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Central genomic regulation of the expression of oestrous behaviour in dairy cows: a review. Animal 2014; 8:754-64. [PMID: 24598582 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of oestrous behaviour in Holstein Friesian dairy cows has progressively decreased over the past 50 years. Reduced oestrus expression is one of the factors contributing to the current suboptimal reproductive efficiency in dairy farming. Variation between and within cows in the expression of oestrous behaviour is associated with variation in peripheral blood oestradiol concentrations during oestrus. In addition, there is evidence for a priming role of progesterone for the full display of oestrous behaviour. A higher rate of metabolic clearance of ovarian steroids could be one of the factors leading to lower peripheral blood concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone in high-producing dairy cows. Oestradiol acts on the brain by genomic, non-genomic and growth factor-dependent mechanisms. A firm base of understanding of the ovarian steroid-driven central genomic regulation of female sexual behaviour has been obtained from studies on rodents. These studies have resulted in the definition of five modules of oestradiol-activated genes in the brain, referred to as the GAPPS modules. In a recent series of studies, gene expression in the anterior pituitary and four brain areas (amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal hypothalamus and ventral hypothalamus) in oestrous and luteal phase cows, respectively, has been measured, and the relation with oestrous behaviour of these cows was analysed. These studies identified a number of genes of which the expression was associated with the intensity of oestrous behaviour. These genes could be grouped according to the GAPPS modules, suggesting close similarity of the regulation of oestrous behaviour in cows and female sexual behaviour in rodents. A better understanding of the central genomic regulation of the expression of oestrous behaviour in dairy cows may in due time contribute to improved (genomic) selection strategies for appropriate oestrus expression in high-producing dairy cows.
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102
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Characterization of follicle and CL development in beef heifers using high resolution three-dimensional ultrasonography. Theriogenology 2014; 81:407-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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103
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Siqueira L, Areas V, Ghetti A, Fonseca J, Palhao M, Fernandes C, Viana J. Color Doppler flow imaging for the early detection of nonpregnant cattle at 20 days after timed artificial insemination. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6461-72. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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104
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Pugliesi G, Oliveria ML, Scolari SC, Lopes E, Pinaffi FV, Miagawa BT, Paiva YN, Maio JRG, Nogueira GP, Binelli M. Corpus luteum development and function after supplementation of long-acting progesterone during the early luteal phase in beef cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 49:85-91. [PMID: 24001093 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strategic supplementation of P4 may be used to increase conception rates in cattle, but timing of supplementation in relation to ovulation, mass of supplementary P4 and formulation of the P4-containing supplement has not been determined for beef cattle. Effects of supplementation of long-acting progesterone (P4) on Days 2 or 3 post-ovulation on development, function and regression of corpus luteum (CL) were studied in beef cattle. Cows were synchronized with an oestradiol/P4-based protocol and treated with 150 or 300 mg of long-acting P4 on Day 2 or 3 post-ovulation (6-7 cows/group). Colour-doppler ultrasound scanning and blood sample collection were performed from Day 2-21.5. Plasma P4 concentrations were greater (p < 0.05) from Day 2.5-5.5 in the Day 2-treated groups and from Day 3.5-5.5 in the Day 3-treated cows than in the control group. CL area and blood flow during Day 2-8.5 did not differ (p > 0.05) among groups, suggesting no effect of P4 treatment on luteal development. The frequency of cows that began luteolysis before Day 15 was greater (p < 0.04) in cows treated with 300 mg than in the controls, but there were no differences between non-treated and 150 mg-treated cows. The interval from pre-treatment ovulation to functional and structural luteolysis was shorter (p < 0.01) in the combined P4-treated groups than in the control cows. In conclusion, was showed for the first time that long-acting P4 supplementation on Day 2 or 3 post-ovulation increases P4 concentrations for ≥3 day, has no effect on luteal development, but anticipates the beginning of luteolysis in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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105
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Polisca A, Zelli R, Troisi A, Orlandi R, Brecchia G, Boiti C. Power and pulsed Doppler evaluation of ovarian hemodynamic changes during diestrus in pregnant and nonpregnant bitches. Theriogenology 2013; 79:219-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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106
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Bollwein H, Lüttgenau J, Herzog K. Bovine luteal blood flow: basic mechanism and clinical relevance. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:71-9. [DOI: 10.1071/rd12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of transrectal colour Doppler sonography (CDS) has allowed the evaluation of luteal blood flow (LBF) in cows. Because appropriate angiogenesis plays a decisive role in the functioning of the corpus luteum (CL), studies on LBF may provide valuable information about the physiology and pathophysiology of the CL. Studies on cyclic cows have shown that progesterone concentrations in blood plasma can be more reliably predicted by LBF than by luteal size (LS), especially during the regression phase of the CL. In contrast with non-pregnant cows, a significant increase in LBF is seen in pregnant cows during the third week after insemination. However, because there are high interindividual variations in LBF between animals, LBF is not useful for the early diagnosis of pregnancy. Determination of LBF is more sensitive than LS for detecting the effects of acute systemic inflammation and exogenous hormones on the CL. Cows with low progesterone levels have smaller CL during the mid-luteal phase, but LBF related to LS did not differ between cows with low and high progesterone levels. In conclusion, LBF determined by CDS provides additional information about luteal function compared with LS and plasma progesterone concentrations, but its role concerning fertility in the cow is yet to be clarified.
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107
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Valldecabres-Torres X, García-Roselló E, García-Muñoz A, Cuervo-Arango J. Effects of d-cloprostenol dose and corpus luteum age on ovulation, luteal function, and morphology in nonlactating dairy cows with early corpora lutea. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4389-95. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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108
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Brozos CN, Pancarci MS, Valencia J, Beindorff N, Tsousis G, Kiossis E, Bollwein H. Effect of oxytocin infusion on luteal blood flow and progesterone secretion in dairy cattle. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:67-71. [PMID: 22437538 PMCID: PMC3317459 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oxytocin infusion on corpus luteum (CL) function during early to mid-diestrus by measuring luteal size (LS) and luteal blood flow (LBF) along with plasma levels of progesterone (P4) and prostaglandin metabolites (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, PGFM). On day (D) 7 of the estrus cycle (D1 = ovulation), seven cows received 100 IU of oxytocin (OXY) or placebo (PL) following a Latin square design. LS and LBF increased in both groups over time and no differences were observed between the groups. PGFM did not differ either within the groups over time or between the groups at any time point. P4 of the OXY group was higher compared to that of the the PL group 360 min after the infusion (p = 0.01) and tended to be higher at the time points 450 min, 48 h, and 72 h (all p = 0.08). Results from this study support the hypothesis that OXY is not directly involved in the mechanism(s) governing blood flow of the CL and has no remarkable effects either on luteal size or P4 and PGFM plasma levels. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the role of OXY in CL blood flow during early and late luteal phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Brozos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54627, Greece
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109
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Herzog K, Strüve K, Kastelic JP, Piechotta M, Ulbrich SE, Pfarrer C, Shirasuna K, Shimizu T, Miyamoto A, Bollwein H. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide administration transiently suppresses luteal structure and function in diestrous cows. Reproduction 2012; 144:467-76. [PMID: 22829687 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to characterize the effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin (given i.v.) on luteal structure and function. Seven nonlactating German Holstein cows, 5.1 ± 0.8 years old (mean ± s.e.m.), were given 10 ml saline on day 10 (ovulation=day 1) of a control estrous cycle. On day 10 of a subsequent cycle, they were given 0.5 μg/kg LPS. Luteal size decreased (from 5.2 to 3.8 cm², P≤0.05) within 24 h after LPS treatment and remained smaller throughout the remainder of the cycle. Luteal blood flow decreased by 34% (P≤0.05) within 3 h after LPS and remained lower for 72 h. Plasma progesterone (P₄) concentrations increased (P≤0.05) within the first 3 h after LPS but subsequently declined. Following LPS treatment, plasma prostaglandin (PG) F metabolites concentrations were approximately tenfold higher in LPS-treated compared with control cows (9.2 vs 0.8 ng/ml, P≤0.05) within 30 min, whereas plasma PGE concentrations were nearly double (P≤0.05) at 1 h after LPS. At 12 h after treatment, levels of mRNA encoding Caspase-3 in biopsies of the corpus luteum (CL) were increased (P≤0.05), whereas those encoding StAR were decreased (P≤0.05) in cattle given LPS vs saline. The CASP3 protein was localized in the cytoplasm and/or nuclei of luteal cells, whereas StAR was detected in the cytosol of luteal cells. In the estrous cycle following treatment with either saline or LPS, there were no significant differences between groups on luteal size, plasma P₄ concentrations, or gene expression. In conclusion, LPS treatment of diestrus cows transiently suppressed both the structure and function of the CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Herzog
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D30173 Hannover, Germany.
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110
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Butler SAA, Phillips NJ, Boe-Hansen GB, Bo GA, Burns BM, Dawson K, McGowan MR. Animal-level factors affecting ovarian function in Bos indicus heifers treated to synchronize ovulation with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices and oestradiol benzoate. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47:463-71. [PMID: 22497623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of animal-level factors including energy balance and environmental/management stress, on the ovarian function of Bos indicus heifers treated to synchronize ovulation. Two-year-old Brahman (BN) (n = 30) and BN-cross (n = 34) heifers were randomly allocated to three intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (IPRD) treatment groups: (i) standard-dose IPRD [Cue-Mate(®) (CM) 1.56 g; n = 17]; (ii) half-dose IPRD [0.78 g progesterone (P(4)); CM 0.78 g; n = 15]; (iii) half-dose IPRD + 300 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin at IPRD removal (CM 0.78 g + G; n = 14); (iv) and a control group, 2× PGF(2α) [500 μg prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α))] on Day -16 and -2 (n = 18). Intravaginal progesterone-releasing device-treated heifers received 250 μg PGF(2α) at IPRD insertion (Day -10) and IPRD removal (Day -2) and 1 mg oestradiol benzoate on Day -10 and -1. Heifers were managed in a small feedlot and fed a defined ration. Ovarian function was evaluated by ultrasonography and plasma P(4) throughout the synchronized and return cycles. Energy balance was evaluated using plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and glucose concentrations. The impact of environmental stressors was evaluated using plasma cortisol concentration. Heifers that had normal ovarian function had significantly higher IGF-I concentrations at commencement of the experiment (p = 0.008) and significantly higher plasma glucose concentrations at Day -2 (p = 0.040) and Day 4 (p = 0.043), than heifers with abnormal ovarian function. There was no difference between the mean pre-ovulatory cortisol concentrations of heifers that ovulated or did not ovulate. However, heifers that ovulated had higher cortisol concentrations at Day 4 (p = 0.056) and 6 (p = 0.026) after ovulation than heifers that did not ovulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A A Butler
- The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia.
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111
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Butler S, Phillips N, Boe-Hansen G, Bo G, Burns B, Dawson K, McGowan M. Ovarian responses in Bos indicus heifers treated to synchronise ovulation with intravaginal progesterone releasing devices, oestradiol benzoate, prostaglandin F2α and equine chorionic gonadotrophin. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 129:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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112
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Pugliesi G, Beg MA, Carvalho GR, Ginther OJ. Induction of PGFM pulses and luteolysis by sequential estradiol-17β treatments in heifers. Theriogenology 2011; 77:492-506. [PMID: 22119513 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sequential induction of PGFM pulses by estradiol-17β (E2) on prominence of PGFM pulses and progesterone (P4) concentration were studied in heifers. Three treatments of vehicle (n = 12) or E2 (n = 12) at doses of 0.05 or 0.1 mg were given at 12-h intervals beginning on Day 15 postovulation. Blood samples were collected every 12 h from Days 13-24 and hourly for 12 h after the first and third treatments. On Day 15, all heifers were in preluteolysis and on Day 16 were in preluteolysis in the vehicle-treated heifers (n = 11) and either preluteolysis (n = 4) or luteolysis (n = 8) in the E2-treated heifers. Peak concentration of induced PGFM pulses during preluteolysis on Day 15 was greater (P < 0.04) than for pulses during preluteolysis on Day 16. The interval from ovulation to the beginning of luteolysis was shorter (P < 0.04) in the E2-treated heifers than in the vehicle-treated heifers. An E2-induced PGFM pulse was less prominent (P < 0.008) in heifers in temporal association with a transient resurgence in P4 than in heifers with a progressive P4 decrease. The hypothesis that repeated E2 exposure stimulates increasing prominence of PGFM pulses was not supported. Instead, repeated exposure reduced the prominence of PGFM pulses, in contrast to the stimulation from the first E2 treatment. Reduced prominence of a PGF(2α) pulse during luteolysis can lead to a transient resurgence in P4 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pugliesi
- Eutheria Foundation, Cross Plains, Wisconsin, USA
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113
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Thijssen JM, Herzog K, Weijers G, Brockhan-Luedemann M, Starke A, Niemann H, Bollwein H, de Korte CL. Ultrasound image analysis offers the opportunity to predict plasma progesterone concentrations in the estrous cycle in cows: A feasibility study. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 127:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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114
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Lüttgenau J, Beindorff N, Ulbrich S, Kastelic J, Bollwein H. Low plasma progesterone concentrations are accompanied by reduced luteal blood flow and increased size of the dominant follicle in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2011; 76:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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115
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Lüttgenau J, Ulbrich S, Beindorff N, Honnens A, Herzog K, Bollwein H. Plasma progesterone concentrations in the mid-luteal phase are dependent on luteal size, but independent of luteal blood flow and gene expression in lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 125:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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116
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Luteal blood flow increases during the first three weeks of pregnancy in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2011; 75:549-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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117
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López-Gatius F, García-Ispierto I. Ultrasound and Endocrine Findings that Help to Assess the Risk of Late Embryo/Early Foetal Loss by Non-Infectious Cause in Dairy Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45 Suppl 3:15-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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