101
|
Jung M, Kim H, Baek K, Kim K. Synthetic Ion Channel Based on Metal–Organic Polyhedra. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
102
|
Setnicka V, Nový J, Böhm S, Sreenivasachary N, Urbanová M, Volka K. Molecular structure of guanine-quartet supramolecular assemblies in a gel-state based on a DFT calculation of infrared and vibrational circular dichroism spectra. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7520-7527. [PMID: 18553994 DOI: 10.1021/la800611h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The infrared (IR) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra of guanosine-5'-hydrazide ( G-1), a powerful hydrogelator, have been measured and analyzed on the basis of ab initio modeling. B3LYP/6-31G** DFT calculations predict that G-1, forming a clear solution in deuterated DMSO, is present in monomeric form in this solvent, whereas strong gelation in a phosphate buffer is due to the formation of a guanine-quartet structure, ( G-1)4, in which the four G-1 are linked by hydrogen-bonded guanine moieties and stabilized by an alkali metal cation. The B3LYP/6-31G** IR and VCD spectra of the nearly planar G-quartet, whose structure is slightly distorted from the C4h symmetry, in which the G-bases interact via four Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds and a sodium cation is positioned in the middle of the G-quartet, are in very good agreement with the experimental spectra, indicating that this structure is the predominant structure in the gel state. The geometric parameters are discussed. This study is the first to use IR and VCD spectroscopies coupled with DFT calculations to elucidate the structure of a supramolecular species in a gel state and shows the VCD spectroscopy as a powerful method for investigating the structure of complex supramolecular self-assemblies where the use of other structural methods is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Setnicka
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(08)00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
104
|
Satake A, Yamamura M, Oda M, Kobuke Y. Transmembrane Nanopores from Porphyrin Supramolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6314-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Satake
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Mika Yamamura
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masafumi Oda
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kobuke
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
|
106
|
|
107
|
|
108
|
Hagihara S, Gremaud L, Bollot G, Mareda J, Matile S. Screening of π-Basic Naphthalene and Anthracene Amplifiers for π-Acidic Synthetic Pore Sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4347-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja078256t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hagihara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Gremaud
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Bollot
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Mareda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Mora F, Tran DH, Oudry N, Hopfgartner G, Jeannerat D, Sakai N, Matile S. Interface Engineering of Synthetic Pores: Towards Hypersensitive Biosensors. Chemistry 2008; 14:1947-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
110
|
Perez-Velasco A, Gorteau V, Matile S. Rigid Oligoperylenediimide Rods: Anion–π Slides with Photosynthetic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
111
|
Perez-Velasco A, Gorteau V, Matile S. Rigid Oligoperylenediimide Rods: Anion–π Slides with Photosynthetic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:921-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
112
|
Abstract
The objective with synthetic multifunctional nanoarchitecture is to create large suprastructures with interesting functions. For this purpose, lipid bilayer membranes or conducting surfaces have been used as platforms and rigid-rod molecules as shape-persistent scaffolds. Examples for functions obtained by this approach include pores that can act as multicomponent sensors in complex matrices or rigid-rod π-stack architecture for artificial photosynthesis and photovoltaics.
Collapse
|
113
|
Hagihara S, Tanaka H, Matile S. Signal amplification by conjugate addition for differential sensing with synthetic pores. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2259-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b805863f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
114
|
Mowery BP, Lee SE, Kissounko DA, Epand RF, Epand RM, Weisblum B, Stahl SS, Gellman SH. Mimicry of antimicrobial host-defense peptides by random copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:15474-6. [PMID: 18034491 DOI: 10.1021/ja077288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan P Mowery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Valkonen A, Sievänen E, Ikonen S, Lukashev NV, Donez PA, Averin AD, Lahtinen M, Kolehmainen E. Novel lithocholaphanes: Syntheses, NMR, MS, and molecular modeling studies. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
116
|
Abstract
[Structure: see text] The self-assembly in the crystal state of the terminally protected, linear dipeptide Boc-(S,S)c3diPhe-(R,R)c3diPhe-NHiPr (1) through intermolecular hydrogen bonds leads to the formation of a supramolecular helix of large diameter (18 A), internally decorated with phenyl rings. As a result, a hollow helical channel large enough to accommodate guest molecules is observed. This supramolecular structure differs from previous examples of peptide nanotubes. Compound 1 incorporates a highly restricted cyclopropane phenylalanine analogue (c3diPhe) with remarkable conformational properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Crisma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, University of Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Menger FM, Galloway AL, Chlebowski ME, Wu S. Sodium ion internalized within phospholipid membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:14034-5. [PMID: 17061879 DOI: 10.1021/ja065702o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven phospholipids, modified with ester groups in their hydrophobic chains, were synthesized and examined for their ability to promote sodium ion flux across vesicular membranes. It was found by 23Na NMR that only the phospholipids having short chain segments beyond their terminal ester groups catalyze sodium ion transfer by up to 2 orders of magnitude relative to a conventional phospholipid, POPC. The rates increase with the concentration of the ester-phospholipid admixed with POPC in the bilayer. More surprisingly, the rates increase with the time allowed for the vesicles to age. This was attributed to ester-phospholipid migrating in the bilayers to form domains that solubilize the sodium ion within the hydrocarbon interior of the membrane. Such membrane domains explain why shift reagent-modified NMR spectra display three 23Na signals representing sodium outside the vesicles, sodium within the vesicular water pools, and sodium within the membranes themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredric M Menger
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
119
|
Bhosale R, Bhosale S, Bollot G, Gorteau V, Julliard MD, Litvinchuk S, Mareda J, Matile S, Miyatake T, Mora F, Perez-Velasco A, Sakai N, Sisson AL, Tanaka H, Tran DH. Synthetic Multifunctional Nanoarchitecture in Lipid Bilayers: Ion Channels, Sensors, and Photosystems. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
120
|
Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
121
|
Li X, Shen B, Yao XQ, Yang D. A Small Synthetic Molecule Forms Chloride Channels to Mediate Chloride Transport across Cell Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:7264-5. [PMID: 17503826 DOI: 10.1021/ja071961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Organo VG, Sgarlata V, Firouzbakht F, Rudkevich DM. Long Synthetic Nanotubes from Calix[4]arenes. Chemistry 2007; 13:4014-23. [PMID: 17295380 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and encapsulation properties of long (up to 5 nm) molecular nanotubes 1-4, which are based on calix[4]arenes and can be filled with multiple nitrosonium (NO(+)) ions upon reaction with NO(2)/N(2)O(4) gases. These are among the largest nanoscale molecular containers prepared to date and can entrap up to five guests. The structure and properties of tubular complexes 1(NO(+))(2)-4(NO(+))(5) were studied by UV/Vis, FTIR, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy in solution, and also by molecular modeling. Entrapment of NO(+) in 1(NO(+))(2)-4(NO(+))(5) is reversible, and addition of [18]crown-6 quickly recovers starting tubes 1-4. The FTIR and titration data revealed enhanced binding of NO(+) in longer tubes, which may be due to cooperativity. The described nanotubes may serve as materials for storing and converting NO(x) and also offer a promise to further develop supramolecular chemistry of molecular containers. These findings also open wider perspectives towards applications of synthetic nanotubes as alternatives to carbon nanotubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Voltaire G Organo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Schmitt MA, Weisblum B, Gellman SH. Interplay among folding, sequence, and lipophilicity in the antibacterial and hemolytic activities of alpha/beta-peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:417-28. [PMID: 17212422 DOI: 10.1021/ja0666553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host-defense peptides inhibit bacterial growth but manifest relatively little toxicity toward eukaryotic cells. Many host-defense peptides adopt alpha-helical conformations in which cationic side chains and lipophilic side chains are segregated to distinct regions of the molecular surface ("globally amphiphilic helices"). Several efforts have been made to develop unnatural oligomers that mimic the selective antibacterial activity of host-defense peptides; these efforts have focused on the creation of molecules that are globally amphiphilic in the preferred conformation. One such endeavor, from our laboratories, focused on helix-forming alpha/beta-peptides, i.e., oligomers containing a 1:1 pattern of alpha- and beta-amino acid residues in the backbone [Schmitt, M. A.; Weisblum, B.; Gellman, S. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 6848-6849]. We found, unexpectedly, that the most favorable biological activity profile was displayed by a "scrambled" sequence, which was designed not to be able to form a globally amphiphilic helix. Here we report new data, involving an expanded set of alpha/beta-peptides, from experiments designed to elucidate the origins of this surprising result. In addition, we evaluate the susceptibility of alpha/beta-peptides to proteolytic degradation. Our results support the hypothesis that the ability to adopt a globally amphiphilic helical conformation is not a prerequisite for selective antibacterial activity. This conclusion represents a significant advance in our understanding of the relationship among molecular composition, conformation, and biological activity. Our results should therefore influence the design of other unnatural oligomers intended to function as antibacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Schmitt
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
It is 25 years since the first report of a synthetic ion channel transporter. Today, dozens of molecular and supramolecular designs have been developed to facilitate ion and small molecule transport across a bilayer membrane. Presented here is a concise summary of the advances made over the past four years. The transporters are grouped into three mechanistic classes: mobile carrier, monomeric channel, and self-assembled pore. Common building blocks are crown ethers, steroids, cyclodextrins, peptides, curcubiturils, and calixarenes. The eventual goal is to produce functional supramolecular devices such as sensors, enzyme assays, and lead candidates for pharmaceutical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A McNally
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
126
|
Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2050] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
SEGANISH JENNIFERL, FETTINGER JAMESC, DAVIS JEFFERYT. Facilitated Chloride Transport Across Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers by an Acyclic Calixarene Derivative: Structure-Function Relationships. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270500450010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JENNIFER L. SEGANISH
- a University of Maryland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - JAMES C. FETTINGER
- a University of Maryland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - JEFFERY T. DAVIS
- a University of Maryland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Koivukorpi J, Sievänen E, Kolehmainen E, Král V. Synthesis, characterization, and saccharide binding studies of bile acid-porphyrin conjugates. Molecules 2007; 12:13-24. [PMID: 17693950 PMCID: PMC6149430 DOI: 10.3390/12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of bile acid-porphyrin conjugates (BAPs) are reported. Binding of saccharides with BAPs in aqueous methanol was studied by monitoring changes in the visible absorption spectral of the porphyrin-moieties. Although these studies clearly showed absorbance changes, suggesting quite high if non-selective binding, the mass spectral studies do not unambiguously support these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Koivukorpi
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; E-mail: ; E-mail:
| | - Elina Sievänen
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; E-mail: ; E-mail:
| | - Erkki Kolehmainen
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; E-mail: ; E-mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Vladimír Král
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic. E-mail:
- Zentiva Ltd., Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Organo VG, Rudkevich DM. Emerging host–guest chemistry of synthetic nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3891-9. [PMID: 17896025 DOI: 10.1039/b704231k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging host-guest chemistry of synthetic nanotubes is reviewed, including the preparation of their encapsulation complexes, guest dynamics, exchange and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Voltaire G Organo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Iqbal KSJ, Allen MC, Fucassi F, Cragg PJ. Artificial transmembrane ion channels from commercial surfactants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3951-3. [PMID: 17896043 DOI: 10.1039/b707194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sodium ion transport across a phospholipid bilayer has been demonstrated by a new class of transmembrane ion channel mimetic compounds in which the filtering effect of a calixarene has been coupled to the membrane penetrating qualities of a commercial surfactant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khayzuran S J Iqbal
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UKBN2 4GJ
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Sakai N, Mareda J, Matile S. Ion channels and pores, made from scratch. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:658-66. [PMID: 17882329 DOI: 10.1039/b704684g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We elaborate on the structural diversity well beyond the biological limitations that becomes accessible with synthetic ion channels and pores, and on the importance of advanced nanoarchitecture to create significant function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Fyles TM, Tong CC. Long-lived and highly conducting ion channels formed by lipophilic ethylenediamine palladium(ii) complexes. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b610660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
133
|
Abstract
Natural ion channels are large protein complexes that regulate key functions of cells. Supramolecular chemists have been able to take hints from Nature to design and prepare completely synthetic ion channel systems that reproduce many of the fundamental functions of natural channels. This tutorial review introduces the field to non-specialists. It examines the design, synthesis, incorporation, and characterization of synthetic ion channels in bilayer membranes, and points to potential applications of synthetic ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Fyles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, CanadaV8W 3P6.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
Regulation of transmembrane ion transport is a vital aspect of bioinorganic chemistry. To understand how this highly selective process occurs, how it can become impaired and how impairment may be treated, model compounds are useful tools. Several systems are presently being explored but one of the most widely applicable combines a rigid macrocycle, capable of size-based ion recognition, with membrane-spanning substituents that allow the target ions to traverse a phospholipid bilayer. The calixarene class of macrocycles is ideally suited to this task. This article sets out the biological background to transmembrane ion transport, the methods available to study the phenomenon, examples of model compounds, and proposes areas of further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khayzuran S J Iqbal
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, UK BN2 4GJ
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Boudreault PL, Voyer N. Synthesis, characterization and cytolytic activity of α-helical amphiphilic peptide nanostructures containing crown ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1459-65. [PMID: 17464417 DOI: 10.1039/b702076g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many natural alpha-helical amphiphilic peptides are known to have lytic activity toward different cells. Herein, we describe the synthesis and the characterization of synthetic alpha-helical amphiphilic peptide nanostructures containing crown ethers, as well as the modulation of their cytolytic activity by adding different acidic dipeptide chains at the N- or C-terminus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Département de chimie and Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines, Faculté des sciences et génie, Université Laval, Québec, CanadaG1K 7P4
| | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Gorteau V, Bollot G, Mareda J, Matile S. Rigid-rod anion–π slides for multiion hopping across lipid bilayers. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3000-12. [PMID: 17728867 DOI: 10.1039/b708337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape-persistent oligo-p-phenylene-N,N-naphthalenediimide (O-NDI) rods are introduced as anion-pi slides for chloride-selective multiion hopping across lipid bilayers. Results from end-group engineering and covalent capture as O-NDI hairpins suggested that self-assembly into transmembrane O-NDI bundles is essential for activity. A halide topology VI (Cl > F > Br approximately I, Cl/Br approximately Cl/I > 7) implied strong anion binding along the anion-pi slides with relatively weak contributions from size exclusion (F >or= OAc). Anomalous mole fraction effects (AMFE) supported the occurrence of multiion hopping along the pi-acidic O-NDI rods. The existence of anion-pi interactions was corroborated by high-level ab initio and DFT calculations. The latter revealed positive NDI quadrupole moments far beyond the hexafluorobenzene standard. Computational studies further suggested that anion binding occurs at the confined, pi-acidic edges of the sticky NDI surface and is influenced by the nature of the phenyl spacer between two NDIs. With regard to methods development, a detailed analysis of the detection of ion selectivity with the HPTS assay including AMFE in vesicles is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gorteau
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
138
|
Kim K, Selvapalam N, Ko YH, Park KM, Kim D, Kim J. Functionalized cucurbiturils and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:267-79. [PMID: 17264929 DOI: 10.1039/b603088m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n = 5-10), a new family of molecular hosts comprising n glycoluril units, have gained much attention in the new millennium for their exceptional molecular recognition ability. The CB homologues have brought dynamism to CB chemistry, as witnessed by the heightened interest in the field for the last several years. Compared to the chemistry of cyclodextrins and calixarenes, however, that of CB[n] has developed slowly until recently, which may be attributed mainly to their poor solubility in common solvents, and inability to functionalize these molecules. The direct functionalization method of CB[n] propelled CB chemistry to a new height as this new method not only solved the solubility problem but also opened up the gateway to the generation of tailor-made CB[n] derivatives. The functionalization of CB[n] led us to investigate numerous applications including artificial ion channels, vesicles, stationary phases in chromatography, ISEs, polymers, nanomaterials, and many others. This tutorial review describes the recent advances and challenges in the functionalization of CBs along with the applications of functionalized CBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Supramolecules, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Tanaka H, Bollot G, Mareda J, Litvinchuk S, Tran DH, Sakai N, Matile S. Synthetic pores with sticky π-clamps. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1369-80. [PMID: 17464406 DOI: 10.1039/b702255g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe design, synthesis, evaluation and molecular dynamics simulations of synthetic multifunctional pores with pi-acidic naphthalenediimide clamps. Experimental evidence is provided for the formation of unstable but inert, heterogeneous and acid-insensitive dynamic tetrameric pores that are sensitive to base and ionic strength. Blockage experiments reveal that the introduction of aromatic electron donor-acceptor interactions provides access to the selective recognition of pi-basic intercalators within the pore. This breakthrough is important for the application of synthetic pores as multianalyte sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Lectka T, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(06)01801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
141
|
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Litvinchuk
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Lundbæk JA. Regulation of membrane protein function by lipid bilayer elasticity-a single molecule technology to measure the bilayer properties experienced by an embedded protein. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2006; 18:S1305-S1344. [PMID: 21690843 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/28/s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Membrane protein function is generally regulated by the molecular composition of the host lipid bilayer. The underlying mechanisms have long remained enigmatic. Some cases involve specific molecular interactions, but very often lipids and other amphiphiles, which are adsorbed to lipid bilayers, regulate a number of structurally unrelated proteins in an apparently non-specific manner. It is well known that changes in the physical properties of a lipid bilayer (e.g., thickness or monolayer spontaneous curvature) can affect the function of an embedded protein. However, the role of such changes, in the general regulation of membrane protein function, is unclear. This is to a large extent due to lack of a generally accepted framework in which to understand the many observations. The present review summarizes studies which have demonstrated that the hydrophobic interactions between a membrane protein and the host lipid bilayer provide an energetic coupling, whereby protein function can be regulated by the bilayer elasticity. The feasibility of this 'hydrophobic coupling mechanism' has been demonstrated using the gramicidin channel, a model membrane protein, in planar lipid bilayers. Using voltage-dependent sodium channels, N-type calcium channels and GABA(A) receptors, it has been shown that membrane protein function in living cells can be regulated by amphiphile induced changes in bilayer elasticity. Using the gramicidin channel as a molecular force transducer, a nanotechnology to measure the elastic properties experienced by an embedded protein has been developed. A theoretical and technological framework, to study the regulation of membrane protein function by lipid bilayer elasticity, has been established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens August Lundbæk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Bhosale S, Sisson AL, Talukdar P, Fürstenberg A, Banerji N, Vauthey E, Bollot G, Mareda J, Röger C, Würthner F, Sakai N, Matile S. Photoproduction of Proton Gradients with π-Stacked Fluorophore Scaffolds in Lipid Bilayers. Science 2006; 313:84-6. [PMID: 16825567 DOI: 10.1126/science.1126524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rigid p-octiphenyl rods were used to create helical tetrameric pi-stacks of blue, red-fluorescent naphthalene diimides that can span lipid bilayer membranes. In lipid vesicles containing quinone as electron acceptors and surrounded by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as hole acceptors, transmembrane proton gradients arose through quinone reduction upon excitation with visible light. Quantitative ultrafast and relatively long-lived charge separation was confirmed as the origin of photosynthetic activity by femtosecond fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy. Supramolecular self-organization was essential in that photoactivity was lost upon rod shortening (from p-octiphenyl to biphenyl) and chromophore expansion (from naphthalene diimide to perylene diimide). Ligand intercalation transformed the photoactive scaffolds into ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheshanath Bhosale
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Cazacu A, Tong C, van der Lee A, Fyles TM, Barboiu M. Columnar Self-Assembled Ureido Crown Ethers: An Example of Ion-Channel Organization in Lipid Bilayers. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9541-8. [PMID: 16848492 DOI: 10.1021/ja061861w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of ureido crown-ether derivatives has been examined in homogeneous solution, in the solid state, and in planar bilayer membranes. The self-assembly is driven by head-to-tail hydrogen bonding between the urea functional groups. Dimers and higher oligomers are formed in CDCl3 solution as assessed by the change in the ureido NH chemical shift as a function of concentration. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that an antiparallel association of the ureas produces columnar channels composed of face-to-face crown ethers. Powder X-ray diffraction studies also show the presence of a minor phase based upon a parallel urea association leading to an alternative columnar arrangement of the crown ethers. In bilayer membranes at low concentration of ureido crown ether added, membrane disruption is observed together with rare single-channel openings, but at higher concentration, a rich array of interconverting channel conductance states is observed. The channel results are interpreted as arising from discreet stacks of ureido crown ethers where the transport of cations would occur via the macrocycles, admixed with larger pores formed by association of the crown ether headgroups around a central large pore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adinela Cazacu
- Institut Européen des Membranes--UMR-CNRS 5635, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 047, F-34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Schröder S, Schrey AK, Knoll A, Reiß P, Ziemer B, Koert U. Tetrahydropyran-Amino Acids: Novel Building Blocks for Gramicidin-Hybrid Ion Channels. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
146
|
Lectka T, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(06)00771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
147
|
On the importance of the pore inner cavity for the ionophoric activity of 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene/steroid conjugates. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
148
|
Iwanaga T, Nakamoto R, Yasutake M, Takemura H, Sako K, Shinmyozu T. Cyclophanes within Cyclophanes: The Synthesis of a Pyromellitic Diimide-Based Macrocycle as a Structural Unit in a Molecular Tube and Its Inclusion Phenomena. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:3643-7. [PMID: 16646093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Iwanaga
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE) and Department of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Iwanaga T, Nakamoto R, Yasutake M, Takemura H, Sako K, Shinmyozu T. Cyclophanes within Cyclophanes: The Synthesis of a Pyromellitic Diimide-Based Macrocycle as a Structural Unit in a Molecular Tube and Its Inclusion Phenomena. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
150
|
Synthesis and Anion Recognition of Cholic Acid-based Tripodal Receptor: A Chloride Selective Anion Receptor. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|