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Baicalin inhibits biofilm formation, attenuates the quorum sensing-controlled virulence and enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa clearance in a mouse peritoneal implant infection model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176883. [PMID: 28453568 PMCID: PMC5409170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The quorum sensing (QS) circuit plays a role in the precise regulation of genes controlling virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. QS-controlled biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical settings has remained controversial due to emerging drug resistance; therefore, screening diverse compounds for anti-biofilm or anti-QS activities is important. This study demonstrates the ability of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of baicalin, an active natural compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal Scutellaria baicalensis, to inhibit the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and enhance the bactericidal effects of various conventional antibiotics in vitro. In addition, baicalin exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effects on virulence phenotypes (LasA protease, LasB elastase, pyocyanin, rhamnolipid, motilities and exotoxin A) regulated by QS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the expression levels of QS-regulatory genes, including lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pqsR and pqsA, were repressed after sub-MIC baicalin treatment, resulting in significant decreases in the QS signaling molecules 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL, confirming the ability of baicalin-mediated QS inhibition to alter gene and protein expression. In vivo experiments indicated that baicalin treatment reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Greater worm survival in the baicalin-treated group manifested as an increase in the LT50 from 24 to 96 h. In a mouse peritoneal implant infection model, baicalin treatment enhanced the clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the implants of mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with the control group. Moreover, the combination of baicalin and antibiotics significantly reduced the numbers of colony-forming units in the implants to a significantly greater degree than antibiotic treatment alone. Pathological and histological analyses revealed mitigation of the inflammatory response and reduced cell infiltration in the peritoneal tissue surrounding the implants after baicalin treatment. Measurement of the cytokine levels in the peritoneal lavage fluid of mice in the baicalin treatment group revealed a decrease in IL-4, an increase in interferon γ (IFN-γ), and a reversed IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio compared with the control group, indicating that baicalin treatment activated the Th1-induced immune response to expedite bacterial load clearance. Based on these results, baicalin might be a potent QS inhibitor and anti-biofilm agent for combating Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-related infections.
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Tomczyk M, Sosnowska K, Pleszczyńska M, Strawa J, Wiater A, Grochowski DM, Tomczykowa M, Winnicka K. Hydrogel Containing an Extract of Tormentillae Rhizoma for the Treatment of Biofilm-Related Oral Diseases. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, hydrogels containing the dried extract of tormentil ( Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch., Rosaceae) were designed and qualitatively evaluated regarding their viscosity, thixotropy, and texture properties. As mucoadhesiveness is a crucial factor determining drug retention within the oral cavity, mucoadhesive properties expressed as the work of adhesion and maximum detachment force under the presence of porcine buccal mucosa and two different models of mucoadhesive layers: mucin and gelatin discs were evaluated. The fingerprints of the analyzed tormentil extract were established by using a LC-ESI-MS method. The dominating compounds of the tested extract are oligomeric proanthocyanidins and agrimoniin. This study reveals that designed hydrogels are promising semi-solid delivery systems for the dry extract of tormentil with beneficial mucoadhesive, thixotropic, and texture characteristics and may be utilized as platforms for tormentil delivery to the oral cavity in periodontal diseases. In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of the tormentil hydrogel against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilms was also performed. The hydrogel significantly reduced artificial biofilm formation. For all Streptococci, complete inhibition was revealed at a final concentration of the extract of 2 mg/mL. These beneficial characteristics, as well as the anti-biofilm activity, enable its use for dental care, but further clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sosnowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Strawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel M. Grochowski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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Licker M, Moldovan R, Hogea E, Muntean D, Horhat F, Baditoiu L, Rogobete AF, Tîrziu E, Zambori C. Microbial biofilm in human health - an updated theoretical and practical insight. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/rrlm-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The term biofilm designates an aggregate of microorganisms belonging to one or more species which adhere to various surfaces but also to each another. These microbial communities are included and interconnected within an organic structure known as slime, composed of protein substances, polysaccharides, and DNA.
The Center for Disease prevention and control considers infections with bacteria in biofilms among the 7 most important challenges which must be overcome in order to improve the safety of health services. The risk of microbial biofilm development exists for a long list of medical devices and equipment, as well as in certain diseases such as cystic fibrosis. An aggravating aspect is represented by the almost 1,000 times higher antimicrobial resistance of bacteria growing and multiplying within biofilms. Thus, in case of biofilm-infected medical devices, the resistance to antimicrobial treatments requires the removal of the device which essentially means the failure of the exploratory or therapeutic intervention in question.
The role of microbial biofilms in medical pathology is a subject that raises interest for both researchers and clinicians in order to establish new methods for prevention and treatment of biofilms. This paper is intended as an overview in the management of microbial biofilms, presenting future insights, with technological progress in microscopy, molecular genetics, and genome analysis. Therefore the present paper will focus on describing the mechanisms involved in biofilm development, biofilm related infections, methods of detection and quantification of microbial communities and therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Licker
- „Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
- „Pius Branzeu” Emergency, Clinical, County Hospital Timișoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Moldovan
- „Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
| | - Elena Hogea
- „Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
- „Victor Babeș” Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital Timișoara, Romania
| | - Delia Muntean
- Department of Microbiology, „Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
| | - Florin Horhat
- „Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
- „Pius Branzeu” Emergency, Clinical, County Hospital Timișoara, Romania
| | - Luminița Baditoiu
- „Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
- Regional Centre of Public Health Timișoara, Romania
| | | | - Emil Tîrziu
- Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Csilla Zambori
- „Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania
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Romero CM, Vivacqua CG, Abdulhamid MB, Baigori MD, Slanis AC, Allori MCGD, Tereschuk ML. Biofilm inhibition activity of traditional medicinal plants from Northwestern Argentina against native pathogen and environmental microorganisms. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:703-712. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0452-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Mariana Romero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | | | - Mario Domingo Baigori
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
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Pinto G, Silva MD, Peddey M, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J. The role of bacteriophages in periodontal health and disease. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1359-1369. [PMID: 27633580 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human periodontium health is commonly compromised by chronic inflammatory conditions and has become a major public health concern. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria - bacteriophages - are most common in the oral cavity. Despite this, their role in the progression of periodontal disease remains poorly explored. This review aims to summarize how bacteriophages interact with the oral microbiota, their ability to increase bacterial virulence and mediate the transfer of resistance genes and suggests how bacteriophages can be used as an alternative to the current periodontal disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Pinto
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Daniela Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mark Peddey
- Mark Peddey Pty Ltd, 65 Glenhuntly Road, Elwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sanna Sillankorva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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106
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Sun M, Zhou Z, Dong J, Zhang J, Xia Y, Shu R. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) against periodontopathic bacteria. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:196-203. [PMID: 27565090 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are two major omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) with antimicrobial properties. In this study, we evaluated the potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of DHA and EPA against two periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). MTT assay showed that DHA and EPA still exhibited no cytotoxicity to human oral tissue cells when the concentration came to 100 μM and 200 μM, respectively. Against P. gingivalis, DHA and EPA showed the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μM, and a respective minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5 μM and 25 μM. However, the MIC and MBC values of DHA or EPA against F. nucleatum were both greater than 100 μM. For early-stage bacteria, DHA or EPA displayed complete inhibition on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of P. gingivalis from the lowest concentration of 12.5 μM. And the planktonic growth of F. nucleatum was slightly but not completely inhibited by DHA or EPA even at the concentration of 100 μM, however, the biofilm formation of F. nucleatum at 24 h was significantly restrained by 100 μM EPA. For exponential-phase bacteria, 100 μM DHA or EPA completely killed P. gingivalis and significantly decreased the viable counts of F. nucleatum. Meanwhile, the morphology of P. gingivalis was apparently damaged, and the virulence factor gene expression of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was strongly downregulated. Besides, the viability and the thickness of mature P. gingivalis biofilm, together with the viability of mature F. nucleatum biofilm were both significantly decreased in the presence of 100 μM DHA or EPA. In conclusion, DHA and EPA possessed antibacterial activities against planktonic and biofilm forms of periodontal pathogens, which suggested that DHA and EPA might be potentially supplementary therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zichao Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jiachen Dong
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jichun Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yiru Xia
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Rong Shu
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Moreira MR, Souza AB, Soares S, Bianchi TC, de Souza Eugênio D, Lemes DC, Martins CHG, da Silva Moraes T, Tavares DC, Ferreira NH, Ambrósio SR, Veneziani RCS. ent-Kaurenoic acid-rich extract from Mikania glomerata: In vitro activity against bacteria responsible for dental caries. Fitoterapia 2016; 112:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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108
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Preventive Effects of Houttuynia cordata Extract for Oral Infectious Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2581876. [PMID: 27413739 PMCID: PMC4931051 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2581876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Houttuynia cordata (HC) (Saururaceae) has been used internally and externally as a traditional medicine and as an herbal tea for healthcare in Japan. Our recent survey showed that HC poultice (HCP) prepared from smothering fresh leaves of HC had been frequently used for the treatment of purulent skin diseases with high effectiveness. Our experimental study also demonstrated that ethanol extract of HCP (eHCP) has antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory effects against S. aureus which caused purulent skin diseases. In this study, we focused on novel effects of HCP against oral infectious diseases, such as periodontal disease and dental caries. We determined the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of water solution of HCP ethanol extract (wHCP) against important oral pathogens and investigated its cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects on human oral epithelial cells. wHCP had moderate antimicrobial effects against some oral microorganisms and profound antibiofilm effects against Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. In addition, wHCP had no cytotoxic effects and could inhibit interleukin-8 and CCL20 productions by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human oral keratinocytes. Our findings suggested that wHCP may be clinically useful for preventing oral infectious diseases as a mouthwash for oral care.
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109
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Qu L, She P, Wang Y, Liu F, Zhang D, Chen L, Luo Z, Xu H, Qi Y, Wu Y. Effects of norspermidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and eradication. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:402-12. [PMID: 26817804 PMCID: PMC4905993 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are defined as aggregation of single cell microorganisms and associated with over 80% of all the microbial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen capable of leading to various infections in immunocompromised people. Recent studies showed that norspermidine, a kind of polyamine, prevented and disrupted biofilm formation by some Gram-negative bacterium. In this study, the effects of norspermidine on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and eradication were tested. Microtiter plate combined with crystal violet staining was used to study the effects of norspermidine on P. aeruginosa initial attachment, then we employed SEM (scanning electron microscope), qRT-PCR, and QS-related virulence factor assays to investigate how norspermidine prevent biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. We reported that high-dose norspermidine had bactericide effect on P. aeruginosa, and norspermidine began to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate 24-h mature biofilm at concentration of 0.1 and 1 mmol/L, respectively, probably by preventing cell-surface attachment, inhibiting swimming motility, and downregulating QS-related genes expression. To investigate the potential utility of norspermidine in preventing device-related infections, we found that catheters immersed with norspermidine were effective in eradicating mature biofilm. These results suggest that norspermidine could be a potent antibiofilm agent for formulating strategies against P. aeruginosa biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Pengfei She
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Yangxia Wang
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
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110
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Antibacterial activity of Bixa orellana L. (achiote) against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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111
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Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Trop 2016; 154:6-18. [PMID: 26522671 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Challenges of resistance to synthetic antimicrobials have opened new vistas in the search for natural products. This article rigorously reviews plants and other natural products used in oral health: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile), Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea), chewing sticks made from Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.D.C., Diospyros lycioides Desf., and Salvadora persica L. (miswak), honey and propolis from the manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.), rhein from Rheum rhabarbarum L. (rhubarb), dried fruits of Vitis vinifera L. (raisins), essential oils, probiotics and mushrooms. Further, the review highlights plants from Africa, Asia, Brazil, Mexico, Europe, and the Middle East. Some of the plants' antimicrobial properties and chemical principles have been elucidated. While the use of natural products for oral health is prominent in resource-poor settings, antimicrobial testing is mainly conducted in the following countries (in decreasing order of magnitude): India, South Africa, Brazil, Japan, France, Egypt, Iran, Mexico, Kenya, Switzerland, Nigeria, Australia, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. While the review exposes a dire gap for more studies on clinical efficacy and toxicity, the following emerging trend was noted: basic research on plants for oral health is mainly done in Brazil, Europe and Australia. Brazil, China, India and New Zealand generally conduct value addition of natural products for fortification of toothpastes. African countries focus on bioprospecting and primary production of raw plants and other natural products with antimicrobial efficacies. The Middle East and Egypt predominantly research on plants used as chewing sticks. More research and funding are needed in the field of natural products for oral health, especially in Africa where oral diseases are fuelled by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
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112
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Activity of Norspermidine on Bacterial Biofilms of Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates Associated with Persistent Extremity Wound Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 973:53-70. [PMID: 27864804 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a major virulence factor for numerous pathogenic bacteria and is cited as a central event in the pathogenesis of chronic human infections, which is in large part due to excessive extracellular matrix secretion and metabolic changes that occur within the biofilm rendering them highly tolerant to antimicrobial treatments. Polyamines, including norspermidine, play central roles in bacterial biofilm development, but have also recently been shown to inhibit biofilm formation in select strains of various pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the biofilm dispersive and inhibitory activities of norspermidine against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii(n = 4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 5) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4) associated with chronic extremity wound infections using the semi-quantitative 96-well plate method and confocal laser microscopy. In addition to the antibiofilm activity, biocompatibility of norspermidine was also evaluated by measuring toxicity in vitro to human cell lines and whole porcine tissue explants using MTT viability assay and histological analysis. Norspermidine (5-20 mM) had variable dispersive and inhibitory activity on biofilms which was dependent on both the strain and species. Of the clinical bacterial species evaluated herein, A. baumannii isolates were the most sensitive to the effect of norspermidine, which was in part due to the inhibitory effects of norspermidine on bacterial motility and expression of genes involved in the production of homoserine lactones and quorum sensing molecules both essential for biofilm formation. Importantly, exposure of cell lines and whole tissues to norspermidine for prolonged periods of time (≥24 h) was observed to reduce viability and alter tissue histology in a time and concentration dependent manner, with 20 mM exposure having the greatest negative effects on both tissues and individual cell lines. Collectively our findings demonstrate that, similar to other polyamines, norspermidine displays both inhibitory and dispersive activities on biofilms of clinical multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates, in particular for strains of A. baumannii. Additionally our findings suggest that direct application may be considered on tissues, albeit for limited exposure times.
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113
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Endo S, Mishima E, Takeuchi Y, Ohi T, Ishida M, Yanai M, Kiyomoto H, Nagasawa T, Ito S. Periodontitis-associated septic pulmonary embolism caused by Actinomyces species identified by anaerobic culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:552. [PMID: 26626753 PMCID: PMC4667511 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal disease is a less common but important cause of septic pulmonary embolism (SPE). However, the pathogens causing periodontal disease-associated SPE (PD-SPE) have been poorly understood. Actinomyces species are resident microbiota in the oral cavity. Here we report a case of PD-SPE caused by Actinomyces species, which was identified by anaerobic culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Case presentation A 64-year-old Asian man, complicated with severe chronic periodontitis, was admitted with chest pain and fever. Chest CT revealed multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules located subpleurally. We diagnosed the case as SPE associated with periodontitis. Although blood cultures were negative for the usual 5-day incubation, anaerobic culture of the BAL fluid sample yielded Actinomyces species. Antibacterial therapy alone did not ameliorate the symptoms; however, additional dental treatment, including tooth extraction, promptly did. The patient was discharged 23 days after admission. The 3-month follow-up revealed no recurrence of the symptoms and complete resolution of the lung lesions. Conclusion This case demonstrated that Actinomyces species can cause PD-SPE. Additionally, clinicians should consider performing appropriate anaerobic culture of BAL fluid to identify the pathogen of SPE, and to ordering dental treatment, if necessary, in addition to antibiotics for the initial management of PD-SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Endo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Eikan Mishima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. .,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Takeuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohi
- Department of Dentistry, Japanese Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan.,Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ishida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Masaru Yanai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Kiyomoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nagasawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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