal, and ECM preservation. RESULTS The resulting liver and kidney scaffolds in the SDS-treated group showed the most efficient clearance of cellular components and xenoantigens, including DNA and protein, and preservation of the extracellular matrix composition. In comparison, cell debris was observed in the other decellularized groups that were generated using Triton X-100, PAA, and NaDOC. Special staining and immunochemistry of the porcine liver and kidney ECMs further confirmed the disrupted three-dimension ultrastructure of the ECM in the Triton X-100 and NaDOC groups. Additionally, Triton X-100 effectively eliminated the residual SDS in the SDS-treated group, which ensured the scaffolds were not cytotoxic to cells. Thus, we have developed an optimal method that can be scaled up for use with other solid whole organs. CONCLUSIONS Our SDS-perfusion protocol can be used for porcine liver and kidney decellularization to obtain organ scaffolds cleared of cellular material, xenoimmunogens, and preserved vital ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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122
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Struecker B, Butter A, Hillebrandt K, Polenz D, Reutzel-Selke A, Tang P, Lippert S, Leder A, Rohn S, Geisel D, Denecke T, Aliyev K, Jöhrens K, Raschzok N, Neuhaus P, Pratschke J, Sauer IM. Improved rat liver decellularization by arterial perfusion under oscillating pressure conditions. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:531-541. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Struecker
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Antje Butter
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Karl Hillebrandt
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Dietrich Polenz
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Tang
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Steffen Lippert
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Anne Leder
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Susanne Rohn
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Dominik Geisel
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Timm Denecke
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Khalid Aliyev
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Neuhaus
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Campus Virchow; Berlin Germany
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123
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Caralt M, Velasco E, Lanas A, Baptista PM. Liver bioengineering: from the stage of liver decellularized matrix to the multiple cellular actors and bioreactor special effects. Organogenesis 2014; 10:250-9. [PMID: 25102189 DOI: 10.4161/org.29892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver bioengineering has been a field of intense research and popular excitement in the past decades. It experiences great interest since the introduction of whole liver acellular scaffolds generated by perfusion decellularization (1-3). Nevertheless, the different strategies developed so far have failed to generate hepatic tissue in vitro bioequivalent to native liver tissue. Even notable novel strategies that rely on iPSC-derived liver progenitor cells potential to self-organize in association with endothelial cells in hepatic organoids are lacking critical components of the native tissue (e.g., bile ducts, functional vascular network, hepatic microarchitecture, etc) (4). Hence, it is vital to understand the strengths and short comes of our current strategies in this quest to re-create liver organogenesis in vitro. To shed some light into these issues, this review describes the different actors that play crucial roles in liver organogenesis and highlights the steps still missing to successfully generate whole livers and hepatic organoids in vitro for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Caralt
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Angel Lanas
- University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza, Spain; IIS Aragón; CIBERehd; Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS); Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza, Spain; IIS Aragón; CIBERehd; Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS); Zaragoza, Spain
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124
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Sabetkish S, Kajbafzadeh AM, Sabetkish N, Khorramirouz R, Akbarzadeh A, Seyedian SL, Pasalar P, Orangian S, Beigi RSH, Aryan Z, Akbari H, Tavangar SM. Whole-organ tissue engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix liver scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1498-508. [PMID: 25045886 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To report the results of whole liver decellularization by two different methods. To present the results of grafting rat and sheep decellularized liver matrix (DLM) into the normal rat liver and compare natural cell seeding process in homo/xenograft of DLM. To compare the results of in vitro whole liver recellularization with rats' neonatal green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive hepatic cells with outcomes of in vivo recellularization process. Whole liver of 8 rats and 4 sheep were resected and cannulated via the hepatic vein and perfused with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or Triton + SDS. Several examinations were performed to compare the efficacy of these two decellularization procedures. In vivo recellularization of sheep and rat DLMs was performed following transplantation of multiple pieces of both scaffolds in the subhepatic area of four rats. To compare the efficacy of different scaffolds in autologous cell seeding, biopsies of homograft and xenograft were assessed 8 weeks postoperatively. Whole DLMs of 4 rats were also recellularized in vitro by perfusion of rat's fetal GFP-positive hepatic cells with pulsatile bioreactor. Histological evaluation and enzymatic assay were performed for both in vivo and in vitro recellularized samples. The results of this study demonstrated that the triton method was a promising decellularization approach for preserving the three-dimensional structure of liver. In vitro recellularized DLMs were more similar to natural ones compared with in vivo recellularized livers. However, homografts showed better characteristics with more organized structure compared with xenografts. In vitro recellularization of liver scaffolds with autologous cells represents an attractive prospective for regeneration of liver as one of the most compound organs. In vivo cell seeding on the scaffold of the same species may have more satisfactory outcomes when compared with the results of xenotransplantation. This study theoretically may pave the road for in situ liver regeneration probably by implantation of homologous DLM or in vitro recellularized scaffolds into the diseased host liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
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125
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous hurdles presented by the complexity of the liver's structure and function, advances in liver physiology, stem cell biology and reprogramming, and the engineering of tissues and devices are accelerating the development of cell-based therapies for treating liver disease and liver failure. This State of the Art Review discusses both the near- and long-term prospects for such cell-based therapies and the unique challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science at MIT, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, David H. Koch Institute at MIT, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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126
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Abstract
Congenital malformations are major causes of disease and death during the first years of life and, most of the time, functional replacement of the missing or damaged organs remains an unmet clinical need. Particularly relevant for the treatment of congenital malformation would be to collect the stem cells at diagnosis, before birth, to be able to intervene during the gestation or in the neonatal period. Human AFSCs (amniotic fluid stem cells), which have characteristics intermediate between those of embryonic and adult stem cells, have been isolated. c-Kit+Lin− cells derived from amniotic fluid display a multilineage haemopoietic potential and they can be easily reprogrammed to a pluripotent status. Although, in the future, we hope to use cells derived from the amniotic fluid, we and others have proved recently that simple organs such as the trachea can be engineered using adult progenitors utilizing decellularized cadaveric matrices. A similar approach could be used in the future for more complex organs such as the muscles, intestines or lungs.
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127
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients suffering from end-stage organ failure requiring organ transplantation face donor organ shortage and adverse effect of chronic immunosuppression. Recent progress in the field of organ bioengineering based on decellularized organ scaffolds and patient-derived cells holds great promise to address these issues. RECENT FINDINGS Perfusion-decellularization is the most consistent method to obtain decellularized whole-organ scaffolds to serve as a platform for organ bioengineering. Important advances have occurred in organ bioengineering using decellularized scaffolds in small animal models. However, the function exhibited by bioengineered organs has been rudimentary. Pluripotent stem cells seem to hold promise as the ideal regenerative cells to be used with this approach but the techniques to effectively and reliably manipulate their fate are still to be discovered. Finally, this technology needs to be scaled up to human size to be of clinical relevance. SUMMARY The search for alternatives to allogeneic organ transplantation continues. Important milestones have been achieved in organ bioengineering with the use of decellularized scaffolds. However, many challenges remain on the way to producing an autologous, fully functional organ that can be transplanted similar to a donor organ.
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128
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Ren X, Ott HC. On the road to bioartificial organs. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1847-57. [PMID: 24691559 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological organs are highly orchestrated systems with well-coordinated positioning, grouping, and interaction of different cell types within their specialized extracellular environment. Bioartificial organs are intended to be functional replacements of native organs generated through bioengineering techniques and hold the potential to alleviate donor organ shortage for transplantation. The development, production, and evaluation of such bioartificial organs require synergistic efforts of biology, material science, engineering, and medicine. In this review, we highlight the emerging platforms enabling structured assembly of multiple cell types into functional grafts and discuss recent advances and challenges in the development of bioartificial organs, including cell sources, in vitro organ culture, in vivo evaluation, and clinical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ren
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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129
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Abstract
The treatment of end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure remains a clinically relevant issue. Although orthotopic liver transplantation is a well-established procedure, whole-organ transplantation is invasive and increasingly limited by the unavailability of suitable donor organs. Artificial and bioartificial liver support systems have been developed to provide an alternative to whole organ transplantation, but despite three decades of scientific efforts, the results are still not convincing with respect to clinical outcome. In this Review, conceptual limitations of clinically available liver support therapy systems are discussed. Furthermore, alternative concepts, such as hepatocyte transplantation, and cutting-edge developments in the field of liver support strategies, including the repopulation of decellularized organs and the biofabrication of entirely new organs by printing techniques or induced organogenesis are analysed with respect to clinical relevance. Whereas hepatocyte transplantation shows promising clinical results, at least for the temporary treatment of inborn metabolic diseases, so far data regarding implantation of engineered hepatic tissue have only emerged from preclinical experiments. However, the evolving techniques presented here raise hope for bioengineered liver support therapies in the future.
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130
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Scarritt ME, Bonvillain RW, Burkett BJ, Wang G, Glotser EY, Zhang Q, Sammarco MC, Betancourt AM, Sullivan DE, Bunnell BA. Hypertensive rat lungs retain hallmarks of vascular disease upon decellularization but support the growth of mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1426-43. [PMID: 24378017 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There are an insufficient number of donor organs available to meet the demand for lung transplantation. This issue could be addressed by regenerating functional tissue from diseased or damaged lungs that would otherwise be deemed unsuitable for transplant. Detergent-mediated whole-lung decellularization produces a three-dimensional natural scaffold that can be repopulated with various cell types. In this study, we investigated the decellularization and initial recellularization of diseased lungs using a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (MCT-PHT). Decellularization of control and MCT-PHT Sprague-Dawley rat lungs was accomplished by treating the lungs with a combination of Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, NaCl, and DNase. The resulting acellular matrices were characterized by DNA quantification, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and proteomic analyses revealing that decellularization was able to remove cells while leaving the extracellular matrix (ECM) components and lung ultrastructure intact. Decellularization significantly reduced DNA content (∼30-fold in MCT-PHT lungs and ∼50-fold in the control lungs) and enriched ECM components (>60-fold in both the control and MCT-PHT lungs) while depleting cellular proteins. MicroCT visualization of MCT-PHT rat lungs indicated that the vasculature was narrowed as a result of MCT treatment, and this characteristic was unchanged by decellularization. Mean arterial vessel diameter of representative decellularized MCT-PHT and control scaffolds was estimated to be 0.152±0.134 mm and 0.247±0.160 mm, respectively. Decellularized MCT-PHT lung scaffolds supported attachment and survival of rat adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs), seeded into the airspace or the vasculature, for at least 2 weeks. The cells seeded in MCT-PHT lung scaffolds proliferated and underwent apoptosis similar to control scaffolds; however, the initial percentage of apoptotic cells was slightly higher in MCT-PHT lungs (2.79±2.03% vs. 1.05±1.02% of airway-seeded rASCs, and 4.47±1.21% vs. 2.66±0.10% of vascular seeded rASCs). The ECM of cell-seeded scaffolds showed no signs of degradation by the cells after 14 days in culture. These data suggest that diseased hypertensive lungs can be efficiently decellularized similar to control lungs and have the potential to be recellularized with mesenchymal stem cells with the ultimate goal of generating healthy, functional pulmonary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Scarritt
- 1 Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
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131
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Abstract
The liver is a target of in vitro tissue engineering despite its capability to regenerate in vivo. The construction of liver tissues in vitro remains challenging. In this review, conventional 3D cultures of hepatocytes are first discussed. Recent advances in the 3D culturing of liver cells are then summarized in the context of in vitro liver tissue reconstruction at the micro- and macroscales. The application of microfluidics technology to liver tissue engineering has been introduced as a bottom-up approach performed at the microscale, whereas whole-organ bioengineering technology was introduced as a top-down approach performed at the macroscale. Mesoscale approaches are also discussed in considering the integration of micro- and macroscale approaches. Multiple parallel multiscale liver tissue engineering studies are ongoing; however, no tissue-engineered liver that is appropriate for clinical use has yet been realized. The integration of multiscale tissue engineering studies is essential for further understanding of liver reconstruction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sudo
- Department of System Design Engineering; Keio University; Yokohama, Japan
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Kadota Y, Yagi H, Inomata K, Matsubara K, Hibi T, Abe Y, Kitago M, Shinoda M, Obara H, Itano O, Kitagawa Y. Mesenchymal stem cells support hepatocyte function in engineered liver grafts. Organogenesis 2014; 10:268-77. [PMID: 24488046 DOI: 10.4161/org.27879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that organ decellularization is a promising approach to facilitate the clinical application of regenerative therapy by providing a platform for organ engineering. This unique strategy uses native matrices to act as a reservoir for the functional cells which may show therapeutic potential when implanted into the body. Appropriate cell sources for artificial livers have been debated for some time. The desired cell type in artificial livers is primary hepatocytes, but in addition, other supportive cells may facilitate this stem cell technology. In this context, the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is an option meeting the criteria for therapeutic organ engineering. Ideally, supportive cells are required to (1) reduce the hepatic cell mass needed in an engineered liver by enhancing hepatocyte function, (2) modulate hepatic regeneration in a paracrine fashion or by direct contact, and (3) enhance the preservability of parenchymal cells during storage. Here, we describe enhanced hepatic function achieved using a strategy of sequential infusion of cells and illustrate the advantages of co-cultivating bone marrow-derived MSCs with primary hepatocytes in the engineered whole-liver scaffold. These co-recellularized liver scaffolds colonized by MSCs and hepatocytes were transplanted into live animals. After blood flow was established, we show that expression of adhesion molecules and proangiogenic factors was upregulated in the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Kadota
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Inomata
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsubara
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Hibi
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Obara
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Itano
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery; Keio University; School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
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Uygun BE, Yarmush ML. Engineered liver for transplantation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:893-9. [PMID: 23791465 PMCID: PMC3783566 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end stage liver failure and the shortage of donor organs severely limits the number of patients receiving transplants. Liver tissue engineering aims to address the donor liver shortage by creating functional tissue constructs to replace a damaged or failing liver. Despite decades of work, various bottoms-up, synthetic biomaterials approaches have failed to produce a functional construct suitable for transplantation. Recently, a new strategy has emerged using whole organ scaffolds as a vehicle for tissue engineering. This technique involves preparation of these organ scaffolds via perfusion decellularization with the resulting scaffold retaining the circulatory network of the native organ. This important phenomenon allows for the construct to be repopulated with cells and to be connected to the blood torrent upon transplantation. This opinion paper presents the current advances and discusses the challenges of creating fully functional transplantable liver grafts with this whole liver engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA, Phone: 1-617-371-4879, Fax: 617-573-9471
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, Phone: 1-617-371-4882, Fax: 617-573-9471
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135
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Iwasaki J, Hata T, Uemoto S, Fujimoto Y, Kanazawa H, Teratani T, Hishikawa S, Kobayashi E. Portocaval shunt for hepatocyte package: challenging application of small intestinal graft in animal models. Organogenesis 2013; 9:273-9. [PMID: 23974217 DOI: 10.4161/org.25968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing therapeutic alternatives to liver transplantation, we have used the strategy of applying a small intestinal segment as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation and also as a portocaval shunt (PCS) system to address both liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of such an intestinal segment in animal models. Hepatocytes isolated from luciferase-transgenic Lewis rats were transplanted into jejunal segments of wild-type Lewis rats with mucosa removal without PCS application. Luciferase-derived luminescence from transplanted hepatocytes was stably detected for 30 days. Then, we performed autologous hepatocyte transplantation into the submucosal layer of an isolated and vascularized small intestinal segment in pigs. Transplanted hepatocytes were isolated from the resected left-lateral lobe of the liver. On day 7, hepatocyte clusters and bile duct-like structures were observed histologically. To create an intestinal PCS system in pigs, an auto-graft of the segmental ileum and interposing vessel graft were anastomosed to the portal vein trunk and inferior vena cava. However, thrombi were observed in vessels of the intestinal PCSs. We measured the correlation between infusion pressure and flow volume in whole intestines ex vivo in both species and found that the high pressure corresponding to portal hypertension was still insufficient to maintain the patency of the intestinal grafts. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of the small intestine as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation in rat and pig models, but PCS using an intestinal graft failed to maintain patency in a pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Iwasaki
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan; Division of Development of Advanced Treatment; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hata
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujimoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanazawa
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery; Department of Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Teratani
- Division of Development of Advanced Treatment; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuji Hishikawa
- Division of Medical Skill Training; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Development of Advanced Treatment; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi, Japan
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136
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Orlando G, Soker S, Stratta RJ, Atala A. Will regenerative medicine replace transplantation? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:3/8/a015693. [PMID: 23906883 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent groundbreaking advances in organ bioengineering and regeneration have provided evidence that regenerative medicine holds promise to dramatically improve the approach to organ transplantation. The two fields, however, share a common heritage. Alexis Carrel can be considered the father of both regenerative medicine and organ transplantation, and it is now clear that his legacy is equally applicable for the present and future generations of transplant and regenerative medicine investigators. In this review, we will briefly illustrate the interplay that should be established between these two complementary disciplines of health sciences. Although regenerative medicine has shown to the transplant field its potential, transplantation is destined to align with regenerative medicine and foster further progress probably more than either discipline alone. Organ bioengineering and regeneration technologies hold the promise to meet at the same time the two most urgent needs in organ transplantation, namely, the identification of a new, potentially inexhaustible source of organs and immunosuppression-free transplantation of tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Orlando
- Department of General Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Pan MX, Hu PY, Cheng Y, Cai LQ, Rao XH, Wang Y, Gao Y. An efficient method for decellularization of the rat liver. J Formos Med Assoc 2013; 113:680-7. [PMID: 23849456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Using gradient ionic detergent, we optimized the preparation procedure for the decellularized liver biologic scaffold, and analyzed its immunogenicity and biocompatibility. METHODS EDTA, hypotonic alkaline solution, Triton X-100, and gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate (1%, 0.5%, and 0.1%, respectively) were prepared for continuous perfusion through the hepatic vascular system. The decellularization of the liver tissue was performed with the optimized reagent buffer and washing protocol. In addition, the preservation of the original extracellular matrix was observed. To analyze its biocompatibility, the scaffold was embedded in a heterologous animal and the inflammation features, including the surrounding cell infiltration and changes of the scaffold architecture, were detected. The cell-attachment ability was also validated by the perfusion culture of HepG2 cells with the scaffold. RESULTS By using gradient ionic detergent, we completed the decellularization process in approximately 5 h, which was shorter than >10 hours in previous experiments (p<0.001). The extracellular matrix was kept relatively intact, with no obvious inflammatory cellular infiltration or structural damage in the grafted tissue. The engraftment efficiencies of HepG2 were 86±5% (n=8). The levels of albumin and urea synthesis were significantly superior to the ones in traditional two-dimensional culture. CONCLUSION The current new method can be used efficiently for the decellularization of the liver biologic scaffold with satisfying biocomparability for application both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xin Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng Yun Hu
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Quan Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Hui Rao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Oliveira AC, Garzón I, Ionescu AM, Carriel V, Cardona JDLC, González-Andrades M, Pérez MDM, Alaminos M, Campos A. Evaluation of small intestine grafts decellularization methods for corneal tissue engineering. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66538. [PMID: 23799114 PMCID: PMC3682956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the development of cornea substitutes by tissue engineering techniques have focused on the use of decellularized tissue scaffolds. In this work, we evaluated different chemical and physical decellularization methods on small intestine tissues to determine the most appropriate decellularization protocols for corneal applications. Our results revealed that the most efficient decellularization agents were the SDS and triton X-100 detergents, which were able to efficiently remove most cell nuclei and residual DNA. Histological and histochemical analyses revealed that collagen fibers were preserved upon decellularization with triton X-100, NaCl and sonication, whereas reticular fibers were properly preserved by decellularization with UV exposure. Extracellular matrix glycoproteins were preserved after decellularization with SDS, triton X-100 and sonication, whereas proteoglycans were not affected by any of the decellularization protocols. Tissue transparency was significantly higher than control non-decellularized tissues for all protocols, although the best light transmittance results were found in tissues decellularized with SDS and triton X-100. In conclusion, our results suggest that decellularized intestinal grafts could be used as biological scaffolds for cornea tissue engineering. Decellularization with triton X-100 was able to efficiently remove all cells from the tissues while preserving tissue structure and most fibrillar and non-fibrillar extracellular matrix components, suggesting that this specific decellularization agent could be safely used for efficient decellularization of SI tissues for cornea TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Celeste Oliveira
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Victor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel González-Andrades
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Alaminos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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139
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Shirakigawa N, Takei T, Ijima H. Base structure consisting of an endothelialized vascular-tree network and hepatocytes for whole liver engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:740-5. [PMID: 23770123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructed liver has been desired as a liver substitute for transplantation. However, reconstruction of a whole liver has not been achieved because construction of a vascular network at an organ scale is very difficult. We focused on decellularized liver (DC-liver) as an artificial scaffold for the construction of a hierarchical vascular network. In this study, we obtained DC-liver and the tubular network structure in which both portal vein and hepatic vein systems remained intact. Furthermore, endothelialization of the tubular structure in DC-liver was achieved, which prevented blood leakage from the tubular structure. In addition, hepatocytes suspended in a collagen sol were injected from the surroundings using a syringe as a suitable procedure for liver cell inoculation. In summary, we developed a base structure consisting of an endothelialized vascular-tree network and hepatocytes for whole liver engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Shirakigawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Mirmalek-Sani SH, Sullivan DC, Zimmerman C, Shupe TD, Petersen BE. Immunogenicity of decellularized porcine liver for bioengineered hepatic tissue. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:558-65. [PMID: 23747949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease affects millions of patients each year. The field of regenerative medicine promises alternative therapeutic approaches, including the potential to bioengineer replacement hepatic tissue. One approach combines cells with acellular scaffolds derived from animal tissue. The goal of this study was to scale up our rodent liver decellularization method to livers of a clinically relevant size. Porcine livers were cannulated via the hepatic artery, then perfused with PBS, followed by successive Triton X-100 and SDS solutions in saline buffer. After several days of rinsing, decellularized liver samples were histologically analyzed. In addition, biopsy specimens of decellularized scaffolds were seeded with hepatoblastoma cells for cytotoxicity testing or implanted s.c. into rodents to investigate scaffold immunogenicity. Histological staining confirmed cellular clearance from pig livers, with removal of nuclei and cytoskeletal components and widespread preservation of structural extracellular molecules. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed preservation of an intact liver capsule, a porous acellular lattice structure with intact vessels and striated basement membrane. Liver scaffolds supported cells over 21 days, and no increased immune response was seen with either allogeneic (rat-into-rat) or xenogeneic (pig-into-rat) transplants over 28 days, compared with sham-operated on controls. These studies demonstrate that successful decellularization of the porcine liver could be achieved with protocols developed for rat livers, yielding nonimmunogenic scaffolds for future hepatic bioengineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hadi Mirmalek-Sani
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Preservation of micro-architecture and angiogenic potential in a pulmonary acellular matrix obtained using intermittent intra-tracheal flow of detergent enzymatic treatment. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6638-48. [PMID: 23727263 PMCID: PMC3988964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of autologous lung tissue aims to become a therapeutic alternative to transplantation. Efforts published so far in creating scaffolds have used harsh decellularization techniques that damage the extracellular matrix (ECM), deplete its components and take up to 5 weeks to perform. The aim of this study was to create a lung natural acellular scaffold using a method that will reduce the time of production and better preserve scaffold architecture and ECM components. Decellularization of rat lungs via the intratracheal route removed most of the nuclear material when compared to the other entry points. An intermittent inflation approach that mimics lung respiration yielded an acellular scaffold in a shorter time with an improved preservation of pulmonary micro-architecture. Electron microscopy demonstrated the maintenance of an intact alveolar network, with no evidence of collapse or tearing. Pulsatile dye injection via the vasculature indicated an intact capillary network in the scaffold. Morphometry analysis demonstrated a significant increase in alveolar fractional volume, with alveolar size analysis confirming that alveolar dimensions were maintained. Biomechanical testing of the scaffolds indicated an increase in resistance and elastance when compared to fresh lungs. Staining and quantification for ECM components showed a presence of collagen, elastin, GAG and laminin. The intratracheal intermittent decellularization methodology could be translated to sheep lungs, demonstrating a preservation of ECM components, alveolar and vascular architecture. Decellularization treatment and methodology preserves lung architecture and ECM whilst reducing the production time to 3 h. Cell seeding and in vivo experiments are necessary to proceed towards clinical translation.
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142
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Orlando G, Booth C, Wang Z, Totonelli G, Ross CL, Moran E, Salvatori M, Maghsoudlou P, Turmaine M, Delario G, Al-Shraideh Y, Farooq U, Farney AC, Rogers J, Iskandar SS, Burns A, Marini FC, De Coppi P, Stratta RJ, Soker S. Discarded human kidneys as a source of ECM scaffold for kidney regeneration technologies. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5915-25. [PMID: 23680364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, more than 2600 kidneys are discarded annually, from the total number of kidneys procured for transplant. We hypothesized that this organ pool may be used as a platform for renal bioengineering and regeneration research. We previously showed that decellularization of porcine kidneys yields renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds that maintain their basic components, support cell growth and welfare in vitro and in vivo, and show an intact vasculature that, when such scaffolds are implanted in vivo, is able to sustain physiological blood pressure. The purpose of the current study was to test if the same strategy can be applied to discarded human kidneys in order to obtain human renal ECM scaffolds. The results show that the sodium dodecylsulfate-based decellularization protocol completely cleared the cellular compartment in these kidneys, while the innate ECM framework retained its architecture and biochemical properties. Samples of human renal ECM scaffolds stimulated angiogenesis in a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Importantly, the innate vascular network in the human renal ECM scaffolds retained its compliance. Collectively, these results indicate that discarded human kidneys are a suitable source of renal scaffolds and their use for tissue engineering applications may be more clinically applicable than kidneys derived from animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Orlando
- Department of General Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
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Rosado AM, Brewster LP. Regeneration: Letting the Scaffold do the Work. J Surg Res 2013; 180:49-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.11.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Organ transplantation in an orthotopic location is the current treatment for end-stage organ failure. However, the need for transplantable organs far exceeds the number of available donor organs. As a result, new options, such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, have been explored to achieve functional organ replacement. Although there have been many advances in the laboratory leading to the reconstruction of tissue and organ structures in vitro, these efforts have fallen short of producing organs that contain intact vascular networks capable of nutrient and gas exchange and are suitable for transplantation. Recently, advances in whole organ decellularization techniques have enabled the fabrication of scaffolds for engineering new organs. These scaffolds, consisting of naturally-derived extracellular matrix (ECM), provide biological signals and maintain tissue microarchitecture, including intact vascular systems that could integrate into the recipient's circulatory system. The decellularization techniques have led to the development of scaffolds for multiple organs, including the heart, liver, lung and kidney. While the experimental studies involving the use of decellularized organ scaffolds are encouraging, the translation of whole organ engineering into the clinic is still distant. This paper reviews recently described techniques used to decellularize whole organs such as the heart, lung, liver and kidney and describes possible methods for using these matrices for whole organ engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Arenas-Herrera
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Booth C, Soker T, Baptista P, Ross CL, Soker S, Farooq U, Stratta RJ, Orlando G. Liver bioengineering: Current status and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6926-34. [PMID: 23322990 PMCID: PMC3531676 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to illustrate the strategies that are being implemented to regenerate or bioengineer livers for clinical purposes. There are two general pathways to liver bioengineering and regeneration. The first consists of creating a supporting scaffold, either synthetically or by decellularization of human or animal organs, and seeding cells on the scaffold, where they will mature either in bioreactors or in vivo. This strategy seems to offer the quickest route to clinical translation, as demonstrated by the development of liver organoids from rodent livers which were repopulated with organ specific cells of animal and/or human origin. Liver bioengineering has potential for transplantation and for toxicity testing during preclinical drug development. The second possibility is to induce liver regeneration of dead or resected tissue by manipulating cell pathways. In fact, it is well known that the liver has peculiar regenerative potential which allows hepatocyte hyperplasia after amputation of liver volume. Infusion of autologous bone marrow cells, which aids in liver regeneration, into patients was shown to be safe and to improve their clinical condition, but the specific cells responsible for liver regeneration have not yet been determined and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. A complete understanding of the cell pathways and dynamics and of the functioning of liver stem cell niche is necessary for the clinical translation of regenerative medicine strategies. As well, it will be crucial to elucidate the mechanisms through which cells interact with the extracellular matrix, and how this latter supports and drives cell fate.
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146
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He M, Callanan A. Comparison of methods for whole-organ decellularization in tissue engineering of bioartificial organs. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 19:194-208. [PMID: 23083305 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is now a well-established procedure for the treatment of end-stage organ failure due to various causes, but is a victim of its own success in that there is a growing disparity in numbers between the donor organ pool available for transplantation and the patients eligible for such a procedure; hence, an alternative solution to the limited donor organ pool is both desirable and necessary. Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of functional replacement tissues for clinical use. A recent innovation in tissue and organ engineering is the technique of whole-organ decellularization, which allows the production of complex three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds of the entire organ with preservation of the intrinsic vascular network. These bioscaffolds can then be recellularized to create potentially functional organ constructs as a regenerative medicine strategy for organ replacement. We review the current applications and methods in using xenogeneic whole-organ ECM scaffolds to create potentially functional bioartificial organ constructs for surgical implantation, and present a comparison of specific trends within this new and developing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Department of Bioengineering and Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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147
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Abstract
Initially hailed as the ultimate solution to organ failure, engineering of vascularized tissues such as the liver has stalled because of the need for a well-structured circulatory system that can maintain the cells seeded inside the construct. A new approach has evolved to overcome this obstacle. Whole-organ decellularization is a method that retains most of the native vascular structures of the organ, providing microcirculatory support and structure, which can be anastomosed with the recipient circulation. The technique was first applied to the heart and then adapted for the liver. Several studies have shown that cells can be eliminated, the extracellular matrix and vasculature are reasonably preserved and, after repopulation with hepatocytes, these grafts can perform hepatic functions in vitro and in vivo. Progress is rapidly being made as researchers are addressing several key challenges to whole-organ tissue engineering, such as ensuring correct cell distribution, nonparenchymal cell seeding, blood compatibility, immunological concerns, and the source of cells and matrices.
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148
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Soto-Gutierrez A, Wertheim JA, Ott HC, Gilbert TW. Perspectives on whole-organ assembly: moving toward transplantation on demand. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3817-23. [PMID: 23114604 DOI: 10.1172/jci61974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ever-growing demand for transplantable organs to replace acute and chronically damaged tissues. This demand cannot be met by the currently available donor organs. Efforts to provide an alternative source have led to the development of organ engineering, a discipline that combines cell biology, tissue engineering, and cell/organ transplantation. Over the last several years, engineered organs have been implanted into rodent recipients and have shown modest function. In this article, we summarize the most recent advances in this field and provide a perspective on the challenges of translating this promising new technology into a proven regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, Transplantation Section of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Preparation of immunogen-reduced and biocompatible extracellular matrices from porcine liver. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 115:207-15. [PMID: 23068617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized biologic matrices are plausible biomedical materials for the bioengineering in liver transplantation. However, one of the concerns for safe medical application is the lack of objective assessment of the immunogen within the materials and the in vivo immune responses to the matrices. The purpose of this study was the production of immunogen-reduced and biocompatible matrices from porcine liver. In the present study, 0.1% SDS solution was effective for removing DNA fragments and sequences encoding possible immunogenic and viral antigens within the matrices. The PCR analysis showed that galactose-α-1,3 galactose β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (1,3 gal), swine leukocyte antigen (SLA), and porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) were completely removed in the matrices. Collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were preserved over 63%-71%, respectively, compared to those of native liver. The implanted decellularized tissues showed minimal host responses and naturally degraded within 10 weeks. In this study, we produced immunogen-reduced and biocompatible extracellular matrices from porcine liver. Although future investigations would be required to determine the mechanism of the host reaction, this study could provide useful information of porcine liver-derived biologic matrices for liver researches.
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Sullivan DC, Mirmalek-Sani SH, Deegan DB, Baptista PM, Aboushwareb T, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Decellularization methods of porcine kidneys for whole organ engineering using a high-throughput system. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7756-64. [PMID: 22841923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
End-stage renal failure is a devastating disease, with donor organ transplantation as the only functional restorative treatment. The current number of donor organs meets less than one-fifth of demand, so regenerative medicine approaches have been proposed as potential therapeutic alternatives. One such approach for whole large-organ bioengineering is to combine functional renal cells with a decellularized porcine kidney scaffold. The efficacy of cellular removal and biocompatibility of the preserved porcine matrices, as well as scaffold reproducibility, are critical to the success of this approach. We evaluated the effectiveness of 0.25 and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1% Triton X-100 in the decellularization of adult porcine kidneys. To perform the decellularization, a high-throughput system was designed and constructed. In this study all three methods examined showed significant cellular removal, but 0.5% SDS was the most effective detergent (<50 ng DNA/mg dry tissue). Decellularized organs retained intact microarchitecture including the renal vasculature and essential extracellular matrix components. The SDS-treated decellularized scaffolds were non-cytotoxic to primary human renal cells. This method ensures clearance of porcine cellular material (which directly impacts immunoreactivity during transplantation) and preserves the extracellular matrix and cellular compatibility of these renal scaffolds. Thus, we have developed a rapid decellularization method that can be scaled up for use in other large organs, and this represents a step toward development of a transplantable organ using tissue engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Sullivan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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