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Gozdz A, Nikolaienko O, Urbanska M, Cymerman IA, Sitkiewicz E, Blazejczyk M, Dadlez M, Bramham CR, Jaworski J. GSK3α and GSK3β Phosphorylate Arc and Regulate its Degradation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:192. [PMID: 28670266 PMCID: PMC5472658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective and neuronal activity-dependent degradation of synaptic proteins appears to be crucial for long-term synaptic plasticity. One such protein is activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), which regulates the synaptic content of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAR), excitatory synapse strength and dendritic spine morphology. The levels of Arc protein are tightly regulated, and its removal occurs via proteasome-mediated degradation that requires prior ubiquitination. Glycogen synthase kinases α and β (GSK3α, GSKβ; collectively named GSK3α/β) are serine-threonine kinases with abundant expression in the central nervous system. Both GSK3 isozymes are tonically active under basal conditions, but their activity is regulated by intra- and extracellular factors, intimately involved in neuronal activity. Similar to Arc, GSK3α and GSK3β contribute to synaptic plasticity and the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. The present study identified Arc as a GSK3α/β substrate and showed that GSKβ promotes Arc degradation under conditions that induce de novo Arc synthesis. We also found that GSK3α/β inhibition potentiated spine head thinning that was caused by the prolonged stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). Furthermore, overexpression of Arc mutants that were resistant to GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation or ubiquitination resulted in a stronger reduction of dendritic spine width than wildtype Arc overexpression. Thus, GSK3β terminates Arc expression and limits its effect on dendritic spine morphology. Taken together, the results identify GSK3α/β-catalyzed Arc phosphorylation and degradation as a novel mechanism for controlling the duration of Arc expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gozdz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
| | - Oleksii Nikolaienko
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Malgorzata Urbanska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland.,Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health InstituteWarsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona A Cymerman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sitkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of ScienceWarsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Blazejczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of ScienceWarsaw, Poland
| | - Clive R Bramham
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
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102
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Nair RR, Patil S, Tiron A, Kanhema T, Panja D, Schiro L, Parobczak K, Wilczynski G, Bramham CR. Dynamic Arc SUMOylation and Selective Interaction with F-Actin-Binding Protein Drebrin A in LTP Consolidation In Vivo. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2017; 9:8. [PMID: 28553222 PMCID: PMC5426369 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-regulatedcytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) protein is implicated as a master regulator of long-term forms of synaptic plasticity and memory formation, but the mechanisms controlling Arc protein function are little known. Post-translation modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins has emerged as a major mechanism for regulating protein-protein interactions and function. We first show in cell lines that ectopically expressed Arc undergoes mono-SUMOylation. The covalent addition of a single SUMO1 protein was confirmed by in vitro SUMOylation of immunoprecipitated Arc. To explore regulation of endogenous Arc during synaptic plasticity, we induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of live anesthetized rats. Using coimmunoprecipitation of native proteins, we show that Arc synthesized during the maintenance phase of LTP undergoes dynamic mono-SUMO1-ylation. Levels of unmodified Arc increase in multiple subcellular fractions (cytosol, membrane, nuclear and cytoskeletal), whereas enhanced Arc SUMOylation was specific to the synaptoneurosomal and the cytoskeletal fractions. Dentate gyrus LTP consolidation requires a period of sustained Arc synthesis driven by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. Local infusion of the BDNF scavenger, TrkB-Fc, during LTP maintenance resulted in rapid reversion of LTP, inhibition of Arc synthesis and loss of enhanced Arc SUMO1ylation. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation analysis showed that SUMO1-ylated Arc forms a complex with the F-actin-binding protein drebrin A, a major regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics in dendritic spines. Although Arc also interacted with dynamin 2, calcium/calmodulindependentprotein kinase II-beta (CaMKIIβ), and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), these complexes lacked SUMOylated Arc. The results support a model in which newly synthesized Arc is SUMOylated and targeted for actin cytoskeletal regulation during in vivo LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeevkumar R Nair
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Sudarshan Patil
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Adrian Tiron
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Tambudzai Kanhema
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Debabrata Panja
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Lars Schiro
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Kamil Parobczak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyWarsaw, Poland
| | - Clive R Bramham
- Department of Biomedicine and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
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103
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Manning CE, Williams ES, Robison AJ. Reward Network Immediate Early Gene Expression in Mood Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:77. [PMID: 28503137 PMCID: PMC5408019 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, it has become clear that aberrant function of the network of interconnected brain regions responsible for reward processing and motivated behavior underlies a variety of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. It is also clear that stress-induced changes in reward network activity underlying both normal and pathological behavior also cause changes in gene expression. Here, we attempt to define the reward circuitry and explore the known and potential contributions of activity-dependent changes in gene expression within this circuitry to stress-induced changes in behavior related to mood disorders, and contrast some of these effects with those induced by exposure to drugs of abuse. We focus on a series of immediate early genes regulated by stress within this circuitry and their connections, both well-explored and relatively novel, to circuit function and subsequent reward-related behaviors. We conclude that IEGs play a crucial role in stress-dependent remodeling of reward circuitry, and that they may serve as inroads to the molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms of mood disorder etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Manning
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Alfred J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
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104
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Taylor WR, Stoye JP, Taylor IA. A comparative analysis of the foamy and ortho virus capsid structures reveals an ancient domain duplication. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:3. [PMID: 28372592 PMCID: PMC5379526 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-017-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Spumaretrovirinae (foamy viruses) and the Orthoretrovirinae (e.g. HIV) share many similarities both in genome structure and the sequences of the core viral encoded proteins, such as the aspartyl protease and reverse transcriptase. Similarity in the gag region of the genome is less obvious at the sequence level but has been illuminated by the recent solution of the foamy virus capsid (CA) structure. This revealed a clear structural similarity to the orthoretrovirus capsids but with marked differences that left uncertainty in the relationship between the two domains that comprise the structure. METHODS We have applied protein structure comparison methods in order to try and resolve this ambiguous relationship. These included both the DALI method and the SAP method, with rigorous statistical tests applied to the results of both methods. For this, we employed collections of artificial fold 'decoys' (generated from the pair of native structures being compared) to provide a customised background distribution for each comparison, thus allowing significance levels to be estimated. RESULTS We have shown that the relationship of the two domains conforms to a simple linear correspondence rather than a domain transposition. These similarities suggest that the origin of both viral capsids was a common ancestor with a double domain structure. In addition, we show that there is also a significant structural similarity between the amino and carboxy domains in both the foamy and ortho viruses. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that, as well as the duplication of the double domain capsid, there may have been an even more ancient gene-duplication that preceded the double domain structure. In addition, our structure comparison methodology demonstrates a general approach to problems where the components have a high intrinsic level of similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Taylor
- Computational Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Jonathan P. Stoye
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT UK
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105
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Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F, Buonaguro EF, De Berardis D, Fornaro M, Fiengo ALC, Martinotti G, Orsolini L, Valchera A, Di Giannantonio M, de Bartolomeis A. Treating the Synapse in Major Psychiatric Disorders: The Role of Postsynaptic Density Network in Dopamine-Glutamate Interplay and Psychopharmacologic Drugs Molecular Actions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E135. [PMID: 28085108 PMCID: PMC5297768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine-glutamate interplay dysfunctions have been suggested as pathophysiological key determinants of major psychotic disorders, above all schizophrenia and mood disorders. For the most part, synaptic interactions between dopamine and glutamate signaling pathways take part in the postsynaptic density, a specialized ultrastructure localized under the membrane of glutamatergic excitatory synapses. Multiple proteins, with the role of adaptors, regulators, effectors, and scaffolds compose the postsynaptic density network. They form structural and functional crossroads where multiple signals, starting at membrane receptors, are received, elaborated, integrated, and routed to appropriate nuclear targets. Moreover, transductional pathways belonging to different receptors may be functionally interconnected through postsynaptic density molecules. Several studies have demonstrated that psychopharmacologic drugs may differentially affect the expression and function of postsynaptic genes and proteins, depending upon the peculiar receptor profile of each compound. Thus, through postsynaptic network modulation, these drugs may induce dopamine-glutamate synaptic remodeling, which is at the basis of their long-term physiologic effects. In this review, we will discuss the role of postsynaptic proteins in dopamine-glutamate signals integration, as well as the peculiar impact of different psychotropic drugs used in clinical practice on postsynaptic remodeling, thereby trying to point out the possible future molecular targets of "synapse-based" psychiatric therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Tomasetti
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "Maria SS dello Splendore", 641021 Giulianova, Italy.
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Filomena Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Casa di Cura Villa San Giuseppe, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Casa di Cura Villa San Giuseppe, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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106
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Uys MM, Shahid M, Harvey BH. Therapeutic Potential of Selectively Targeting the α 2C-Adrenoceptor in Cognition, Depression, and Schizophrenia-New Developments and Future Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:144. [PMID: 28855875 PMCID: PMC5558054 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
α2A- and α2C-adrenoceptors (ARs) are the primary α2-AR subtypes involved in central nervous system (CNS) function. These receptors are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness, particularly those associated with affective, psychotic, and cognitive symptoms. Indeed, non-selective α2-AR blockade is proposed to contribute toward antidepressant (e.g., mirtazapine) and atypical antipsychotic (e.g., clozapine) drug action. Both α2C- and α2A-AR share autoreceptor functions to exert negative feedback control on noradrenaline (NA) release, with α2C-AR heteroreceptors regulating non-noradrenergic transmission (e.g., serotonin, dopamine). While the α2A-AR is widely distributed throughout the CNS, α2C-AR expression is more restricted, suggesting the possibility of significant differences in how these two receptor subtypes modulate regional neurotransmission. However, the α2C-AR plays a more prominent role during states of low endogenous NA activity, while the α2A-AR is relatively more engaged during states of high noradrenergic tone. Although augmentation of conventional antidepressant and antipsychotic therapy with non-selective α2-AR antagonists may improve therapeutic outcome, animal studies report distinct yet often opposing roles for the α2A- and α2C-ARs on behavioral markers of mood and cognition, implying that non-selective α2-AR antagonism may compromise therapeutic utility both in terms of efficacy and side-effect liability. Recently, several highly selective α2C-AR antagonists have been identified that have allowed deeper investigation into the function and utility of the α2C-AR. ORM-13070 is a useful positron emission tomography ligand, ORM-10921 has demonstrated antipsychotic, antidepressant, and pro-cognitive actions in animals, while ORM-12741 is in clinical development for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. This review will emphasize the importance and relevance of the α2C-AR as a neuropsychiatric drug target in major depression, schizophrenia, and associated cognitive deficits. In addition, we will present new prospects and future directions of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Monique Uys
- Division of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Brian Herbert Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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107
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Mastwal S, Cao V, Wang KH. Genetic Feedback Regulation of Frontal Cortical Neuronal Ensembles Through Activity-Dependent Arc Expression and Dopaminergic Input. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:100. [PMID: 27999532 PMCID: PMC5138219 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental functions involve coordinated activities of specific neuronal ensembles that are embedded in complex brain circuits. Aberrant neuronal ensemble dynamics is thought to form the neurobiological basis of mental disorders. A major challenge in mental health research is to identify these cellular ensembles and determine what molecular mechanisms constrain their emergence and consolidation during development and learning. Here, we provide a perspective based on recent studies that use activity-dependent gene Arc/Arg3.1 as a cellular marker to identify neuronal ensembles and a molecular probe to modulate circuit functions. These studies have demonstrated that the transcription of Arc is activated in selective groups of frontal cortical neurons in response to specific behavioral tasks. Arc expression regulates the persistent firing of individual neurons and predicts the consolidation of neuronal ensembles during repeated learning. Therefore, the Arc pathway represents a prototypical example of activity-dependent genetic feedback regulation of neuronal ensembles. The activation of this pathway in the frontal cortex starts during early postnatal development and requires dopaminergic (DA) input. Conversely, genetic disruption of Arc leads to a hypoactive mesofrontal dopamine circuit and its related cognitive deficit. This mutual interaction suggests an auto-regulatory mechanism to amplify the impact of neuromodulators and activity-regulated genes during postnatal development. Such a mechanism may contribute to the association of mutations in dopamine and Arc pathways with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. As the mesofrontal dopamine circuit shows extensive activity-dependent developmental plasticity, activity-guided modulation of DA projections or Arc ensembles during development may help to repair circuit deficits related to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjeet Mastwal
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vania Cao
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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108
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Managò F, Mereu M, Mastwal S, Mastrogiacomo R, Scheggia D, Emanuele M, De Luca MA, Weinberger DR, Wang KH, Papaleo F. Genetic Disruption of Arc/Arg3.1 in Mice Causes Alterations in Dopamine and Neurobehavioral Phenotypes Related to Schizophrenia. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2116-2128. [PMID: 27524619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic studies have recently suggested that the postsynaptic activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) complex is a convergence signal for several genes implicated in schizophrenia. However, the functional significance of Arc in schizophrenia-related neurobehavioral phenotypes and brain circuits is unclear. Here, we find that, consistent with schizophrenia-related phenotypes, disruption of Arc in mice produces deficits in sensorimotor gating, cognitive functions, social behaviors, and amphetamine-induced psychomotor responses. Furthermore, genetic disruption of Arc leads to concomitant hypoactive mesocortical and hyperactive mesostriatal dopamine pathways. Application of a D1 agonist to the prefrontal cortex or a D2 antagonist in the ventral striatum rescues Arc-dependent cognitive or psychomotor abnormalities, respectively. Our findings demonstrate a role for Arc in the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission and related behaviors. The results also provide initial biological support implicating Arc in dopaminergic and behavioral abnormalities related to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Managò
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Surjeet Mastwal
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rosa Mastrogiacomo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Scheggia
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Emanuele
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria A De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neuroscience and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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109
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Na Y, Park S, Lee C, Kim DK, Park JM, Sockanathan S, Huganir RL, Worley PF. Real-Time Imaging Reveals Properties of Glutamate-Induced Arc/Arg 3.1 Translation in Neuronal Dendrites. Neuron 2016; 91:561-73. [PMID: 27397520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immediate early gene Arc (also Arg3.1) produces rapid changes in synaptic properties that are linked to de novo translation. Here we develop a novel translation reporter that exploits the rapid maturation and "flash" kinetics of Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) to visualize Arc translation. Following glutamate stimulation, discrete Arc-Gluc bioluminescent flashes representing sites of de novo translation are detected within 15 s at distributed sites in dendrites, but not spines. Flashes are episodic, lasting ∼20 s, and may be unitary or repeated at ∼minute intervals at the same sites. Analysis of flash amplitudes suggests they represent the quantal product of one or more polyribosomes, while inter-flash intervals appear random, suggesting they arise from a stochastic process. Surprisingly, glutamate-induced translation is dependent on Arc open reading frame. Combined observations support a model in which stalled ribosomes are reactivated to rapidly generate Arc protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Na
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Divison of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sungjin Park
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Changhee Lee
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Joo Min Park
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Shanthini Sockanathan
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul F Worley
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Induce a Form of LTP Controlled by Translation and Arc Signaling in the Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1723-9. [PMID: 26843652 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0878-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activity-dependent bidirectional modifications of excitatory synaptic strength are essential for learning and storage on new memories. Research on bidirectional synaptic plasticity has largely focused on long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) mechanisms that rely on the activation of NMDA receptors. In principle, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are also suitable to convert synaptic activity into intracellular signals for synaptic modification. Indeed, dysfunction of a form of LTD that depends on Type I mGluRs (mGluR-LTD), but not NMDARs, has been implicated in learning deficits in aging and mouse models of several neurological conditions, including Fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. To determine whether mGluR activation can also induce LTP in the absence of NMDAR activation, we examined in hippocampal slices from rats and mice, an NMDAR-independent form of LTP previously characterized as dependent on voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. We found that this form of LTP requires activation of Type I mGluRs and, like mGluR-LTD but unlike NMDAR-dependent plasticity, depends crucially on protein synthesis controlled by fragile X mental retardation protein and on Arc signaling. Based on these observations, we propose the coexistence of two distinct activity-dependent systems of bidirectional synaptic plasticity: one that is based on the activity of NMDARs and the other one based on the activation of mGluRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bidirectional changes of synaptic strength are crucial for the encoding of new memories. Currently, the only activity-dependent mechanism known to support such bidirectional changes are long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) forms that relay on the activation of NMDA receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are, in principle, also suitable to trigger bidirectional synaptic modifications. However, only the mGluR-dependent form of LTD has been characterized. Here we report that an NMDAR-independent form of LTP, initially characterized as dependent on voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, also requires the activation of mGluRs. These finding suggest the coexistence of two distinct activity-dependent systems of bidirectional synaptic plasticity: one that is based on the activity of NMDARs and the other one based on the activation of mGluRs.
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111
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Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein Controls AMPAR Endocytosis through a Direct Interaction with Clathrin-Adaptor Protein 2. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0144-15. [PMID: 27257628 PMCID: PMC4877669 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0144-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein controls synaptic strength by facilitating AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Here we demonstrate that Arc targets AMPAR to be internalized through a direct interaction with the clathrin-adaptor protein 2 (AP-2). We show that Arc overexpression in dissociated hippocampal neurons obtained from C57BL/6 mouse reduces the density of AMPAR GluA1 subunits at the cell surface and reduces the amplitude and rectification of AMPAR-mediated miniature-EPSCs (mEPSCs). Mutations of Arc, that prevent the AP-2 interaction reduce Arc-mediated endocytosis of GluA1 and abolish the reduction in AMPAR-mediated mEPSC amplitude and rectification. Depletion of the AP-2 subunit µ2 blocks the Arc-mediated reduction in mEPSC amplitude, an effect that is restored by reintroducing µ2. The Arc–AP-2 interaction plays an important role in homeostatic synaptic scaling as the Arc-dependent decrease in mEPSC amplitude, induced by a chronic increase in neuronal activity, is inhibited by AP-2 depletion. These data provide a mechanism to explain how activity-dependent expression of Arc decisively controls the fate of AMPAR at the cell surface and modulates synaptic strength, via the direct interaction with the endocytic clathrin adaptor AP-2.
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112
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Joly-Lopez Z, Hoen DR, Blanchette M, Bureau TE. Phylogenetic and Genomic Analyses Resolve the Origin of Important Plant Genes Derived from Transposable Elements. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1937-56. [PMID: 27189548 PMCID: PMC4948706 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Once perceived as merely selfish, transposable elements (TEs) are now recognized as potent agents of adaptation. One way TEs contribute to evolution is through TE exaptation, a process whereby TEs, which persist by replicating in the genome, transform into novel host genes, which persist by conferring phenotypic benefits. Known exapted TEs (ETEs) contribute diverse and vital functions, and may facilitate punctuated equilibrium, yet little is known about this process. To better understand TE exaptation, we designed an approach to resolve the phylogenetic context and timing of exaptation events and subsequent patterns of ETE diversification. Starting with known ETEs, we search in diverse genomes for basal ETEs and closely related TEs, carefully curate the numerous candidate sequences, and infer detailed phylogenies. To distinguish TEs from ETEs, we also weigh several key genomic characteristics including repetitiveness, terminal repeats, pseudogenic features, and conserved domains. Applying this approach to the well-characterized plant ETEs MUG and FHY3, we show that each group is paraphyletic and we argue that this pattern demonstrates that each originated in not one but multiple exaptation events. These exaptations and subsequent ETE diversification occurred throughout angiosperm evolution including the crown group expansion, the angiosperm radiation, and the primitive evolution of angiosperms. In addition, we detect evidence of several putative novel ETE families. Our findings support the hypothesis that TE exaptation generates novel genes more frequently than is currently thought, often coinciding with key periods of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Joly-Lopez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Douglas R Hoen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thomas E Bureau
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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113
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Perilla JR, Gronenborn AM. Molecular Architecture of the Retroviral Capsid. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:410-420. [PMID: 27039020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral capsid cores are proteinaceous containers that self-assemble to encase the viral genome and a handful of proteins that promote infection. Their function is to protect and aid in the delivery of viral genes to the nucleus of the host, and, in many cases, infection pathways are influenced by capsid-cellular interactions. From a mathematical perspective, capsid cores are polyhedral cages and, as such, follow well-defined geometric rules. However, marked morphological differences in shapes exist, depending on virus type. Given the specific roles of capsid in the viral life cycle, the availability of detailed molecular structures, particularly at assembly interfaces, opens novel avenues for targeted drug development against these pathogens. Here, we summarize recent advances in the structure and understanding of retroviral capsid, with particular emphasis on assemblies and the capsid cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Perilla
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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114
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Minatohara K, Akiyoshi M, Okuno H. Role of Immediate-Early Genes in Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Ensembles Underlying the Memory Trace. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:78. [PMID: 26778955 PMCID: PMC4700275 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, neuronal gene expression is dynamically changed in response to neuronal activity. In particular, the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) such as egr-1, c-fos, and Arc is rapidly and selectively upregulated in subsets of neurons in specific brain regions associated with learning and memory formation. IEG expression has therefore been widely used as a molecular marker for neuronal populations that undergo plastic changes underlying formation of long-term memory. In recent years, optogenetic and pharmacogenetic studies of neurons expressing c-fos or Arc have revealed that, during learning, IEG-positive neurons encode and store information that is required for memory recall, suggesting that they may be involved in formation of the memory trace. However, despite accumulating evidence for the role of IEGs in synaptic plasticity, the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with this process remain unclear. In this review, we first summarize recent literature concerning the role of IEG-expressing neuronal ensembles in organizing the memory trace. We then focus on the physiological significance of IEGs, especially Arc, in synaptic plasticity, and describe our hypotheses about the importance of Arc expression in various types of input-specific circuit reorganization. Finally, we offer perspectives on Arc function that would unveil the role of IEG-expressing neurons in the formation of memory traces in the hippocampus and other brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Minatohara
- Medical Innovation Center/SK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Akiyoshi
- Medical Innovation Center/SK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuno
- Medical Innovation Center/SK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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115
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Association of SNPs in EGR3 and ARC with Schizophrenia Supports a Biological Pathway for Schizophrenia Risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135076. [PMID: 26474411 PMCID: PMC4608790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously hypothesized a biological pathway of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity proteins that addresses the dual genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. Accordingly, variations in the immediate early gene EGR3, and its target ARC, should influence schizophrenia susceptibility. We used a pooled Next-Generation Sequencing approach to identify variants across these genes in U.S. populations of European (EU) and African (AA) descent. Three EGR3 and one ARC SNP were selected and genotyped for validation, and three SNPs were tested for association in a replication cohort. In the EU group of 386 schizophrenia cases and 150 controls EGR3 SNP rs1877670 and ARC SNP rs35900184 showed significant associations (p = 0.0078 and p = 0.0275, respectively). In the AA group of 185 cases and 50 controls, only the ARC SNP revealed significant association (p = 0.0448). The ARC SNP did not show association in the Han Chinese (CH) population. However, combining the EU, AA, and CH groups revealed a highly significant association of ARC SNP rs35900184 (p = 2.353 x 10−7; OR [95% CI] = 1.54 [1.310–1.820]). These findings support previously reported associations between EGR3 and schizophrenia. Moreover, this is the first report associating an ARC SNP with schizophrenia and supports recent large-scale GWAS findings implicating the ARC complex in schizophrenia risk. These results support the need for further investigation of the proposed pathway of environmentally responsive, synaptic plasticity-related, schizophrenia genes.
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116
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Myrum C, Giddaluru S, Jacobsen K, Espeseth T, Nyberg L, Lundervold AJ, Haavik J, Nilsson LG, Reinvang I, Steen VM, Johansson S, Wibrand K, Le Hellard S, Bramham CR. Common variants in the ARC gene are not associated with cognitive abilities. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00376. [PMID: 26516611 PMCID: PMC4614059 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-associated (ARC) gene encodes a protein that is critical for the consolidation of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Given ARC's key role in synaptic plasticity, we hypothesized that genetic variations in ARC may contribute to interindividual variability in human cognitive abilities or to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) susceptibility, where cognitive impairment often accompanies the disorder. METHODS We tested whether ARC variants are associated with six measures of cognitive functioning in 670 healthy subjects in the Norwegian Cognitive NeuroGenetics (NCNG) by extracting data from its Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). In addition, the Swedish Betula sample of 1800 healthy subjects who underwent similar cognitive testing was also tested for association with 19 tag SNPs. RESULTS No ARC variants show association at the study-wide level, but several markers show a trend toward association with human cognitive functions. We also tested for association between ARC SNPs and ADHD in a Norwegian sample of cases and controls, but found no significant associations. CONCLUSION This study suggests that common genetic variants located in ARC do not account for variance in human cognitive abilities, though small effects cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Myrum
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway ; Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Kaya Jacobsen
- Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway ; Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the KG Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders University of Bergen Bergen Norway ; Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Lars-Göran Nilsson
- Aging Research Center Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden ; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway ; Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the KG Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders University of Bergen Bergen Norway ; Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Karin Wibrand
- Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Clive R Bramham
- Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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Abstract
Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) is a neuron-specific immediate early gene that is required for enduring forms of synaptic plasticity and memory in the mammalian brain. Arc expression is highly dynamic, and tightly regulated by neuronal activity and experience. Local translation of Arc protein at synapses is critical for synaptic plasticity, which is mediated by Arc-dependent trafficking of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid)-type glutamate receptors. To date, few structural or biophysical properties of Arc protein have been investigated. Recent studies, including that of Myrum et al. published in the 468:1 issue of the Biochemical Journal, now shed light on some intriguing biophysical properties of Arc. These findings show that Arc contains large N- and C-terminal domains around a flexible linker region and that purified Arc protein is capable of self-oligomerization. Intriguingly, these domains show homology with the viral capsid protein found in the gag polypeptide of most retroviruses. These studies provide insight into how Arc may regulate multiple critical cell biological processes in neurons and reveals unanticipated biology that resembles viral trafficking in cells.
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Zhang et al. (2015) provide the first crystal structure of a domain Arc. These results confirm prior computational approaches that suggested Arc, a master regulator of vertebrate synaptic plasticity, was "domesticated" from Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Campioni
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Science Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Taube-Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Hellman Family Foundation Program in Alzheimer's Disease Research, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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