101
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Li G, Wu X, Qian W, Cai H, Sun X, Zhang W, Tan S, Wu Z, Qian P, Ding K, Lu X, Zhang X, Yan H, Song H, Guang S, Wu Q, Lobie PE, Shan G, Zhu T. CCAR1 5' UTR as a natural miRancer of miR-1254 overrides tamoxifen resistance. Cell Res 2016; 26:655-73. [PMID: 27002217 PMCID: PMC4897177 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) typically bind to unstructured miRNA-binding sites in target RNAs, leading to a mutual repression of expression. Here, we report that miR-1254 interacts with structured elements in cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1) 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and this interaction enhances the stability of both molecules. miR-1254 can also act as a repressor when binding to unstructured sites in its targets. Interestingly, structured miR-1254-targeting sites act as both a functional RNA motif-sensing unit, and an independent RNA functional unit that enhances miR-1254 expression. Artificially designed miRNA enhancers, termed “miRancers”, can stabilize and enhance the activity of miRNAs of interest. We further demonstrate that CCAR1 5′ UTR as a natural miRancer of endogenous miR-1254 re-sensitizes tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Thus, our study presents a novel model of miRNA function, wherein highly structured miRancer-like motif-containing RNA fragments or miRancer molecules specifically interact with miRNAs, leading to reciprocal stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Wenchang Qian
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Huayong Cai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xinbao Sun
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Keshuo Ding
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xuefei Lu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shouhong Guang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Qingfa Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Ge Shan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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102
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Ren X, Yuan L, Shen S, Wu H, Lu J, Liang Z. c-Met and ERβ expression differences in basal-like and non-basal-like triple-negative breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11385-95. [PMID: 26968553 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are two entities of breast cancer that share similar poor prognosis. Even though both cancers have overlaps, there are still some differences between those two types. It has been reported that the c-Met high expression was associated with poor prognosis not only in breast cancer but also in many other cancers. The role of ERβ in pathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer has remained controversial. In this study, we firstly distinguished basal-like from nonbasal-like cancer patients in TNBC patients using CK5/6 and EGFR as markers and next determined the relationship of basal-like breast cancer with c-Met or ERβ expression levels and prognosis in TNBC patients. One hundred twenty-seven patients who had been diagnosed with TNBC were enrolled. The clinical and pathological characteristics of the patients were recorded. The expression of EGFR, CK5/6, ERβ, and c-Met were evaluated with immunohistochemical methods using paraffin blocks. The median age of patients was 50.7 years. CK5/6 immunopositivity was 31.5 % (40/127), and EGFR was 40.2 % (51/127). Of the TNBC cases, 55.1 % (71/127) were positive for either CK5/6 or EGFR and were thus classified as basal-like breast cancer. C-Met (P < 0.001) and ERβ (P = 0.002) overexpression, small tumor sizes, a ductal subtype, and high-grade tumor were significantly correlated with BLBC. High c-Met expression was detected in 43.3 % patients. Metastatic lymph nodes and tumor size (>5 cm), which were both important prognostic predictors, were significantly associated with recurrence and mortality. BLBC typically demonstrates a unique profile. CK5/6 and EGFR expression combination indicates a higher basal-like phenotype possibility. The expression of c-Met and ERβ were significantly related to the basal-like phenotype. The classical markers, lymph node metastasis, and tumor size were found to have important prognostic value. However, high c-Met expression and basal-like phenotypes did not show a direct correlation with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ren
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songjie Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junliang Lu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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103
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Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator and is mainly indicated for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and postsurgery neoadjuvant therapy in ER-positive breast cancers. Interestingly, 5–10% of the ER-negative breast cancers have also shown sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. The involvement of molecular markers and/or signaling pathways independent of ER signaling has been implicated in tamoxifen sensitivity in the ER-negative subgroup. Studies reveal that variation in the expression of estrogen-related receptor alpha, ER subtype beta, tumor microenvironment, and epigenetics affects tamoxifen sensitivity. This review discusses the background of the research on the action of tamoxifen that may inspire future studies to explore effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancers, the latter being an aggressive disease with worse clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Manna
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina K Holz
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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104
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De Marchi T, Timmermans AM, Smid M, Look MP, Stingl C, Opdam M, Linn SC, Sweep FCGJ, Span PN, Kliffen M, van Deurzen CHM, Luider TM, Foekens JA, Martens JW, Umar A. Annexin-A1 and caldesmon are associated with resistance to tamoxifen in estrogen receptor positive recurrent breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3098-110. [PMID: 26657294 PMCID: PMC4823093 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen therapy resistance constitutes a major cause of death in patients with recurrent estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Through high resolution mass spectrometry (MS), we previously generated a 4-protein predictive signature for tamoxifen therapy outcome in recurrent breast cancer. ANXA1 and CALD1, which were not included in the classifier, were however the most differentially expressed proteins. We first evaluated the clinical relevance of these markers in our MS cohort, followed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining on an independent set of tumors incorporated in a tissue microarray (TMA) and regression analysis in relation to time to progression (TTP), clinical benefit and objective response. In order to assess which mechanisms ANXA1 and CALD1 might been involved in, we performed Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) on ANXA1 and CALD1 correlated proteins in our MS cohort. ANXA1 (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.75; P = 0.003) and CALD1 (HR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.04-2.36; P = 0.039) based patient stratification showed significant association to TTP, while IHC staining on TMA showed that both ANXA1 (HR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.12-3.00; P = 0.016) and CALD1 (HR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.40-3.75; P = 0.001) expression was associated with shorter TTP independently of traditional predictive factors. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the majority of proteins correlated to ANXA1 also correlated with CALD1. IPA indicated that ANXA1 and CALD1 were associated with ER-downregulation and NFκB signaling. We hereby report that ANXA1 and CALD1 proteins are independent markers for tamoxifen therapy outcome and are associated to fast tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso De Marchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M. Timmermans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime P. Look
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Stingl
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Opdam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C. Linn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred C. G. J. Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N. Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Kliffen
- Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo M. Luider
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arzu Umar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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105
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Lempereur M, Majewska C, Brunquers A, Wongpramud S, Valet B, Janssens P, Dillemans M, Van Nedervelde L, Gallo D. Tetrahydro-iso-alpha Acids Antagonize Estrogen Receptor Alpha Activity in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:9747863. [PMID: 27190515 PMCID: PMC4844874 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9747863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydro-iso-alpha acids commonly called THIAA or Tetra are modified hop acids extracted from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) which are frequently used in brewing industry mainly in order to provide beer bitterness and foam stability. Interestingly, molecular structure of tetrahydro-iso-alpha acids is close to a new type of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) antagonists aimed at disrupting the binding of coactivators containing an LxxLL motif (NR-box). In this work we show that THIAA decreases estradiol-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 (ERα-positive breast cancer cells). Besides, we show that it inhibits ERα transcriptional activity. Interestingly, this extract fails to compete with estradiol for ERα binding and does not significantly impact the receptor turnover rate in MCF-7 cells, suggesting that it does not act like classical antiestrogens. Hence, we demonstrate that THIAA is able to antagonize ERα estradiol-induced recruitment of the LxxLL binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Majewska
- Institut Meurice, 1 avenue Emile Gryzon, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bénédicte Valet
- Institut Meurice, 1 avenue Emile Gryzon, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Janssens
- Yakima Chief-Hopunion LLC, 10 avenue A. Fleming, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Monique Dillemans
- Institut Meurice, 1 avenue Emile Gryzon, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Commission Communautaire Française (Cocof), Service des Industries Biochimiques, Belgium
| | - Laurence Van Nedervelde
- Institut Meurice, 1 avenue Emile Gryzon, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Commission Communautaire Française (Cocof), Service des Industries Biochimiques, Belgium
| | - Dominique Gallo
- Institut Meurice, 1 avenue Emile Gryzon, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Commission Communautaire Française (Cocof), Département des Substances Naturelles et de Biochimie, Belgium
- *Dominique Gallo:
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106
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Klinge CM. Estrogen action: Receptors, transcripts, cell signaling, and non-coding RNAs in normal physiology and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:191-2. [PMID: 26681526 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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107
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Inoue K, Fry EA. Aberrant Splicing of Estrogen Receptor, HER2, and CD44 Genes in Breast Cancer. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2015; 7:19-32. [PMID: 26692764 PMCID: PMC4669075 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s35500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death among women under the age of 50 years. Established biomarkers, such as hormone receptors (estrogen receptor [ER]/progesterone receptor) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), play significant roles in the selection of patients for endocrine and trastuzumab therapies. However, the initial treatment response is often followed by tumor relapse with intrinsic resistance to the first-line therapy, so it has been expected to identify novel molecular markers to improve the survival and quality of life of patients. Alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNAs is a ubiquitous and flexible mechanism for the control of gene expression in mammalian cells. It provides cells with the opportunity to create protein isoforms with different, even opposing, functions from a single genomic locus. Aberrant alternative splicing is very common in cancer where emerging tumor cells take advantage of this flexibility to produce proteins that promote cell growth and survival. While a number of splicing alterations have been reported in human cancers, we focus on aberrant splicing of ER, HER2, and CD44 genes from the viewpoint of BC development. ERα36, a splice variant from the ER1 locus, governs nongenomic membrane signaling pathways triggered by estrogen and confers 4-hydroxytamoxifen resistance in BC therapy. The alternative spliced isoform of HER2 lacking exon 20 (Δ16HER2) has been reported in human BC; this isoform is associated with transforming ability than the wild-type HER2 and recapitulates the phenotypes of endocrine therapy-resistant BC. Although both CD44 splice isoforms (CD44s, CD44v) play essential roles in BC development, CD44v is more associated with those with favorable prognosis, such as luminal A subtype, while CD44s is linked to those with poor prognosis, such as HER2 or basal cell subtypes that are often metastatic. Hence, the detection of splice variants from these loci will provide keys to understand the pathogenesis, predict the prognosis, and choose specific therapies for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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108
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Telonis AG, Loher P, Jing Y, Londin E, Rigoutsos I. Beyond the one-locus-one-miRNA paradigm: microRNA isoforms enable deeper insights into breast cancer heterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:9158-75. [PMID: 26400174 PMCID: PMC4627084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe our study of miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) in breast cancer (BRCA) and normal breast data sets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repository. We report that the full isomiR profiles, from both known and novel human-specific miRNA loci, are particularly rich in information and can distinguish tumor from normal tissue much better than the archetype miRNAs. IsomiR expression is also dependent on the patient's race, exemplified by miR-183-5p, several isomiRs of which are upregulated in triple negative BRCA in white but not black women. Additionally, we find that an isomiR's 5′ endpoint and length, but not the genomic origin, are key determinants of the regulation of its expression. Overexpression of distinct miR-183-5p isomiRs in MDA-MB-231 cells followed by microarray analysis revealed that each isomiR has a distinct impact on the cellular transcriptome. Parallel integrative analysis of mRNA expression from BRCA data sets of the TCGA repository demonstrated that isomiRs can distinguish between the luminal A and luminal B subtypes and explain in more depth the molecular differences between them than the archetype molecules. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that post-transcriptional studies of BRCA will benefit from transcending the one-locus-one-miRNA paradigm and taking into account all isoforms from each miRNA locus as well as the patient's race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis G Telonis
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillipe Loher
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi Jing
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Londin
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isidore Rigoutsos
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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109
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Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are commonly deregulated in the pathogenesis of human cancer and are a major class of cancer cell dependencies. Consequently, targeting of TFs can be highly effective in treating particular malignancies, as highlighted by the clinical efficacy of agents that target nuclear hormone receptors. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of TFs as drug targets in oncology, with an emphasis on the emerging chemical approaches to modulate TF function. The remarkable diversity and potency of TFs as drivers of cell transformation justifies a continued pursuit of TFs as therapeutic targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S. Bhagwat
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Christopher R. Vakoc
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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110
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Abstract
Approximately 70% of breast cancers are oestrogen receptor α (ER) positive, and are, therefore, treated with endocrine therapies. However, about 25% of patients with primary disease and almost all patients with metastases will present with or eventually develop endocrine resistance. Despite the magnitude of this clinical challenge, the mechanisms underlying the development of resistance remain largely unknown. In the past 2 years, several studies unveiled gain-of-function mutations in ESR1, the gene encoding the ER, in approximately 20% of patients with metastatic ER-positive disease who received endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. These mutations are clustered in a 'hotspot' within the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the ER and lead to ligand-independent ER activity that promotes tumour growth, partial resistance to endocrine therapy, and potentially enhanced metastatic capacity; thus, ER LBD mutations might account for a mechanism of acquired endocrine resistance in a substantial fraction of patients with metastatic disease. In general, the absence of detectable ESR1 mutations in patients with treatment-naive disease, and the correlation between the frequency of patients with tumours harbouring these mutations and the number of endocrine treatments received suggest that, under selective treatment pressure, clonal expansion of rare mutant clones occurs, leading to resistance. Preclinical and clinical development of rationale-based novel therapeutic strategies that inhibit these ER mutants has the potential to substantially improve treatment outcomes. We discuss the contribution of ESR1 mutations to the development of acquired resistance to endocrine therapy, and evaluate how mutated ER can be detected and targeted to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes.
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111
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Korobkova EA. Effect of Natural Polyphenols on CYP Metabolism: Implications for Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1359-90. [PMID: 26042469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a large group of hemeproteins located on mitochondrial membranes or the endoplasmic reticulum. They play a crucial role in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous molecules. The activity of CYP is associated with a number of factors including redox potential, protein conformation, the accessibility of the active site by substrates, and others. This activity may be potentially modulated by a variety of small molecules. Extensive experimental data collected over the past decade point at the active role of natural polyphenols in modulating the catalytic activity of CYP. Polyphenols are widespread micronutrients present in human diets of plant origin and in medicinal herbs. These compounds may alter the activity of CYP either via direct interactions with the enzymes or by affecting CYP gene expression. The polyphenol-CYP interactions may significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs and thus influence the effectiveness of chemical therapies used in the treatment of different types of cancers, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CYPs are involved in the oxidation and activation of external carcinogenic agents, in which case the inhibition of the CYP activity is beneficial for health. CYPs also support detoxification processes. In this case, it is the upregulation of CYP genes that would be favorable for the organism. A CYP enzyme aromatase catalyzes the formation of estrone and estradiol from their precursors. CYPs also catalyze multiple reactions leading to the oxidation of estrogen. Estrogen signaling and oxidative metabolism of estrogen are associated with the development of cancer. Thus, polyphenol-mediated modulation of the CYP's activity also plays a vital role in estrogen carcinogenesis. The aim of the present review is to summarize the data collected over the last five to six years on the following topics: (1) the mechanisms of the interactions of CYP with food constituents that occur via the direct binding of polyphenols to the enzymes and (2) the mechanisms of the regulation of CYP gene expression mediated by polyphenols. The structure-activity relationship relevant to the ability of polyphenols to affect the activity of CYP is analyzed. The application of polyphenol-CYP interactions to diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Korobkova
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The Department of Sciences, City University of New York, 524 W 59th Street, New York, New York 10019, United States
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112
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Heppner KM, Perez-Tilve D. GLP-1 based therapeutics: simultaneously combating T2DM and obesity. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:92. [PMID: 25852463 PMCID: PMC4367528 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) enhances meal-related insulin secretion, which lowers blood glucose excursions. In addition to its incretin action, GLP-1 acts on the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the brain to suppress feeding. These combined actions of GLP-1R signaling cause improvements in glycemic control as well as weight loss in type II diabetes (T2DM) patients treated with GLP-1R agonists. This is a superior advantage of GLP-1R pharmaceuticals as many other drugs used to treat T2DM are weight neutral or actual cause weight gain. This review summarizes GLP-1R action on energy and glucose metabolism, the effectiveness of current GLP-1R agonists on weight loss in T2DM patients, as well as GLP-1R combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy M Heppner
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
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113
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Hamilton N, Márquez-Garbán D, Mah V, Elshimali Y, Elashoff D, Garon E, Vadgama J, Pietras R. Estrogen Receptor-β and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:373-90. [PMID: 27279236 PMCID: PMC5495464 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v20.i5-6.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) lack estrogen receptor-α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) amplification and account for almost half of all breast cancer deaths. This breast cancer subtype largely affects women who are premenopausal, African-American, or have BRCA1/2 mutations. Women with TNBC are plagued with higher rates of distant metastasis that significantly diminish their overall survival and quality of life. Due to their poor response to chemotherapy, patients with TNBC would significantly benefit from development of new targeted therapeutics. Research suggests that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family and estrogen receptor beta-1 (ERβ1), due to their roles in metabolism and cellular regulation, might be attractive targets to pursue for TNBC management. Here, we review the current state of the science addressing the roles of ERβ1 and the IGF family in TNBC. Further, the potential benefit of metformin treatment in patients with TNBC as well as areas of therapeutic potential in the IGF-ERβ1 pathway are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalo Hamilton
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Diana Márquez-Garbán
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vei Mah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yayha Elshimali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles Drew University School of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Elashoff
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Edward Garon
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jaydutt Vadgama
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles Drew University School of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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