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De Oliveira TCG, Soares FC, De Macedo LDED, Diniz DLWP, Bento-Torres NVO, Picanço-Diniz CW. Beneficial effects of multisensory and cognitive stimulation on age-related cognitive decline in long-term-care institutions. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:309-20. [PMID: 24600211 PMCID: PMC3933247 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s54383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present report was to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of multisensory and cognitive stimulation on improving cognition in elderly persons living in long-term-care institutions (institutionalized [I]) or in communities with their families (noninstitutionalized [NI]). We compared neuropsychological performance using language and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test scores before and after 24 and 48 stimulation sessions. The two groups were matched by age and years of schooling. Small groups of ten or fewer volunteers underwent the stimulation program, twice a week, over 6 months (48 sessions in total). Sessions were based on language and memory exercises, as well as visual, olfactory, auditory, and ludic stimulation, including music, singing, and dance. Both groups were assessed at the beginning (before stimulation), in the middle (after 24 sessions), and at the end (after 48 sessions) of the stimulation program. Although the NI group showed higher performance in all tasks in all time windows compared with I subjects, both groups improved their performance after stimulation. In addition, the improvement was significantly higher in the I group than the NI group. Language tests seem to be more efficient than the MMSE to detect early changes in cognitive status. The results suggest the impoverished environment of long-term-care institutions may contribute to lower cognitive scores before stimulation and the higher improvement rate of this group after stimulation. In conclusion, language tests should be routinely adopted in the neuropsychological assessment of elderly subjects, and long-term-care institutions need to include regular sensorimotor, social, and cognitive stimulation as a public health policy for elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Cristina Galdino De Oliveira
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodgeneration and Infection, Biological Sciences Institute, University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cabral Soares
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodgeneration and Infection, Biological Sciences Institute, University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Liliane Dias E Dias De Macedo
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodgeneration and Infection, Biological Sciences Institute, University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Domingos Luiz Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodgeneration and Infection, Biological Sciences Institute, University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
| | - Natáli Valim Oliver Bento-Torres
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodgeneration and Infection, Biological Sciences Institute, University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil ; College of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Laboratory of Investigations in Neurodgeneration and Infection, Biological Sciences Institute, University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Brazil
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102
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Buechel HM, Popovic J, Staggs K, Anderson KL, Thibault O, Blalock EM. Aged rats are hypo-responsive to acute restraint: implications for psychosocial stress in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:13. [PMID: 24575039 PMCID: PMC3921565 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes associated with prefrontal cortex and hippocampus decline with age and are vulnerable to disruption by stress. The stress/stress hormone/allostatic load hypotheses of brain aging posit that brain aging, at least in part, is the manifestation of life-long stress exposure. In addition, as humans age, there is a profound increase in the incidence of new onset stressors, many of which are psychosocial (e.g., loss of job, death of spouse, social isolation), and aged humans are well-understood to be more vulnerable to the negative consequences of such new-onset chronic psychosocial stress events. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of this age-related shift in chronic psychosocial stress response, or the initial acute phase of that chronic response, have been less well-studied. Here, we separated young (3 month) and aged (21 month) male F344 rats into control and acute restraint (an animal model of psychosocial stress) groups (n = 9–12/group). We then assessed hippocampus-associated behavioral, electrophysiological, and transcriptional outcomes, as well as blood glucocorticoid and sleep architecture changes. Aged rats showed characteristic water maze, deep sleep, transcriptome, and synaptic sensitivity changes compared to young. Young and aged rats showed similar levels of distress during the 3 h restraint, as well as highly significant increases in blood glucocorticoid levels 21 h after restraint. However, young, but not aged, animals responded to stress exposure with water maze deficits, loss of deep sleep and hyperthermia. These results demonstrate that aged subjects are hypo-responsive to new-onset acute psychosocial stress, which may have negative consequences for long-term stress adaptation and suggest that age itself may act as a stressor occluding the influence of new onset stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Buechel
- Blalock Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Blalock Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kendra Staggs
- Blalock Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katie L Anderson
- Thibault Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Thibault Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eric M Blalock
- Blalock Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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103
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Environmental enrichment induces neuroplastic changes in middle age female BalbC mice and increases the hippocampal levels of BDNF, p-Akt and p-MAPK1/2. Neuroscience 2014; 260:158-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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104
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Guidi M, Kumar A, Rani A, Foster TC. Assessing the emergence and reliability of cognitive decline over the life span in Fisher 344 rats using the spatial water maze. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:2. [PMID: 24478698 PMCID: PMC3896816 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial water maze is routinely used to investigate hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and the biological mechanisms that underlie variability in cognitive decline during aging. The utility of the task for repeated testing in order to examine the trajectory of cognitive decline and to prescreen animals prior to therapeutic interventions maybe limited due to carryover effects of repeated training. The current study examines the role of carryover effects, as well as the reliability of individual differences, in determining age-related impairment on episodic and reference memory versions of the water maze task. Results indicate that impaired acquisition of episodic spatial information emerges in middle-age and the propensity for impairment increases with advancing age. While learning was variable across animals, acquisition deficits for episodic information were reliable across training sessions in middle-age and aged rats. A significant impairment in the 24~h retention of episodic spatial information was observed in aged animals. When animals were trained to the same location (i.e., reference memory), an impairment was limited to the rate of acquisition in aged animals. However, with continued training, all aged animals were able to acquire a reference memory and no age differences were observed in the 24~h retention of a spatial reference memory. Together, the results point to a progressive impairment in episodic spatial memory with advancing age and suggest that tests of episodic spatial memory are reliable and more sensitive than reference memory for detecting cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guidi
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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105
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Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in learning and memory; however, there is a lack of evidence for a direct relationship between a well characterized decline in NMDAR function and impaired cognition during aging. The present study was designed to test the idea that a redox-mediated decrease in the NMDAR component of synaptic transmission during aging is related to a specific cognitive phenotype: impaired memory for rapidly acquired novel spatial information. Young and middle-aged male F344 rats were provided 1 d of training on the spatial version of the water maze, and retention was examined 24 h later. The performance of young rats was used as a criterion for classifying middle-aged rats as impaired and unimpaired on the task. Subsequent construction of CA3-CA1 synaptic input-output curves in hippocampal slices confirmed an age-related decrease in synaptic responses, including the NMDAR component of synaptic transmission. Examination of synaptic transmission according to behavioral classification revealed that animals classified as impaired exhibited a decrease in the total and the NMDAR component of the synaptic response relative to unimpaired animals. Furthermore, bath application of the reducing agent dithiothreitol increased the NMDAR component of the synaptic response to a greater extent in impaired animals relative to unimpaired and young rats. These results provide evidence for a link between the redox-mediated decline in NMDAR function and emergence of an age-related cognitive phenotype, impairment in the rapid acquisition and retention of novel spatial information.
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106
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Galea LAM, Wainwright SR, Roes MM, Duarte-Guterman P, Chow C, Hamson DK. Sex, hormones and neurogenesis in the hippocampus: hormonal modulation of neurogenesis and potential functional implications. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1039-61. [PMID: 23822747 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is an area of the brain that undergoes dramatic plasticity in response to experience and hormone exposure. The hippocampus retains the ability to produce new neurones in most mammalian species and is a structure that is targeted in a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, many of which are influenced by both sex and sex hormone exposure. Intriguingly, gonadal and adrenal hormones affect the structure and function of the hippocampus differently in males and females. Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is regulated by both gonadal and adrenal hormones in a sex- and experience-dependent way. Sex differences in the effects of steroid hormones to modulate hippocampal plasticity should not be completely unexpected because the physiology of males and females is different, with the most notable difference being that females gestate and nurse the offspring. Furthermore, reproductive experience (i.e. pregnancy and mothering) results in permanent changes to the maternal brain, including the hippocampus. This review outlines the ability of gonadal and stress hormones to modulate multiple aspects of neurogenesis (cell proliferation and cell survival) in both male and female rodents. The function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is linked to spatial memory and depression, and the present review provides early evidence of the functional links between the hormonal modulation of neurogenesis that may contribute to the regulation of cognition and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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107
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Hippocampal neurogenesis levels predict WATERMAZE search strategies in the aging brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75125. [PMID: 24086453 PMCID: PMC3781090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a crucial role in the formation of spatial memories, and it is thought that adult hippocampal neurogenesis may participate in this form of learning. To better elucidate the relationship between neurogenesis and spatial learning, we examined both across the entire life span of mice. We found that cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and neurogenesis significantly decrease with age, and that there is an abrupt reduction in these processes early on, between 1.5-3 months of age. After this, the neurogenic capacity continues to decline steadily. The initial abrupt decline in adult neurogenesis was paralleled by a significant reduction in Morris Water Maze performance, however overall learning and memory remained constant thereafter. Further analysis of the search strategies employed revealed that reductions in neurogenesis in the aging brain were strongly correlated with the adoption of spatially imprecise search strategies. Overall, performance measures of learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze were maintained at relatively constant levels in aging animals due to an increase in the use of spatially imprecise search strategies.
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108
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Zancada-Menendez C, Begega A, Rubio S, Arias J. Effects of environmental enrichment on anxiety responses, spatial memory and cytochrome c oxidase activity in adult rats. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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109
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Mendes FDCCDS, de Almeida MNF, Felício APG, Fadel AC, Silva DDJ, Borralho TG, da Silva RP, Bento-Torres J, Vasconcelos PFDC, Perry VH, Ramos EMLS, Picanço-Diniz CW, Sosthenes MCK. Enriched environment and masticatory activity rehabilitation recover spatial memory decline in aged mice. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:63. [PMID: 23805920 PMCID: PMC3706212 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To measure the impact of masticatory reduction on learning and memory, previous studies have produced experimental masticatory reduction by modified diet or molar removal. Here we induced spatial learning impairment in mice by reducing masticatory activity and then tested the effect of a combination of environmental enrichment and masticatory rehabilitation in recovering spatial learning at adulthood and in later life. For 6 months (6M) or 18 months (18M), we fed three groups of mice from postnatal day 21 respectively with a hard diet (HD) of pellets; pellets followed by a powdered, soft diet (HD/SD, divided into equal periods); or pellets followed by powder, followed by pellets again (HD/SD/HD, divided into equal periods). To mimic sedentary or active lifestyles, half of the animals from each group were raised from weaning in standard cages (impoverished environment; IE) and the other half in enriched cages (enriched environment; EE). To evaluate spatial learning, we used the Morris water maze. Results IE6M-HD/SD mice showed lower learning rates compared with control (IE6M-HD) or masticatory rehabilitated (IE6MHD/SD/HD) animals. Similarly, EE-HD/SD mice independent of age showed lower performance than controls (EE-HD) or rehabilitated mice (EE-HD/SD/HD). However, combined rehabilitation and EE in aged mice improved learning rate up to control levels. Learning rates did not correlate with swim speed. Conclusions Reduction in masticatory activity imposed on mice previously fed a hard diet (HD/SD) impaired spatial learning in the Morris water maze. In adults, masticatory rehabilitation recovered spatial abilities in both sedentary and active mice, and rehabilitation of masticatory activity combined with EE recovered these losses in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola de Carvalho Chaves de Siqueira Mendes
- Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus, 4487 - Guamá Belém, Pará, Brasil
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110
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Begega A, Zancada-Menendez C, Cuesta M, Arias JL. Age-dependent effects of environmental enrichment on brain networks and spatial memory in Wistar rats. Neuroscience 2013; 248:43-53. [PMID: 23769820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of 3h of environmental enrichment (EE) exposure per day started at different ages (3 and 18months old) on the performance in a spatial memory task and on brain regions involved in the spatial learning (SPL) process using the principal component analysis (PCA). The animals were tested in the four-arm radial water maze (4-RAWM) for 4days, with six daily trials. We used cytochrome c oxidase (COx) histochemistry to determine the brain oxidative metabolic changes related to age, SPL and EE. Behavioural results showed that the enriched groups, regardless of their age, achieved better performance in the spatial task. Interestingly, in the case of the distance travelled in the 4-RAWM, the effect of the EE was dependent on the age, so the young enriched group travelled a shorter distance compared to the aged enriched group. Respect to COx histochemistry results, we found that different brain mechanisms are triggered in aged rats to solve the spatial task, compared to young rats. PCA revealed the same brain functional network in both age groups, but the contribution of the brain regions involved in this network was slightly different depending on the age of the rats. Thus, in the aged group, brain regions involved in anxiety-like behaviour, such as the amygdala or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis had more relevance; whereas in the young enriched group the frontal and the hippocampal subregions had more contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sampedro-Piquero
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - A Begega
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - C Zancada-Menendez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - M Cuesta
- Área de Metodología, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J L Arias
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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111
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Frasca D, Tomaszczyk J, McFadyen BJ, Green RE. Traumatic brain injury and post-acute decline: what role does environmental enrichment play? A scoping review. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:31. [PMID: 23616755 PMCID: PMC3628363 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: While a growing number of studies provide evidence of neural and cognitive decline in traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors during the post-acute stages of injury, there is limited research as of yet on environmental factors that may influence this decline. The purposes of this paper, therefore, are to (1) examine evidence that environmental enrichment (EE) can influence long-term outcome following TBI, and (2) examine the nature of post-acute environments, whether they vary in degree of EE, and what impact these variations have on outcomes. Methods: We conducted a scoping review to identify studies on EE in animals and humans, and post-discharge experiences that relate to barriers to recovery. Results: One hundred and twenty-three articles that met inclusion criteria demonstrated the benefits of EE on brain and behavior in healthy and brain-injured animals and humans. Nineteen papers on post-discharge experiences revealed that variables such as insurance coverage, financial, and social support, home therapy, and transition from hospital to home, can have an impact on clinical outcomes. Conclusion: There is evidence to suggest that lack of EE, whether from lack of resources or limited ability to engage in such environments, may play a role in post-acute cognitive and neural decline. Maximizing EE in the post-acute stages of TBI may improve long-term outcomes for the individual, their family and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Frasca
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Cognitive Neurorehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Toronto, ON, Canada
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112
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Ormerod BK, Hanft SJ, Asokan A, Haditsch U, Lee SW, Palmer TD. PPARγ activation prevents impairments in spatial memory and neurogenesis following transient illness. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 29:28-38. [PMID: 23108061 PMCID: PMC3570721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of illness on cognition are familiar to virtually everyone. Some effects resolve quickly while others may linger after the illness resolves. We found that a transient immune response stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) compromised hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. The immune event caused an ∼50% reduction in the number of neurons generated during the illness and the onset of the memory impairment was delayed and coincided with the time when neurons generated during the illness would have become functional within the hippocampus. Broad spectrum non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs attenuated these effects but selective Cox-2 inhibition was ineffective while PPARγ activation was surprisingly effective at protecting both neurogenesis and memory from the effects of LPS-produced transient illness. These data may highlight novel mechanisms behind chronic inflammatory and neuroinflammatory episodes that are known to compromise hippocampus-dependent forms of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi K. Ormerod
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKnight Brain Institute and Neuroscience Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Brandi K. Ormerod: J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1600 Center Drive, Room J296, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611, Phone: 352-273-8125, Fax: 352-273-9222, Or Dr. Theo D. Palmer, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lorey I Lokey Stem Cell Building, Rm1141, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305. Phone: 650-723-9306, Fax: 650-736-0936,
| | - Simon J. Hanft
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305
| | - Aditya Asokan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKnight Brain Institute and Neuroscience Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611
| | - Ursula Haditsch
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305
| | - Star W. Lee
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305
| | - Theo D. Palmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Brandi K. Ormerod: J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1600 Center Drive, Room J296, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611, Phone: 352-273-8125, Fax: 352-273-9222, Or Dr. Theo D. Palmer, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lorey I Lokey Stem Cell Building, Rm1141, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305. Phone: 650-723-9306, Fax: 650-736-0936,
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113
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Speisman RB, Kumar A, Rani A, Foster TC, Ormerod BK. Daily exercise improves memory, stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis and modulates immune and neuroimmune cytokines in aging rats. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:25-43. [PMID: 23078985 PMCID: PMC3545095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested whether daily exercise modulates immune and neuroimmune cytokines, hippocampus-dependent behavior and hippocampal neurogenesis in aging male F344 rats (18mo upon arrival). Twelve weeks after conditioned running or control group assignment, the rats were trained and tested in a rapid water maze followed by an inhibitory avoidance task. The rats were BrdU-injected beginning 12days after behavioral testing and killed 3weeks later to quantify cytokines and neurogenesis. Daily exercise increased neurogenesis and improved immediate and 24h water maze discrimination index (DI) scores and 24h inhibitory avoidance retention latencies. Daily exercise decreased cortical VEGF, hippocampal IL-1β and serum MCP-1, GRO-KC and leptin levels but increased hippocampal GRO-KC and IL-18 concentrations. Serum leptin concentration correlated negatively with new neuron number and both DI scores while hippocampal IL-1β concentration correlated negatively with memory scores in both tasks. Cortical VEGF, serum GRO-KC and serum MCP-1 levels correlated negatively with immediate DI score and we found novel positive correlations between hippocampal IL-18 and GRO-KC levels and new neuron number. Pathway analyses revealed distinct serum, hippocampal and cortical compartment cytokine relationships. Our results suggest that daily exercise potentially improves cognition in aging rats by modulating hippocampal neurogenesis and immune and neuroimmune cytokine signaling. Our correlational data begin to provide a framework for systematically manipulating these immune and neuroimmune signaling molecules to test their effects on cognition and neurogenesis across lifespan in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel. B. Speisman
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Corresponding Author: Brandi K. Ormerod, PhD, Assistant Professor, J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA, Phone: 352-273-8125, Fax: 352-273-9221,
| | - Brandi K. Ormerod
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Corresponding Author: Brandi K. Ormerod, PhD, Assistant Professor, J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA, Phone: 352-273-8125, Fax: 352-273-9221,
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