101
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Oulhen N, Swartz SZ, Laird J, Mascaro A, Wessel GM. Transient translational quiescence in primordial germ cells. Development 2017; 144:1201-1210. [PMID: 28235822 PMCID: PMC5399625 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells in animals often exhibit a slow cell cycle and/or low transcriptional activity referred to as quiescence. Here, we report that the translational activity in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the sea urchin embryo (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) is quiescent. We measured new protein synthesis with O-propargyl-puromycin and L-homopropargylglycine Click-iT technologies, and determined that these cells synthesize protein at only 6% the level of their adjacent somatic cells. Knockdown of translation of the RNA-binding protein Nanos2 by morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, or knockout of the Nanos2 gene by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a significant, but partial, increase (47%) in general translation specifically in the PGCs. We found that the mRNA of the translation factor eEF1A is excluded from the PGCs in a Nanos2-dependent manner, a consequence of a Nanos/Pumilio response element (PRE) in its 3'UTR. In addition to eEF1A, the cytoplasmic pH of the PGCs appears to repress translation and simply increasing the pH also significantly restores translation selectively in the PGCs. We conclude that the PGCs of this sea urchin institute parallel pathways to quiesce translation thoroughly but transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Oulhen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - S Zachary Swartz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, MIT, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jessica Laird
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Alexandra Mascaro
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gary M Wessel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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102
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Brunet A, Rando TA. Interaction between epigenetic and metabolism in aging stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:1-7. [PMID: 28129586 PMCID: PMC5482778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decline in tissue function, regeneration, and repair. A large part of this decline is caused by the deterioration of tissue stem cell function. Understanding the mechanisms that drive stem cell aging and how to counteract them is a critical step for enhancing tissue repair and maintenance during aging. Emerging evidence indicates that epigenetic modifiers and metabolism regulators interact to impact lifespan, suggesting that this mechanism may also affect stem cell function with age. This review focuses on the interaction between chromatin and metabolism in the regulation of tissue stem cells during aging. We also discuss how these mechanisms integrate environmental stimuli such as nutrient stress to regulate stem cell function. Finally, this review examines new perspectives for regeneration, rejuvenation, and treatment of age-related decline of stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, USA.
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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103
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Bengal E, Perdiguero E, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Rejuvenating stem cells to restore muscle regeneration in aging. F1000Res 2017; 6:76. [PMID: 28163911 PMCID: PMC5271918 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9846.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult muscle stem cells, originally called satellite cells, are essential for
muscle repair and regeneration throughout life. Besides a gradual loss of mass
and function, muscle aging is characterized by a decline in the repair capacity,
which blunts muscle recovery after injury in elderly individuals. A major effort
has been dedicated in recent years to deciphering the causes of satellite cell
dysfunction in aging animals, with the ultimate goal of rejuvenating old
satellite cells and improving muscle function in elderly people. This review
focuses on the recently identified network of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic
factors and processes contributing to the decline of satellite cells in old
animals. Some studies suggest that aging-related satellite-cell decay is mostly
caused by age-associated extrinsic environmental changes that could be reversed
by a “youthful environment”. Others propose a central role for
cell-intrinsic mechanisms, some of which are not reversed by environmental
changes. We believe that these proposals, far from being antagonistic, are
complementary and that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to muscle
stem cell dysfunction during aging-related regenerative decline. The low
regenerative potential of old satellite cells may reflect the accumulation of
deleterious changes during the life of the cell; some of these changes may be
inherent (intrinsic) while others result from the systemic and local environment
(extrinsic). The present challenge is to rejuvenate aged satellite cells that
have undergone reversible changes to provide a possible approach to improving
muscle repair in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Bengal
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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104
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells, originally termed satellite cells for their position adjacent to differentiated muscle fibers, are absolutely required for the process of skeletal muscle repair and regeneration. In the last decade, satellite cells have become one of the most studied adult stem cell systems and have emerged as a standard model not only in the field of stem cell-driven tissue regeneration but also in stem cell dysfunction and aging. Here, we provide background in the field and discuss recent advances in our understanding of muscle stem cell function and dysfunction, particularly in the case of aging, and the potential involvement of muscle stem cells in genetic diseases such as the muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ddw Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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105
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106
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Segalés J, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Regulation of Muscle Stem Cell Functions: A Focus on the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:91. [PMID: 27626031 PMCID: PMC5003838 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of skeletal muscle fibers (myogenesis) during development and after tissue injury in the adult constitutes an excellent paradigm to investigate the mechanisms whereby environmental cues control gene expression programs in muscle stem cells (satellite cells) by acting on transcriptional and epigenetic effectors. Here we will review the molecular mechanisms implicated in the transition of satellite cells throughout the distinct myogenic stages (i.e., activation from quiescence, proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal). We will also discuss recent findings on the causes underlying satellite cell functional decline with aging. In particular, our review will focus on the epigenetic changes underlying fate decisions and on how the p38 MAPK signaling pathway integrates the environmental signals at the chromatin to build up satellite cell adaptive responses during the process of muscle regeneration, and how these responses are altered in aging. A better comprehension of the signaling pathways connecting external and intrinsic factors will illuminate the path for improving muscle regeneration in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Segalés
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)Barcelona, Spain; Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain
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107
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Abstract
Satellite cells comprise a pool of quiescent stem cells that repair muscle damage, but the mechanisms enforcing their quiescence are poorly defined. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Boonsanay et al. (2016) show that the histone methyltransferase Suv4-20H1 maintains satellite cell quiescence by promoting a heterochromatic state through transcriptional repression of the myogenic master regulator MyoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Li
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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108
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Abstract
Mammalian embryonic development is a tightly regulated process that, from a single zygote, produces a large number of cell types with hugely divergent functions. Distinct cellular differentiation programmes are facilitated by tight transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to tissue homeostasis after the completion of development is less well understood. In this Review, we explore the effects of epigenetic dysregulation on adult stem cell function. We conclude that, depending on the tissue type and the epigenetic regulator affected, the consequences range from negligible to stem cell malfunction and disruption of tissue homeostasis, which may predispose to diseases such as cancer.
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109
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Machado L, Relaix F. Heterochromatin compaction is regulated by Suv4-20h1 to maintains skeletal muscle stem cells quiescence. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:23. [PMID: 27488816 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this report, Boonsanay and colleagues describe a novel mechanism of maintenance of skeletal muscle stem cells [also known as satellite cells (SCs)] quiescence via the di-methyltransferase Suv4-20h1, regulator of heterochromatin formation. Conditional ablation of Suv4-20h1 in SCs leads notably to the loss of the histone modification H4K20me2 on the distal regulatory element of Myod combined with a relocation of the Myod locus toward a central position in the nucleus. This switch in nuclear compartment is correlated with decreased facultative H3K27me3 associated heterochromatin, and an increase in spontaneously activated MYOD-expressing SCs in homeostatic muscles. Consequently, Suv4-20h1 knock-out SCs demonstrate compromised stem cell potential, as they fail to efficiently self-renew and replenish the SC pool upon muscle injury. Strikingly, restoring MYOD expression alone rescues the levels of facultative chromatin and reverses the loss-of-quiescence phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Machado
- 1 Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000, Créteil, France ; 2 Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94000, Créteil, France ; 3 Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France ; 4 Etablissement Francais du Sang, 94017, Créteil, France ; 5 APHP, Hopital Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Relaix
- 1 Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000, Créteil, France ; 2 Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, 94000, Créteil, France ; 3 Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France ; 4 Etablissement Francais du Sang, 94017, Créteil, France ; 5 APHP, Hopital Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000, Créteil, France
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110
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Han WM, Jang YC, García AJ. Engineered matrices for skeletal muscle satellite cell engraftment and function. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:96-109. [PMID: 27269735 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of traumatically injured skeletal muscles is severely limited. Moreover, the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle declines with aging, further exacerbating the problem. Recent evidence supports that delivery of muscle satellite cells to the injured muscles enhances muscle regeneration and reverses features of aging, including reduction in muscle mass and regenerative capacity. However, direct delivery of satellite cells presents a challenge at a translational level due to inflammation and donor cell death, motivating the need to develop engineered matrices for muscle satellite cell delivery. This review will highlight important aspects of satellite cell and their niche biology in the context of muscle regeneration, and examine recent progresses in the development of engineered cell delivery matrices designed for skeletal muscle regeneration. Understanding the interactions of muscle satellite cells and their niche in both native and engineered systems is crucial to developing muscle pathology-specific cell- and biomaterial-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin M Han
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States; Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Young C Jang
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States; Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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