101
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Sui Y, Han Y, Zhao X, Li D, Li G. Long non-coding RNA Irm enhances myogenic differentiation by interacting with MEF2D. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:181. [PMID: 30792383 PMCID: PMC6385193 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest important roles for long non-coding RNAs as essential regulators of myogenic differentiation. Here, we report that lncRNA Irm is upregulated during myogenesis. Functional analyses show that the overexpression of Irm enhances myogenic differentiation, whereas the inhibition of Irm has completely opposite effects in vitro. Notably, the inhibition of Irm blocks damage-induced muscle regeneration in vivo. Mechanistically, Irm regulates the expression of myogenic genes by directly binding to MEF2D, which in turn promotes the assembly of MyoD/MEF2D on the regulatory elements of target genes. Collectively, we have identified a novel lncRNA that interacts with MEF2D to regulate myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Sui
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yu Han
- Joint Surgery Department, No.1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xingyu Zhao
- Joint Surgery Department, No.1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dongsong Li
- Joint Surgery Department, No.1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Guangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China.
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102
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Li J, Aponte Paris S, Thakur H, Kapiloff MS, Dodge-Kafka KL. Muscle A-kinase-anchoring protein-β-bound calcineurin toggles active and repressive transcriptional complexes of myocyte enhancer factor 2D. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2543-2554. [PMID: 30523159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors are key regulators of the development and adult phenotype of diverse tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscles. Controlled by multiple post-translational modifications, MEF2D is an effector for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin (CaN, PP2B, and PPP3). CaN-catalyzed dephosphorylation promotes the desumoylation and acetylation of MEF2D, increasing its transcriptional activity. Both MEF2D and CaN bind the scaffold protein muscle A-kinase-anchoring protein β (mAKAPβ), which is localized to the nuclear envelope, such that C2C12 skeletal myoblast differentiation and neonatal rat ventricular myocyte hypertrophy are inhibited by mAKAPβ signalosome targeting. Using immunoprecipitation and DNA-binding assays, we now show that the formation of mAKAPβ signalosomes is required for MEF2D dephosphorylation, desumoylation, and acetylation in C2C12 cells. Reduced MEF2D phosphorylation was coupled to a switch from type IIa histone deacetylase to p300 histone acetylase binding that correlated with increased MEF2D-dependent gene expression and ventricular myocyte hypertrophy. Together, these results highlight the importance of mAKAPβ signalosomes for regulating MEF2D activity in striated muscle, affirming mAKAPβ as a nodal regulator in the myocyte intracellular signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Li
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Byers Eye Institute, and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-1209 and
| | - Shania Aponte Paris
- the Calhoun Center for Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Hrishikesh Thakur
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Byers Eye Institute, and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-1209 and
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Byers Eye Institute, and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-1209 and
| | - Kimberly L Dodge-Kafka
- the Calhoun Center for Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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103
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He M, Li Y, Tang Q, Li D, Jin L, Tian S, Che T, He S, Deng L, Gao G, Gu Y, Jiang Z, Li X, Li M. Genome-Wide Chromatin Structure Changes During Adipogenesis and Myogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1571-1585. [PMID: 30263009 PMCID: PMC6158721 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently developed high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) technology enables us to explore the spatial architecture of genomes, which is increasingly considered an important regulator of gene expression. To investigate the changes in three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure and its mediated gene expression during adipogenesis and myogenesis, we comprehensively mapped 3D chromatin organization for four cell types (3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, 3T3-L1-D adipocytes, C2C12 myoblasts, and C2C12-D myotubes). We demonstrate that the dynamic spatial genome architecture affected gene expression during cell differentiation. A considerable proportion (~22%) of the mouse genome underwent compartment A/B rearrangement during adipogenic and myogenic differentiation, and most (~80%) upregulated marker genes exhibited an active chromatin state with B to A switch or stable A compartment. More than half (65.4%-73.2%) of the topologically associating domains (TADs) are dynamic. The newly formed TAD and intensified local interactions in the Fabp gene cluster indicated more precise structural regulation of the expression of pro-differentiation genes during adipogenesis. About half (32.39%-59.04%) of the differential chromatin interactions (DCIs) during differentiation are promoter interactions, although these DCIs only account for a small proportion of genome-wide interactions (~9.67% in adipogenesis and ~4.24% in myogenesis). These differential promoter interactions were enriched with promoter-enhancer interactions (PEIs), which were mediated by typical adipogenic and myogenic transcription factors. Differential promoter interactions also included more differentially expressed genes than nonpromoter interactions. Our results provide a global view of dynamic chromatin interactions during adipogenesis and myogenesis and are a resource for studying long-range chromatin interactions mediating the expression of pro-differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan He
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Long Jin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Tiandong Che
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shen He
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lamei Deng
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Guangliang Gao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yiren Gu
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Pig Science Institute, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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104
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Xenopus SOX5 enhances myogenic transcription indirectly through transrepression. Dev Biol 2018; 442:262-275. [PMID: 30071218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In anamniotes, somite compartimentalization in the lateral somitic domain leads simultaneously to myotome and dermomyotome formation. In the myotome, Xenopus Sox5 is co-expressed with Myod1 in the course of myogenic differentiation. Here, we studied the function of Sox5 using a Myod1-induced myogenic transcription assay in pluripotent cells of animal caps. We found that Sox5 enhances myogenic transcription of muscle markers Des, Actc1, Ckm and MyhE3. The use of chimeric transactivating or transrepressive Sox5 proteins indicates that Sox5 acts as a transrepressor and indirectly stimulates myogenic transcription except for the slow muscle-specific genes Myh7L, Myh7S, Myl2 and Tnnc1. We showed that this role is shared by Sox6, which is structurally similar to Sox5, both belonging to the SoxD subfamily of transcription factors. Moreover, Sox5 can antagonize the inhibitory function of Meox2 on myogenic differentiation. Meox2 which is a dermomyotome marker, represses myogenic transcription in Myod-induced myogenic transcription assay and in Nodal5-induced mesoderm from animal cap assay. The inhibitory function of Meox2 and the pro-myogenic function of Sox5 were confirmed during Xenopus normal development by the use of translation-blocking oligomorpholinos and dexamethasone inducible chimeric Sox5 and Meox2 proteins. We have therefore identified a new function for SoxD proteins in muscle cells, which can indirectly enhance myogenic transcription through transrepression, in addition to the previously identified function as a direct repressor of slow muscle-specific genes.
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105
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Di Giorgio E, Hancock WW, Brancolini C. MEF2 and the tumorigenic process, hic sunt leones. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:261-273. [PMID: 29879430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While MEF2 transcription factors are well known to cooperate in orchestrating cell fate and adaptive responses during development and adult life, additional studies over the last decade have identified a wide spectrum of genetic alterations of MEF2 in different cancers. The consequences of these alterations, including triggering and maintaining the tumorigenic process, are not entirely clear. A deeper knowledge of the molecular pathways that regulate MEF2 expression and function, as well as the nature and consequences of MEF2 mutations are necessary to fully understand the many roles of MEF2 in malignant cells. This review discusses the current knowledge of MEF2 transcription factors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Di Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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106
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Functional roles of the Ripply-mediated suppression of segmentation gene expression at the anterior presomitic mesoderm in zebrafish. Mech Dev 2018; 152:21-31. [PMID: 29879477 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Somites sequentially form with a regular interval by the segmentation from the anterior region of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The expression of several genes involved in the somite segmentation is switched off at the transition from the anterior PSM to somites. Zebrafish Ripply1, which down-regulates a T-box transcription factor Tbx6, is required for the suppression of segmentation gene expression. However, the functional roles of the Ripply-mediated suppression of segmentation gene expression at the anterior PSM remain elusive. In this study, we generated ripply1 mutants and examined genetic interaction between ripply1/2 and tbx6. Zebrafish ripply1-/- embryos failed to form the somite boundaries as was observed in knockdown embryos. We found that somite segmentation defects in ripply1 mutants were suppressed by heterozygous mutation of tbx6 or partial translational inhibition of tbx6 by antisense morpholino. We further showed that somite boundaries that were recovered in tbx6+/-; ripply1-/- embryos were dependent on the function of ripply2, indicating that relative gene dosage between ripply1/2 and tbx6 plays a critical role in the somite formation. Interestingly, the expression of segmentation genes such mesp as was still not fully suppressed at the anterior PSM of tbx6+/-; ripply1-/- embryos although the somite formation and rostral-caudal polarity of somites were properly established. Furthermore, impaired myogenesis was observed in the segmented somites in tbx6+/-; ripply1-/- embryos. These results revealed that partial suppression of the segmentation gene expression by Ripply is sufficient to establish the rostral-caudal polarity of somites, and that stronger suppression of the segmentation gene expression by Ripply is required for proper myogenesis in zebrafish embryos.
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107
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review is focused on the unexpected role of myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4) in controlling muscle mass by repressing myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2) activity in adult skeletal muscle, and on the emerging role of MEF2 in skeletal muscle growth. RECENT FINDINGS The MRF4s of the MyoD family (MyoD, MYF5, MRF4, myogenin) and the MEF2 factors are known to play a major role in embryonic myogenesis. However, their function in adult muscle tissue is not known. A recent study shows that MRF4 loss in adult skeletal muscle causes muscle hypertrophy and prevents denervation atrophy. This effect is mediated by MEF2 factors that promote muscle growth, with MRF4 acting as a repressor of MEF2 activity. The role of MEF2 in skeletal muscle growth is supported by the finding that muscle regeneration is impaired by muscle-specific triple knockout of Mef2a, c, and d genes. SUMMARY The finding that the MRF4-MEF2 axis controls muscle growth opens a new perspective for preventing muscle wasting. A unique feature of this pathway is that MRF4 is exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle, thus reducing the risk that interventions aimed at down-regulating MRF4 or interfering with the interaction between MRF4 and MEF2 may have off-target effects in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth A Dyar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Calabria
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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108
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Perrin L, Loizides-Mangold U, Chanon S, Gobet C, Hulo N, Isenegger L, Weger BD, Migliavacca E, Charpagne A, Betts JA, Walhin JP, Templeman I, Stokes K, Thompson D, Tsintzas K, Robert M, Howald C, Riezman H, Feige JN, Karagounis LG, Johnston JD, Dermitzakis ET, Gachon F, Lefai E, Dibner C. Transcriptomic analyses reveal rhythmic and CLOCK-driven pathways in human skeletal muscle. eLife 2018; 7:34114. [PMID: 29658882 PMCID: PMC5902165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian regulation of transcriptional processes has a broad impact on cell metabolism. Here, we compared the diurnal transcriptome of human skeletal muscle conducted on serial muscle biopsies in vivo with profiles of human skeletal myotubes synchronized in vitro. More extensive rhythmic transcription was observed in human skeletal muscle compared to in vitro cell culture as a large part of the in vivo mRNA rhythmicity was lost in vitro. siRNA-mediated clock disruption in primary myotubes significantly affected the expression of ~8% of all genes, with impact on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Genes involved in GLUT4 expression, translocation and recycling were negatively affected, whereas lipid metabolic genes were altered to promote activation of lipid utilization. Moreover, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were significantly reduced upon CLOCK depletion. Our findings suggest an essential role for the circadian coordination of skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Perrin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Loizides-Mangold
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Cédric Gobet
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Hulo
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service for Biomathematical and Biostatistical Analyses, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Isenegger
- Service for Biomathematical and Biostatistical Analyses, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain Templeman
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maud Robert
- Department of Digestive and Bariatric Surgery, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Cedric Howald
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jerome N Feige
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Experimental Myology and Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of St Mark and St John, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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109
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Imbriano C, Molinari S. Alternative Splicing of Transcription Factors Genes in Muscle Physiology and Pathology. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020107. [PMID: 29463057 PMCID: PMC5852603 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle formation is a multi-step process that is governed by complex networks of transcription factors. The regulation of their functions is in turn multifaceted, including several mechanisms, among them alternative splicing (AS) plays a primary role. On the other hand, altered AS has a role in the pathogenesis of numerous muscular pathologies. Despite these premises, the causal role played by the altered splicing pattern of transcripts encoding myogenic transcription factors in neuromuscular diseases has been neglected so far. In this review, we systematically investigate what has been described about the AS patterns of transcription factors both in the physiology of the skeletal muscle formation process and in neuromuscular diseases, in the hope that this may be useful in re-evaluating the potential role of altered splicing of transcription factors in such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Imbriano
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Modena, Italy.
| | - Susanna Molinari
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences, Modena, Italy.
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