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Abstract
The 200years of research efforts on Parkinson disease (PD) form the basis of our understanding of the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease. This journey has been marked by the revolutionary discovery of a neurotransmitter replacement therapy that provides a longer and healthier life to patients. Since 1997, the advances in the genetics of PD have expanded our understanding of this neurodegenerative disorder and they are opening up new ways to search for disease-modifying therapies. This chapter is a summary of the historical discoveries and latest progress in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Mastrangelo
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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102
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Chen Z, Cao Z, Zhang W, Gu M, Zhou ZD, Li B, Li J, Tan EK, Zeng L. LRRK2 interacts with ATM and regulates Mdm2–p53 cell proliferation axis in response to genotoxic stress. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4494-4505. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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103
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Landoulsi Z, Benromdhan S, Ben Djebara M, Damak M, Dallali H, Kefi R, Abdelhak S, Gargouri-Berrechid A, Mhiri C, Gouider R. Using KASP technique to screen LRRK2 G2019S mutation in a large Tunisian cohort. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:70. [PMID: 28683740 PMCID: PMC5501550 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In North African populations, G2019S mutation in LRRK2 gene, encoding for the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, is the most prevalent mutation linked to familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Early detection of G2019S by fast genetic testing is very important to guide PD's diagnosis and support patients and their family caregivers for better management of their life according to disease's evolution. METHODS In our study, a genetic PD's diagnosis tool was developed for large scale genotyping using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) technology. We investigated G2019S's frequency in 250 Tunisian PD patients and 218 controls. RESULTS We found that 33.6% of patients and 1.3% of controls were carriers. Demographic characteristics of patients with G2019S had no differences compared with non-carrier patients. Thereby, we could emphasize the implication of G2019S in PD without any distinctive demographic factors in the studied cohort. Sixty patients out of 250 were genotyped using Taqman assay and Sanger sequencing. The genotyping results were found to be concordant with KASP assay. CONCLUSIONS The G2019S mutation frequency in our cohort was similar to that reported in previous studies. Comparing to Taqman assay and Sanger sequencing, KASP was shown to be a reliable, time and cost effective genotyping assay for routine G2019S screening in genetic testing laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Landoulsi
- Department of Neurology, UR12SP21, Razi Hospital, 1 rue des Orangers, 2010, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sawssan Benromdhan
- Department of Neurology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 3029, Sfax, CP, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Djebara
- Department of Neurology, UR12SP21, Razi Hospital, 1 rue des Orangers, 2010, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Damak
- Department of Neurology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 3029, Sfax, CP, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Dallali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.,National Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Kefi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, BP 74, 13 Place Pasteur, 1002, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amina Gargouri-Berrechid
- Department of Neurology, UR12SP21, Razi Hospital, 1 rue des Orangers, 2010, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Mhiri
- Department of Neurology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 3029, Sfax, CP, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, UR12SP21, Razi Hospital, 1 rue des Orangers, 2010, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisia. .,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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104
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Marcogliese PC, Abuaish S, Kabbach G, Abdel-Messih E, Seang S, Li G, Slack RS, Haque ME, Venderova K, Park DS. LRRK2(I2020T) functional genetic interactors that modify eye degeneration and dopaminergic cell loss in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1247-1257. [PMID: 28158614 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the primary cause for motor symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most commonly linked contributor to familial PD. LRRK2 is suggested to be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, but deciphering its role in the pathogenesis of PD has been difficult. Modelling PD in rodents has been a persistent challenge for the field. However, the fruit fly has been exploited to recapitulate PD gene related dopaminergic cell loss. Using the GAL4-UAS system and established models of hLRRK2 induced eye degeneration in Drosophila, we conducted an unbiased suppressor/enhancer screen to uncover genetic modifiers of LRRK2. We have identified 36 candidate interactors that modify LRRK2 induced toxicity in the Drosophila eye. Importantly, we determined that a subset of these interactors also modified hLRRK2(I2020T) induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the fly brain and uncovered 16 candidates that modify dopaminergic cell loss. Our results suggest LRRK2 may be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and the results from this screen provide an important genetic resource for further evaluation of LRRK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sameera Abuaish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ghassan Kabbach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Abdel-Messih
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Seang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Katerina Venderova
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - David S Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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105
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The G2385R risk factor for Parkinson's disease enhances CHIP-dependent intracellular degradation of LRRK2. Biochem J 2017; 474:1547-1558. [PMID: 28320779 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Most pathogenic LRRK2 mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the central ROC (Ras of complex proteins)-C-terminus of ROC-kinase triple domain and affect enzymatic functions of the protein. However, there are several variants in LRRK2, including the risk factor G2385R, that affect PD pathogenesis by unknown mechanisms. Previously, we have shown that G2385R LRRK2 has decreased kinase activity in vitro and altered affinity to LRRK2 interactors. Specifically, we found an increased binding to the chaperone Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90 kDa) that is known to stabilize LRRK2, suggesting that G2385R may have structural effects on LRRK2. In the present study, we further explored the effects of G2385R on LRRK2 in cells. We found that G2385R LRRK2 has lower steady-state intracellular protein levels compared with wild-type LRRK2 due to increased protein turnover of the mutant protein. Mechanistically, this is a consequence of a higher affinity of G2385R compared with the wild-type protein for two proteins involved in proteasomal degradation, Hsc70 and carboxyl-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP). Overexpression of CHIP decreased intracellular protein levels of both G2385R mutant and wild-type LRRK2, while short interfering RNA CHIP knockdown had the opposite effect. We suggest that the G2385R substitution tilts the equilibrium between refolding and proteasomal degradation toward intracellular degradation. The observation of lower steady-state protein levels may explain why G2385R is a risk factor rather than a penetrant variant for inherited PD.
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106
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Cook DA, Kannarkat GT, Cintron AF, Butkovich LM, Fraser KB, Chang J, Grigoryan N, Factor SA, West AB, Boss JM, Tansey MG. LRRK2 levels in immune cells are increased in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017. [PMID: 28649611 PMCID: PMC5459798 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations associated with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 are the most common known cause of Parkinson’s disease. The known expression of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in immune cells and its negative regulatory function of nuclear factor of activated T cells implicates leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in the development of the inflammatory environment characteristic of Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in immune cell subsets and correlate it with the immunophenotype of cells from Parkinson’s disease and healthy subjects. For immunophenotyping, blood cells from 40 Parkinson’s disease patients and 32 age and environment matched-healthy control subjects were analyzed by flow cytometry. Multiplexed immunoassays were used to measure cytokine output of stimulated cells. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 expression was increased in B cells (p = 0.0095), T cells (p = 0.029), and CD16+ monocytes (p = 0.01) of Parkinson’s disease patients compared to healthy controls. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 induction was also increased in monocytes and dividing T cells in Parkinson’s disease patients compared to healthy controls. In addition, Parkinson’s disease patient monocytes secreted more inflammatory cytokines compared to healthy control, and cytokine expression positively correlated with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 expression in T cells from Parkinson’s disease but not healthy controls. Finally, the regulatory surface protein that limits T-cell activation signals, CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), was decreased in Parkinson’s disease compared to HC in T cells (p = 0.029). In sum, these findings suggest that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 has a regulatory role in immune cells and Parkinson’s disease. Functionally, the positive correlations between leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 expression levels in T-cell subsets, cytokine expression and secretion, and T-cell activation states suggest that targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 with therapeutic interventions could have direct effects on immune cell function. High levels of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in immune cells disrupt immune system function in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in LRRK2 are the most common genetic cause of PD. Although LRRK2 is found in many immune cells, research efforts have focussed on determining its effects on neuronal function. Malu G. Tansey at Emory University, USA, and colleagues compared the levels and function of LRKK2 in immune cells from 40 late-onset PD patients and 32 age- and environment-matched healthy controls. The cells from PD patients had higher levels of LRKK2 protein and produced more pro-inflammatory molecules in response to stimulation than the control cells. As exacerbated inflammatory responses are known to aggravate neurodegeneration, monitoring LRKK2 levels may aid the assessment of disease progression in both inherited and sporadic cases of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cook
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - G T Kannarkat
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - A F Cintron
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Laura M Butkovich
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kyle B Fraser
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - J Chang
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - N Grigoryan
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - S A Factor
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Andrew B West
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - J M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - M G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
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107
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Overexpression of Parkinson's Disease-Associated Mutation LRRK2 G2019S in Mouse Forebrain Induces Behavioral Deficits and α-Synuclein Pathology. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0004-17. [PMID: 28321439 PMCID: PMC5355896 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0004-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified as an unambiguous cause of late-onset, autosomal-dominant familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) and LRRK2 mutations are the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic PD known to date. A number of transgenic mice expressing wild-type or mutant LRRK2 have been described with varying degrees of LRRK2-related abnormalities and modest pathologies. None of these studies directly addressed the role of the kinase domain in the changes observed and none of the mice present with robust features of the human disease. In an attempt to address these issues, we created a conditional LRRK2 G2019S (LRRK2 GS) mutant and a functionally negative control, LRRK2 G2019S/D1994A (LRRK2 GS/DA). Expression of LRRK2 GS or LRRK2 GS/DA was conditionally controlled using the tet-off system in which the presence of tetracycline-transactivator protein (tTA) with a CAMKIIα promoter (CAMKIIα-tTA) induced expression of TetP-LRRK2 GS or TetP-LRRK2 GS/DA in the mouse forebrain. Overexpression of LRRK2 GS in mouse forebrain induced behavioral deficits and α-synuclein pathology in a kinase-dependent manner. Similar to other genetically engineered LRRK2 GS mice, there was no significant loss of dopaminergic neurons. These mice provide an important new tool to study neurobiological changes associated with the increased kinase activity from the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of not only the physiologic actions of LRRK2, but also potential pathologic actions that underlie LRRK2 GS-associated PD.
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108
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Longo F, Mercatelli D, Novello S, Arcuri L, Brugnoli A, Vincenzi F, Russo I, Berti G, Mabrouk OS, Kennedy RT, Shimshek DR, Varani K, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Morari M. Age-dependent dopamine transporter dysfunction and Serine129 phospho-α-synuclein overload in G2019S LRRK2 mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:22. [PMID: 28292328 PMCID: PMC5351259 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson’s disease. Here, we investigated whether the G2019S LRRK2 mutation causes morphological and/or functional changes at nigro-striatal dopamine neurons. Density of striatal dopaminergic terminals, nigral cell counts, tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels as well as exocytotic dopamine release measured in striatal synaptosomes, or striatal extracellular dopamine levels monitored by in vivo microdialysis were similar between ≥12-month-old G2019S knock-in mice and wild-type controls. In vivo striatal dopamine release was insensitive to the LRRK2 inhibitor Nov-LRRK2-11, and was elevated by the membrane dopamine transporter blocker GBR-12783. However, G2019S knock-in mice showed a blunted neurochemical and motor activation response to GBR-12783 compared to wild-type controls. Western blot and dopamine uptake analysis revealed an increase in dopamine transporter levels and activity in the striatum of 12-month-old G2019S KI mice. This phenotype correlated with a reduction in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 levels and an enhancement of vesicular dopamine uptake, which was consistent with greater resistance to reserpine-induced hypolocomotion. These changes were not observed in 3-month-old mice. Finally, Western blot analysis revealed no genotype difference in striatal levels of endogenous α-synuclein or α-synuclein bound to DOPAL (a toxic metabolite of dopamine). However, Serine129-phosphorylated α-synuclein levels were higher in 12-month-old G2019S knock-in mice. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this finding, also showing no genotype difference in 3-month-old mice. We conclude that the G2019S mutation causes progressive dysfunctions of dopamine transporters, along with Serine129-phosphorylated α-synuclein overload, at striatal dopaminergic terminals, which are not associated with dopamine homeostasis dysregulation or neuron loss but might contribute to intrinsic dopaminergic terminal vulnerability. We propose G2019S knock-in mice as a presymptomatic Parkinson’s disease model, useful to investigate the pathogenic interaction among genetics, aging, and internal or environmental factors leading to the disease.
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109
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Thomas JM, Li T, Yang W, Xue F, Fishman PS, Smith WW. 68 and FX2149 Attenuate Mutant LRRK2-R1441C-Induced Neural Transport Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:337. [PMID: 28119604 PMCID: PMC5222795 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 is a large protein with implications in genetic and sporadic causes of Parkinson's disease. The physiological functions of LRRK2 are largely unknown. In this report, we investigated whether LRRK2 alters neural transport using live-cell imaging techniques and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrated that expression of the PD-linked mutant, LRRK2-R1441C, induced mitochondrial, and lysosomal transport defects in neurites of SH-SY5Y cells. Most importantly, recently identified GTP-binding inhibitors, 68 and FX2149, can reduce LRRK2 GTP-binding activity and attenuates R1441C-induced mitochondrial and lysosomal transport impairments. These results provide direct evidence and an early mechanism for neurite injury underlying LRRK2-induced neurodegeneration. This is the first report to show that LRRK2 GTP-binding activity plays a critical role during neurite transport, suggesting inhibition of LRRK2 GTP-binding could be a potential novel strategy for PD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Fishman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA; Neurology Service, VA Maryland Healthcare SystemBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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110
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Fruhmann G, Seynnaeve D, Zheng J, Ven K, Molenberghs S, Wilms T, Liu B, Winderickx J, Franssens V. Yeast buddies helping to unravel the complexity of neurodegenerative disorders. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:288-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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111
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Xiong Y, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Models of LRRK2-Associated Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:163-191. [PMID: 28353284 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) and also one of the strongest genetic risk factors in sporadic PD. The LRRK2 protein contains a GTPase and a kinase domain and several protein-protein interaction domains. Both in vitro and in vivo assays in different model systems have provided tremendous insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying LRRK2-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Among all the model systems, animal models are crucial tools to study the pathogenesis of human disease. How do the animal models recapitulate LRRK2-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in human PD? To answer this question, this review focuses on the discussion of the animal models of LRRK2-associated PD including genetic- and viral-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, 70130-2685, USA.
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, 70130-2685, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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112
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113
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Kang UB, Marto JA. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and Parkinson's disease. Proteomics 2016; 17. [PMID: 27723254 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large multidomain protein that is expressed in many tissues and participates in numerous biological pathways. Mutations in LRRK2 are recognized as genetic risk factors for familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and may also represent causal factors in the more common sporadic form of PD. The structure of LRRK2 comprises a combination of GTPase, kinase, and scaffolding domains. This functional diversity, combined with a potentially central role in genetic and idiopathic PD motivates significant effort to further credential LRRK2 as a therapeutic target. Here, we review the current understanding for LRRK2 function in normal physiology and PD, with emphasis on insight gained from proteomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Beom Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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114
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Islam MS, Nolte H, Jacob W, Ziegler AB, Pütz S, Grosjean Y, Szczepanowska K, Trifunovic A, Braun T, Heumann H, Heumann R, Hovemann B, Moore DJ, Krüger M. Human R1441C LRRK2 regulates the synaptic vesicle proteome and phosphoproteome in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:5365-5382. [PMID: 27794539 PMCID: PMC6078604 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial Parkinson`s disease (PD) and variation at the LRRK2 locus contributes to the risk for idiopathic PD. LRRK2 can function as a protein kinase and mutations lead to increased kinase activity. To elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism of the R1441C mutation in the GTPase domain of LRRK2, we expressed human wild-type or R1441C LRRK2 in dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila and observe reduced locomotor activity, impaired survival and an age-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons thereby creating a new PD-like model. To explore the function of LRRK2 variants in vivo, we performed mass spectrometry and quantified 3,616 proteins in the fly brain. We identify several differentially-expressed cytoskeletal, mitochondrial and synaptic vesicle proteins (SV), including synaptotagmin-1, syntaxin-1A and Rab3, in the brain of this LRRK2 fly model. In addition, a global phosphoproteome analysis reveals the enhanced phosphorylation of several SV proteins, including synaptojanin-1 (pThr1131) and the microtubule-associated protein futsch (pSer4106) in the brain of R1441C hLRRK2 flies. The direct phosphorylation of human synaptojanin-1 by R1441C hLRRK2 could further be confirmed by in vitro kinase assays. A protein-protein interaction screen in the fly brain confirms that LRRK2 robustly interacts with numerous SV proteins, including synaptojanin-1 and EndophilinA. Our proteomic, phosphoproteomic and interactome study in the Drosophila brain provides a systematic analyses of R1441C hLRRK2-induced pathobiological mechanisms in this model. We demonstrate for the first time that the R1441C mutation located within the LRRK2 GTPase domain induces the enhanced phosphorylation of SV proteins in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shariful Islam
- Silantes GmbH, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Wright Jacob
- Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum, NC 7/174 Universitaetsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna B. Ziegler
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Yael Grosjean
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karolina Szczepanowska
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Heumann
- Biochemistry II, Molecular Neurobiochemistry Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum, NC 7/174 Universitaetsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Darren J. Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Roosen DA, Cookson MR. LRRK2 at the interface of autophagosomes, endosomes and lysosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:73. [PMID: 27927216 PMCID: PMC5142374 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, substantial progress has been made in identifying the underlying genetics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Of the known genes, LRRK2 is a major genetic contributor to PD. However, the exact function of LRRK2 remains to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss how familial forms of PD have led us to hypothesize that alterations in endomembrane trafficking play a role in the pathobiology of PD. We will discuss the major observations that have been made to elucidate the role of LRRK2 in particular, including LRRK2 animal models and high-throughput proteomics approaches. Taken together, these studies strongly support a role of LRRK2 in vesicular dynamics. We also propose that targeting these pathways may not only be beneficial for developing therapeutics for LRRK2-driven PD, but also for other familial and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
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First model of dimeric LRRK2: the challenge of unrevealing the structure of a multidomain Parkinson's-associated protein. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1635-1641. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20160226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations within the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene represent the most common cause of Mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease, among autosomal dominant cases. Its gene product, LRRK2, is a large multidomain protein that belongs to the Roco protein family exhibiting GTPase and kinase activity, with the latter activity increased by pathogenic mutations. To allow rational drug design against LRRK2 and to understand the cross-regulation of the G- and the kinase domain at a molecular level, it is key to solve the three-dimensional structure of the protein. We review here our recent successful approach to build the first structural model of dimeric LRRK2 by an integrative modeling approach.
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Ding X, Barodia SK, Ma L, Goldberg MS. Fbxl18 targets LRRK2 for proteasomal degradation and attenuates cell toxicity. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:122-136. [PMID: 27890708 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominantly inherited mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common causes of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and LRRK2 polymorphisms are associated with increased risk for idiopathic PD. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these mutations cause PD remain uncertain. In vitro studies indicate that disease-linked mutations in LRRK2 increase LRRK2 kinase activity and LRRK2-mediated cell toxicity. Identifying LRRK2-interacting proteins and determining their effects on LRRK2 are important for understanding LRRK2 function and for delineating the pathophysiological mechanisms of LRRK2 mutations. Here we identified a novel protein, F-box and leucine-rich repeat domain-containing protein 18 (Fbxl18) that physically associates with LRRK2. We demonstrated that Fbxl18 is a component of a Skp1-Cullin1-F-box ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates the abundance of LRRK2 by selectively targeting phosphorylated LRRK2 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Knockdown of endogenous Fbxl18 stabilized LRRK2 abundance while protein kinase C activation enhanced LRRK2 degradation by Fbxl18. Dephosphorylation of LRRK2 blocked Fbxl18 association with LRRK2. Taken together, we have identified potential mechanisms for LRRK2 regulation by kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, Fbxl18 prevented caspase activation and cell death caused by LRRK2 and PD-linked mutant LRRK2. This reveals novel targets for developing potential therapies for familial and idiopathic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ding
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sandeep K Barodia
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lisha Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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118
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Speidel A, Felk S, Reinhardt P, Sterneckert J, Gillardon F. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Influences Fate Decision of Human Monocytes Differentiated from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165949. [PMID: 27812199 PMCID: PMC5094768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are strongly associated with familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). High expression levels in immune cells suggest a role of LRRK2 in regulating the immune system. In this study, we investigated the effect of the LRRK2 (G2019S) mutation in monocytes, using a human stem cell-derived model expressing LRRK2 at endogenous levels. We discovered alterations in the differentiation pattern of LRRK2 mutant, compared to non-mutant isogenic controls, leading to accelerated monocyte production and a reduction in the non-classical CD14+CD16+ monocyte subpopulation in the LRRK2 mutant cells. LPS-treatment of the iPSC-derived monocytes significantly increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, demonstrating a functional response without revealing any significant differences between the genotypes. Assessment of the migrational capacity of the differentiated monocytes revealed moderate deficits in LRRK2 mutant cells, compared to their respective controls. Our findings indicate a pivotal role of LRRK2 in hematopoietic fate decision, endorsing the involvement of the immune system in the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Speidel
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sandra Felk
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- CRTD / DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- CRTD / DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Gillardon
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- * E-mail:
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119
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Choi I, Byun JW, Park SM, Jou I, Joe EH. LRRK2 Inhibits FAK Activity by Promoting FERM-mediated Autoinhibition of FAK and Recruiting the Tyrosine Phosphatase, SHP-2. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:269-276. [PMID: 27790061 PMCID: PMC5081473 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.5.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) causes an autosomal dominant and late-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we reported that LRRK2 directly binds to and phosphorylates the threonine 474 (T474)-containing Thr-X-Arg(Lys) (TXR) motif of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), thereby inhibiting the phosphorylation of FAK at tyrosine (Y) 397 residue (pY397-FAK), which is a marker of its activation. Mechanistically, however, it remained unclear how T474-FAK phosphorylation suppressed FAK activation. Here, we report that T474-FAK phosphorylation could inhibit FAK activation via at least two different mechanisms. First, T474 phosphorylation appears to induce a conformational change of FAK, enabling its N-terminal FERM domain to autoinhibit Y397 phosphorylation. This is supported by the observation that the levels of pY397-FAK were increased by deletion of the FERM domain and/or mutation of the FERM domain to prevent its interaction with the kinase domain of FAK. Second, pT474-FAK appears to recruit SHP-2, which is a phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating pY397-FAK. We found that mutation of T474 into glutamate (T474E-FAK) to mimic phosphorylation induced more strong interaction with SHP-2 than WT-FAK, and that pharmacological inhibition of SHP-2 with NSC-87877 rescued the level of pY397 in HEK293T cells. These results collectively show that LRRK2 suppresses FAK activation through diverse mechanisms that include the promotion of autoinhibition and/or the recruitment of phosphatases, such as SHP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Byun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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120
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Fischer DL, Gombash SE, Kemp CJ, Manfredsson FP, Polinski NK, Duffy MF, Sortwell CE. Viral Vector-Based Modeling of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parkinson's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1382:367-82. [PMID: 26611600 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy methods are increasingly used to model Parkinson's disease (PD) in animals in an effort to test experimental therapeutics within a more relevant context to disease pathophysiology and neuropathology. We have detailed several criteria that are critical or advantageous to accurately modeling PD in a murine model or in a nonhuman primate. Using these criteria, we then evaluate approaches made to model PD using viral vectors to date, including both adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses. Lastly, we comment on the consideration of aging as a critical factor for modeling PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- MD/PhD Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sara E Gombash
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Science, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.
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121
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Ferrazza R, Cogo S, Melrose H, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Guella G, Civiero L, Plotegher N. LRRK2 deficiency impacts ceramide metabolism in brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1141-6. [PMID: 27539321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 gene cause inherited Parkinson's disease (PD) and variations around LRRK2 act as risk factor for disease. Similar to sporadic disease, LRRK2-linked cases show late onset and, typically, the presence of proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy bodies (LBs) in neurons. Recently, defects on ceramide (Cer) metabolism have been recognized in PD. In particular, heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding for glucocerebrosidase (GBA1), a lysosomal enzyme converting glucosyl-ceramides (Glc-Cer) into Cer, increase the risk of developing PD. Although several studies have linked LRRK2 with membrane-related processes and autophagic-lysosomal pathway regulation, whether this protein impinges on the Cer pathway has not been addressed. Here, using a targeted lipidomics approach, we report an altered sphingolipid composition in Lrrk2(-/-) mouse brains. In particular, we observe a significant increase of Cer levels in Lrrk2(-/-) mice and direct effects on GBA1. Collectively, our results suggest a link between LRRK2 and Cer metabolism, providing new insights into the possible role of this protein in sphingolipids metabolism, with implications for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Ferrazza
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Heather Melrose
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Povo, Trento, Italy; Biophysical Institute, CNR, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Phos-tag analysis of Rab10 phosphorylation by LRRK2: a powerful assay for assessing kinase function and inhibitors. Biochem J 2016; 473:2671-85. [PMID: 27474410 PMCID: PMC5003698 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations that activate the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause inherited Parkinson's disease. Recent work has revealed that LRRK2 directly phosphorylates a conserved threonine/serine residue in the effector-binding switch-II motif of a number of Rab GTPase proteins, including Rab10. Here we describe a facile and robust method to assess phosphorylation of endogenous Rab10 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), lung and spleen-derived B-cells, based on the ability of the Phos-tag reagent to retard the electrophoretic mobility of LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10. We exploit this assay to show that phosphorylation of Rab10 is ablated in kinase-inactive LRRK2[D2017A] knockin MEFs and mouse lung, demonstrating that LRRK2 is the major Rab10 kinase in these cells/tissue. We also establish that the Phos-tag assay can be deployed to monitor the impact that activating LRRK2 pathogenic (G2019S and R1441G) knockin mutations have on stimulating Rab10 phosphorylation. We show that upon addition of LRRK2 inhibitors, Rab10 is dephosphorylated within 1-2 min, markedly more rapidly than the Ser(935) and Ser(1292) biomarker sites that require 40-80 min. Furthermore, we find that phosphorylation of Rab10 is suppressed in LRRK2[S910A+S935A] knockin MEFs indicating that phosphorylation of Ser(910) and Ser(935) and potentially 14-3-3 binding play a role in facilitating the phosphorylation of Rab10 by LRRK2 in vivo The Rab Phos-tag assay has the potential to significantly aid with evaluating the effect that inhibitors, mutations and other factors have on the LRRK2 signalling pathway.
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123
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Chang KH, Chen CM, Lin CH, Chang WT, Jiang PR, Hsiao YC, Wu YR, Lee-Chen GJ. Functional properties of LRRK2 mutations in Taiwanese Parkinson disease. J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 116:197-204. [PMID: 27423549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein encoding multiple functional domains. Mutations within different LRRK2 domains have been considered to be involved in the development of Parkinson disease by different mechanisms. Our previous study found three LRRK2 mutations-p.R767H, p.S885N, and p.R1441H-in Taiwanese patients with Parkinson disease. METHODS We evaluated the functional properties of LRRK2 p.R767H, p.S885N, and p.R1441H mutations by overexpressing them in human embryonic kidney 293 and neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The common p.G2019S mutation in the kinase domain was included for comparison. RESULTS In 293 cells, overexpressed p.R1441H-but not p.R767H, p.S885N, or p.G2019-increased GTP binding affinity to prolong the active state. Overexpressed p.R1441H and p.G2019S generated inclusions in 293 cells. In SK-N-SH cells, the α-synuclein was coexpressed with wild type as well as mutated p.R767H, p.S885N, p.R1441H, and p.G2019 LRRK2 proteins. Part of the perinuclear inclusions formed by p.R1441H and p.G2019S were colocalized with α-synuclein. Additionally, p.S885N and p.R1441H mutations caused reduced interaction between LRRK2 and ARHGEF7, a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor for LRRK2, whereas this interaction was well preserved in p.R767H and p.G2019S mutations. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that p.R1441H protein facilitates the formation of intracellular inclusions, compromises GTP hydrolysis by increasing its affinity for GTP, and reduces its interaction with ARHGEF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei 10507, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei 10507, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei 10507, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Teng Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Jiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Hsiao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei 10507, Taiwan.
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
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Prabhudesai S, Bensabeur FZ, Abdullah R, Basak I, Baez S, Alves G, Holtzman NG, Larsen JP, Møller SG. LRRK2 knockdown in zebrafish causes developmental defects, neuronal loss, and synuclein aggregation. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:717-35. [PMID: 27265751 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common cause of genetic Parkinson's disease, their function is largely unknown. LRRK2 is pleiotropic in nature, shown to be involved in neurodegeneration and in more peripheral processes, including kidney functions, in rats and mice. Recent studies in zebrafish have shown conflicting evidence that removal of the LRRK2 WD40 domain may or may not affect dopaminergic neurons and/or locomotion. This study shows that ∼50% LRRK2 knockdown in zebrafish causes not only neuronal loss but also developmental perturbations such as axis curvature defects, ocular abnormalities, and edema in the eyes, lens, and otic vesicles. We further show that LRRK2 knockdown results in significant neuronal loss, including a reduction of dopaminergic neurons. Immunofluorescence demonstrates that endogenous LRRK2 is expressed in the lens, brain, heart, spinal cord, and kidney (pronephros), which mirror the LRRK2 morphant phenotypes observed. LRRK2 knockdown results further in the concomitant upregulation of β-synuclein, PARK13, and SOD1 and causes β-synuclein aggregation in the diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and postoptic commissure. LRRK2 knockdown causes mislocalization of the Na(+) /K(+) ATPase protein in the pronephric ducts, suggesting that the edema might be linked to renal malfunction and that LRRK2 might be associated with pronephric duct epithelial cell differentiation. Combined, our study shows that LRRK2 has multifaceted roles in zebrafish and that zebrafish represent a complementary model to further our understanding of this central protein. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rashed Abdullah
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Indranil Basak
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Solange Baez
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nathalia G Holtzman
- Department of Biology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Queens, New York
| | - Jan Petter Larsen
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Simon Geir Møller
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York.,The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Athanasopoulos PS, Jacob W, Neumann S, Kutsch M, Wolters D, Tan EK, Bichler Z, Herrmann C, Heumann R. Identification of protein phosphatase 2A as an interacting protein of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2. Biol Chem 2016; 397:541-54. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding for the multi-domain protein leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the leading cause of genetically inherited Parkinson’s disease (PD). Two of the common found mutations are the R1441C and G2019S. In this study we identified protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as an interacting partner of LRRK2. We were able to demonstrate that the Ras of complex protein (ROC) domain is sufficient to interact with the three subunits of PP2A in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in HeLa cells. The alpha subunit of PP2A is interacting with LRRK2 in the perinuclear region of HeLa cells. Silencing the catalytic subunit of PP2A by shRNA aggravated cellular degeneration induced by the pathogenic R1441C-LRRK2 mutant expressed in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. A similar enhancement of apoptotic nuclei was observed by downregulation of the catalytic subunit of PP2A in cultured cortical cells derived from neurons overexpressing the pathogenic mutant G2019S-LRRK2. Conversely, pharmacological activation of PP2A by sodium selenate showed a partial neuroprotection from R1441C-LRRK2-induced cellular degeneration. All these data suggest that PP2A is a new interacting partner of LRRK2 and reveal the importance of PP2A as a potential therapeutic target in PD.
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G2385R and I2020T Mutations Increase LRRK2 GTPase Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7917128. [PMID: 27314038 PMCID: PMC4897664 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7917128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The LRRK2 mutation is a major causal mutation in familial Parkinson's disease. Although LRRK2 contains functional GTPase and kinase domains and their activities are altered by pathogenic mutations, most studies focused on LRRK2 kinase activity because the most prevalent mutant, G2019S, enhances kinase activity. However, the G2019S mutation is extremely rare in the Asian population. Instead, the G2385R mutation was reported as a major risk factor in the Asian population. Similar to other LRRK2 studies, G2385R studies have also focused on kinase activity. Here, we investigated GTPase activities of G2385R with other LRRK2 mutants, such as G2019S, R1441C, and I2020T, as well as wild type (WT). Our results suggest that both I2020T and G2385R contain GTPase activities stronger than that of WT. A kinase assay using the commercial recombinant proteins showed that I2020T harbored stronger activity, whereas G2385R had weaker activity than that of WT, as reported previously. This is the first report of LRRK2 I2020T and G2385R GTPase activities and shows that most of the LRRK2 mutations that are pathogenic or a risk factor altered either kinase or GTPase activity, suggesting that their physiological consequences are caused by altered enzyme activities.
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Santos G, Giraldez-Alvarez LD, Ávila-Rodriguez M, Capani F, Galembeck E, Neto AG, Barreto GE, Andrade B. SUR1 Receptor Interaction with Hesperidin and Linarin Predicts Possible Mechanisms of Action of Valeriana officinalis in Parkinson. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:97. [PMID: 27199743 PMCID: PMC4852538 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. A theoretical approach of our previous experiments reporting the cytoprotective effects of the Valeriana officinalis compounds extract for PD is suggested. In addiction to considering the PD as a result of mitochondrial metabolic imbalance and oxidative stress, such as in our previous in vitro model of rotenone, in the present manuscript we added a genomic approach to evaluate the possible underlying mechanisms of the effect of the plant extract. Microarray of substantia nigra (SN) genome obtained from Allen Brain Institute was analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis to build a network of hub genes implicated in PD. Proteins transcribed from hub genes and their ligands selected by search ensemble approach algorithm were subjected to molecular docking studies, as well as 20 ns Molecular Dynamics (MD) using a Molecular Mechanic Poison/Boltzman Surface Area (MMPBSA) protocol. Our results bring a new approach to Valeriana officinalis extract, and suggest that hesperidin, and probably linarin are able to relieve effects of oxidative stress during ATP depletion due to its ability to binding SUR1. In addition, the key role of valerenic acid and apigenin is possibly related to prevent cortical hyperexcitation by inducing neuronal cells from SN to release GABA on brain stem. Thus, under hyperexcitability, oxidative stress, asphyxia and/or ATP depletion, Valeriana officinalis may trigger different mechanisms to provide neuronal cell protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesivaldo Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Jequié, Brazil
| | - Lisandro Diego Giraldez-Alvarez
- Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD-CAPES), Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Jequié, Brazil
| | - Marco Ávila-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Francisco Capani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), UBA-CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Galembeck
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Gôes Neto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad JaverianaBogotá, DC, Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile; Universidad Científica del SurLima, Peru
| | - Bruno Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Jequié, Brazil
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Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 are associated with inherited Parkinson's disease (PD) in a large number of families, and the genetic locus containing the LRRK2 gene contains a risk factor for sporadic PD. The LRRK2 protein contains several domains that suggest a role in cellular signaling, including a kinase domain. It is also clear that LRRK2 interacts, either physically or genetically, with several other important proteins implicated in PD, suggesting that LRRK2 may be a central player in the pathways that underlie parkinsonism. As such, LRRK2 has been proposed to be a plausible target for therapeutic intervention, with kinase inhibition being pursued most actively. However, there are still several fundamental aspects of LRRK2 biology and function that remain unresolved at this time. This review will focus on the key questions of normal function of LRRK2 and how this might be related to the pathophysiology of PD.
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Wang J, Song W. Regulation of LRRK2 promoter activity and gene expression by Sp1. Mol Brain 2016; 9:33. [PMID: 27004687 PMCID: PMC4802577 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway is a prominent neuropathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in various genes have been linked to familial PD, and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is one of them. LRRK2 is a large complex protein, belonging to the ROCO family of proteins. Recent studies suggest that the level of LRRK2 protein is one of the contributing factors to PD pathogenesis. However, it remains elusive how LRRK2 is regulated at the transcriptional and translational level. Results In this study, we cloned a 1738 bp 5’-flanking region of the human LRRK2 gene. The transcriptional start site (TSS) was located to 135 bp upstream of translational start site and the fragment −118 to +133 bp had the minimum promoter activity required for transcription. There were two functional Sp1- responsive elements on the human LRRK2 gene promoter revealed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Sp1 overexpression promoted LRRK2 transcription and translation in the cellular model. On the contrary, application of mithramycin A inhibited LRRK2 transcriptional and translational activities. Conclusion This is the first study indicating that Sp1 signaling plays an important role in the regulation of human LRRK2 gene expression. It suggests that controlling LRRK2 level by manipulating Sp1 signaling may be beneficial to attenuate PD-related neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juelu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Townsend Family Laboratories, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Townsend Family Laboratories, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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130
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Langston RG, Rudenko IN, Cookson MR. The function of orthologues of the human Parkinson's disease gene LRRK2 across species: implications for disease modelling in preclinical research. Biochem J 2016; 473:221-32. [PMID: 26811536 PMCID: PMC5165698 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the period since LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) was identified as a causal gene for late-onset autosomal dominant parkinsonism, a great deal of work has been aimed at understanding whether the LRRK2 protein might be a druggable target for Parkinson's disease (PD). As part of this effort, animal models have been developed to explore both the normal and the pathophysiological roles of LRRK2. However, LRRK2 is part of a wider family of proteins whose functions in different organisms remain poorly understood. In this review, we compare the information available on biochemical properties of LRRK2 homologues and orthologues from different species from invertebrates (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster) to mammals. We particularly discuss the mammalian LRRK2 homologue, LRRK1, and those species where there is only a single LRRK homologue, discussing examples where each of the LRRK family of proteins has distinct properties as well as those cases where there appear to be functional redundancy. We conclude that uncovering the function of LRRK2 orthologues will help to elucidate the key properties of human LRRK2 as well as to improve understanding of the suitability of different animal models for investigation of LRRK2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah G. Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Iakov N. Rudenko
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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131
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Jagmag SA, Tripathi N, Shukla SD, Maiti S, Khurana S. Evaluation of Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:503. [PMID: 26834536 PMCID: PMC4718050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Animal models have contributed a large part to our understanding and therapeutics developed for treatment of PD. There are several more exhaustive reviews of literature that provide the initiated insights into the specific models; however a novel synthesis of the basic advantages and disadvantages of different models is much needed. Here we compare both neurotoxin based and genetic models while suggesting some novel avenues in PD modeling. We also highlight the problems faced and promises of all the mammalian models with the hope of providing a framework for comparison of various systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shail A Jagmag
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
| | - Naveen Tripathi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
| | - Sunil D Shukla
- Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girl's College Udaipur, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
| | - Sukant Khurana
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
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132
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Richardson TG, Shihab HA, Rivas MA, McCarthy MI, Campbell C, Timpson NJ, Gaunt TR. A Protein Domain and Family Based Approach to Rare Variant Association Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153803. [PMID: 27128313 PMCID: PMC4851355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has become common practice to analyse large scale sequencing data with statistical approaches based around the aggregation of rare variants within the same gene. We applied a novel approach to rare variant analysis by collapsing variants together using protein domain and family coordinates, regarded to be a more discrete definition of a biologically functional unit. METHODS Using Pfam definitions, we collapsed rare variants (Minor Allele Frequency ≤ 1%) together in three different ways 1) variants within single genomic regions which map to individual protein domains 2) variants within two individual protein domain regions which are predicted to be responsible for a protein-protein interaction 3) all variants within combined regions from multiple genes responsible for coding the same protein domain (i.e. protein families). A conventional collapsing analysis using gene coordinates was also undertaken for comparison. We used UK10K sequence data and investigated associations between regions of variants and lipid traits using the sequence kernel association test (SKAT). RESULTS We observed no strong evidence of association between regions of variants based on Pfam domain definitions and lipid traits. Quantile-Quantile plots illustrated that the overall distributions of p-values from the protein domain analyses were comparable to that of a conventional gene-based approach. Deviations from this distribution suggested that collapsing by either protein domain or gene definitions may be favourable depending on the trait analysed. CONCLUSION We have collapsed rare variants together using protein domain and family coordinates to present an alternative approach over collapsing across conventionally used gene-based regions. Although no strong evidence of association was detected in these analyses, future studies may still find value in adopting these approaches to detect previously unidentified association signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hashem A. Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Campbell
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Jones S, Uusna J, Langel Ü, Howl J. Intracellular Target-Specific Accretion of Cell Penetrating Peptides and Bioportides: Ultrastructural and Biological Correlates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:121-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jones
- Research
Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Uusna
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John Howl
- Research
Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
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134
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Amen T, Lázaro DF, Outeiro TF, Kaganovich D. Modeling Neuronal Pathology in Yeast: Insights into the Molecular Basis of Parkinson’s Disease. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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135
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Leveridge M, Collier L, Edge C, Hardwicke P, Leavens B, Ratcliffe S, Rees M, Stasi LP, Nadin A, Reith AD. A High-Throughput Screen to Identify LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Using RapidFire Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:145-55. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115606707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
LRRK2 is a large multidomain protein containing two functional enzymatic domains: a GTPase domain and a protein kinase domain. Dominant coding mutations in the LRRK2 protein are associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Among such pathogenic mutations, Gly2019Ser mutation in the LRRK2 kinase domain is the most frequent cause of familial PD in Caucasians and is also found in some apparently sporadic PD cases. This mutation results in 2- to 3-fold elevated LRRK2 kinase activity compared with wild type, providing a clear clinical hypothesis for the application of kinase inhibitors in the treatment of this disease. To date, reported screening assays for LRRK2 have been based on detection of labeled adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate or on antibody-based detection of phosphorylation events. While these assays do offer a high-throughput method of monitoring LRRK2 kinase activity, they are prone to interference from autofluorescent compounds and nonspecific events. Here we describe a label-free assay for LRRK2 kinase activity using the RapidFire mass spectrometry system. This assay format was found to be highly robust and enabled a screen of 100,000 lead-like small molecules. The assay successfully identified a number of known LRRK2 chemotypes that met stringent physicochemical criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Leveridge
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Lee Collier
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
- Cancer Research Technology, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Edge
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Phil Hardwicke
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Bill Leavens
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Steve Ratcliffe
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mike Rees
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Luigi Piero Stasi
- Neurodegeneration DPU, Neurosciences Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK, and Pudong, China
- Nuevolution A/S, Rønnegade 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan Nadin
- Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Alastair D. Reith
- Neurodegeneration DPU, Neurosciences Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hertfordshire, UK, and Pudong, China
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136
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Choi I, Kim B, Byun JW, Baik SH, Huh YH, Kim JH, Mook-Jung I, Song WK, Shin JH, Seo H, Suh YH, Jou I, Park SM, Kang HC, Joe EH. LRRK2 G2019S mutation attenuates microglial motility by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8255. [PMID: 26365310 PMCID: PMC4647842 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to brain injury, microglia rapidly extend processes that isolate lesion sites and protect the brain from further injury. Here we report that microglia carrying a pathogenic mutation in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated gene, G2019S-LRRK2 (GS-Tg microglia), show retarded ADP-induced motility and delayed isolation of injury, compared with non-Tg microglia. Conversely, LRRK2 knockdown microglia are highly motile compared with control cells. In our functional assays, LRRK2 binds to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and phosphorylates its Thr–X–Arg/Lys (TXR/K) motif(s), eventually attenuating FAK activity marked by decreased pY397 phosphorylation (pY397). GS-LRRK2 decreases the levels of pY397 in the brain, microglia and HEK cells. In addition, treatment with an inhibitor of LRRK2 kinase restores pY397 levels, decreased pTXR levels and rescued motility of GS-Tg microglia. These results collectively suggest that G2019S mutation of LRRK2 may contribute to the development of PD by inhibiting microglial response to brain injury. In response to brain injury, microglia extend processes to isolate the lesion. Here Choi et al. show that microglia expressing a pathogenic mutation in the Parkinson's disease-associated LRRK2 gene show reduced motility and delayed lesion isolation in vitro and in vivo due to attenuated focal adhesion kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insup Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Beomsue Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Byun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Baik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Yun Hyun Huh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Ho Chul Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea.,Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-380, Korea
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Weng YH, Chen CY, Lin KJ, Chen YL, Yeh TH, Hsiao IT, Chen IJ, Lu CS, Wang HL. (R1441C) LRRK2 induces the degeneration of SN dopaminergic neurons and alters the expression of genes regulating neuronal survival in a transgenic mouse model. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 1:104-15. [PMID: 26363496 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) cases. Several mutations in LRRK2 gene were reported in PD patients. R1441 is the second most frequent site of LRRK2 mutation. We generated (R1441C) LRRK2 transgenic mice that displayed motor deficits at the age of 16 months. Compared with wild-type mice, 16-month-old (R1441C) LRRK2 mice exhibited a significant reduction in the number of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons. To elucidate molecular pathogenic pathways involved in (R1441C) LRRK2-induced death of SN dopaminergic neurons, we performed microarray analysis to visualize altered mRNA expressions in the SN of (R1441C) LRRK2 mouse. In the SN of (R1441C) LRRK2 transgenic mouse, the mRNA expression of three genes that promote cell death was upregulated, while the mRNA expression of seven genes that contribute to neurogenesis/neuroprotection was significantly downregulated. Our results suggest that altered expression of these genes involved in regulating neuronal survival may contribute to the pathogenesis of (R1441C) LRRK2-induced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Weng
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kun-Jun Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ling Chen
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ing-Tsung Hsiao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ing-Jou Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Song Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
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Li XX, Liao Q, Xia H, Yang XL. Association between Parkinson's disease and G2019S and R1441C mutations of the LRRK2 gene. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1450-1454. [PMID: 26622505 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 11 risk loci were identified in patients with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) in different populations. The LRRK2 gene was found to be a mutation hot spot in European and Asian populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of G2019S and R1441C mutations in the LRRK2 gene in individuals from the Xinjiang region of China, and to explore the associations between LRRK2 gene single nucleotide mutations and susceptibility to PD in the Uyghur and Han populations of Xinjiang. A case-control study was conducted with a group of 312 patients with PD, including 130 Uyghur and 182 Han individuals. The control group comprised 359 subjects, including 179 Uyghur and 180 Han individuals. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing methods were used to detect the G2019S and R1441C mutations in the LRRK2 gene in the Uyghur and Han populations. No known mutations or new hybrids were found. Thus, there was no evidence that Uyghur and Han patients with PD possess the G2019S or R1441C mutations of the LRRK2 gene. This does not exclude the possibility of the presence other LRRK2 gene mutations that are associated with PD in the Uyghur and Han populations. In the future, the association of the LRRK2 gene with PD development in different regions and populations requires further study, in addition to the regulatory effects of the G2019S and R1441C mutations on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Li
- Internal Medicine-Neurology, Leshan People's Hospital, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, P.R. China
| | - Qin Liao
- Cadre's Wards, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Huan Xia
- Cadre's Wards, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ling Yang
- Cadre's Wards, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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139
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Discovery of LRRK2 inhibitors using sequential in silico joint pharmacophore space (JPS) and ensemble docking. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2713-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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140
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Van Giau V, An SSA, Bagyinszky E, Kim S. Gene panels and primers for next generation sequencing studies on neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Cell Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-015-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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141
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Fernández-Moriano C, González-Burgos E, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Mitochondria-Targeted Protective Compounds in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:408927. [PMID: 26064418 PMCID: PMC4429198 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that regulate both metabolic and apoptotic signaling pathways; their most highlighted functions include cellular energy generation in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), regulation of cellular calcium homeostasis, balance between ROS production and detoxification, mediation of apoptosis cell death, and synthesis and metabolism of various key molecules. Consistent evidence suggests that mitochondrial failure is associated with early events in the pathogenesis of ageing-related neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondria-targeted protective compounds that prevent or minimize mitochondrial dysfunction constitute potential therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of these central nervous system diseases. This paper provides an overview of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, with particular attention to in vitro and in vivo studies on promising endogenous and exogenous mitochondria-targeted protective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández-Moriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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142
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The Role of α-Synuclein and LRRK2 in Tau Phosphorylation. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:734746. [PMID: 25977830 PMCID: PMC4419261 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is now a considerable body of experimental evidence that Parkinson's disease arises through physiological interaction of causative molecules, leading to tau pathology. In this review, we discuss the physiological role of α-synuclein and LRRK2 in the abnormal phosphorylation of tau. In addition, as recent reports have indicated that heat shock proteins- (HSPs-) inducing drugs can help to ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases associated with tau pathology, we also discuss therapeutic strategies for PD focusing on inhibition of α-synuclein- and LRRK2-associated tau phosphorylation by HSPs.
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143
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Garcia-Miralles M, Coomaraswamy J, Häbig K, Herzig MC, Funk N, Gillardon F, Maisel M, Jucker M, Gasser T, Galter D, Biskup S. No dopamine cell loss or changes in cytoskeleton function in transgenic mice expressing physiological levels of wild type or G2019S mutant LRRK2 and in human fibroblasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118947. [PMID: 25830304 PMCID: PMC4382199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the LRRK2 gene have been identified in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and have been implicated in the dysfunction of several cellular pathways. Here, we explore how pathogenic mutations and the inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity affect cytoskeleton dynamics in mouse and human cell systems. We generated and characterized a novel transgenic mouse model expressing physiological levels of human wild type and G2019S-mutant LRRK2. No neuronal loss or neurodegeneration was detected in midbrain dopamine neurons at the age of 12 months. Postnatal hippocampal neurons derived from transgenic mice showed no alterations in the seven parameters examined concerning neurite outgrowth sampled automatically on several hundred neurons using high content imaging. Treatment with the kinase inhibitor LRRK2-IN-1 resulted in no significant changes in the neurite outgrowth. In human fibroblasts we analyzed whether pathogenic LRRK2 mutations change cytoskeleton functions such as cell adhesion. To this end we compared the adhesion characteristics of human skin fibroblasts derived from six PD patients carrying one of three different pathogenic LRRK2 mutations and from four age-matched control individuals. The mutant LRRK2 variants as well as the inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity did not reveal any significant cell adhesion differences in cultured fibroblasts. In summary, our results in both human and mouse cell systems suggest that neither the expression of wild type or mutant LRRK2, nor the inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity affect neurite complexity and cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Miralles
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Janaky Coomaraswamy
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karina Häbig
- Department of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin C. Herzig
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Natalja Funk
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Gillardon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Research, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martina Maisel
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Galter
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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144
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Guo YB, Chen J, Zhang XD, Xu SB, Liu HY. Molecular dynamics simulations to understand LRKK2 mutations in Parkinson. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1008471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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145
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Le Grand JN, Gonzalez-Cano L, Pavlou MA, Schwamborn JC. Neural stem cells in Parkinson's disease: a role for neurogenesis defects in onset and progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:773-97. [PMID: 25403878 PMCID: PMC11113294 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, leading to a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Interestingly, non-motor symptoms often appear a decade or more before the first signs of motor symptoms. Some of these non-motor symptoms are remarkably similar to those observed in cases of impaired neurogenesis and several PD-related genes have been shown to play a role in embryonic or adult neurogenesis. Indeed, animal models deficient in Nurr1, Pitx3, SNCA and PINK1 display deregulated embryonic neurogenesis and LRRK2 and VPS35 have been implicated in neuronal development-related processes such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, adult neurogenesis is affected in both PD patients and PD animal models and is regulated by dopamine and dopaminergic (DA) receptors, by chronic neuroinflammation, such as that observed in PD, and by differential expression of wild-type or mutant forms of PD-related genes. Indeed, an increasing number of in vivo studies demonstrate a role for SNCA and LRRK2 in adult neurogenesis and in the generation and maintenance of DA neurons. Finally, the roles of PD-related genes, SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 have been studied in NSCs, progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating a role for some of these genes in stem/progenitor cell proliferation and maintenance. Together, these studies strongly suggest a link between deregulated neurogenesis and the onset and progression of PD and present strong evidence that, in addition to a neurodegenerative disorder, PD can also be regarded as a developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Nicole Le Grand
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Cano
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Angeliki Pavlou
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C. Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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146
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Delgado O, Delgado F, Vega JA, Trabanco AA. N-Bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines: Recent applications in central nervous system disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:719-31. [PMID: 25542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel heterobicyclic compounds within the drug-like chemical space continues to be an area of interest in medicinal chemistry. Unsaturated N-bridgehead heterocycles are well represented in marketed drugs for a variety of therapeutic areas, and continue to play an important role in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery programs. Examples of medicinal chemistry strategies that make use of N-bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines are discussed here in this Minireview, which covers the literature from 2010 up to 2014. B1-class imidazopyridines and B3-class pyrazolopyridines have proven to be at the forefront of molecular prototypes that are capable of interacting with disease relevant targets in neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisca Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vega
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
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147
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Wang D, Xu L, Lv L, Su LY, Fan Y, Zhang DF, Bi R, Yu D, Zhang W, Li XA, Li YY, Yao YG. Association of the LRRK2 genetic polymorphisms with leprosy in Han Chinese from Southwest China. Genes Immun 2014; 16:112-9. [PMID: 25521227 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious and neurological disease that is caused by infection of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). A recent genome-wide association study indicated a suggestive association of LRRK2 genetic variant rs1873613 with leprosy in Chinese population. To validate this association and further identify potential causal variants of LRRK2 with leprosy, we genotyped 13 LRRK2 variants in 548 leprosy patients and 1078 healthy individuals from Yunnan Province and (re-)analyzed 3225 Han Chinese across China. Variants rs1427267, rs3761863, rs1873613, rs732374 and rs7298930 were significantly associated with leprosy per se and/or paucibacillary leprosy (PB). Haplotype A-G-A-C-A was significantly associated with leprosy per se (P=0.018) and PB (P=0.020). Overexpression of the protective allele (Thr2397) of rs3761863 in HEK293 cells led to a significantly increased nuclear factor of activated T-cells' activity compared with allele Met2397 after lipopolysaccharides stimulation. Allele Thr2397 could attenuate 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced autophagic activity in U251 cells. These data suggest that the protective effect of LRRK2 variant p.M2397T on leprosy might be mediated by increasing immune response and decreasing neurotoxicity after M. leprae loading. Our findings confirm that LRRK2 is a susceptible gene to leprosy in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L Xu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L Lv
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L-Y Su
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y Fan
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D-F Zhang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - R Bi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - W Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - X-A Li
- Yuxi City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Y-Y Li
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y-G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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148
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Phosphorylation of LRRK2 by casein kinase 1α regulates trans-Golgi clustering via differential interaction with ARHGEF7. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5827. [PMID: 25500533 PMCID: PMC4268884 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LRRK2, a gene relevant to Parkinson's disease, encodes a scaffolding protein with both GTPase and kinase activities. LRRK2 protein is itself phosphorylated and therefore subject to regulation by cell signaling but the kinase(s) responsible for this event have not been definitively identified. Here, using an unbiased siRNA kinome screen, we identify and validate casein kinase 1α (CK1α) as being responsible for LRRK2 phosphorylation, including in the adult mouse striatum. We further show that LRRK2 recruitment to TGN46-positive Golgi-derived vesicles is modulated by constitutive LRRK2 phosphorylation by CK1α. These effects are mediated by differential protein interactions of LRRK2 with a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, ARHGEF7. These pathways are therefore likely involved in the physiological maintenance of the Golgi in cells, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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149
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. The most significant risk factor for the development of these disorders is aging, which is associated with a progressive decline in UPS activity and the accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins. To date, no therapies have been developed that can specifically up-regulate this system. RECENT ADVANCES In the neurodegenerative brain, dysfunction of the UPS has been associated with the deposition of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and widespread disruption of the proteostasis network. Recent research has identified further evidence of impairment in substrate ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which could contribute to the loss of cellular proteostasis in neurodegenerative disease. Novel strategies for activation of the UPS by genetic manipulation and treatment with synthetic compounds have also recently been identified. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss the specific roles of the UPS in the healthy central nervous system and establish how dysfunctional components can contribute to neurotoxicity in the context of disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Knowledge of the UPS components that are specifically or preferentially involved in neurodegenerative disease will be critical in the development of targeted therapies which aim at limiting the accumulation of misfolded proteins without gross disturbance of this major proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McKinnon
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology , London, United Kingdom
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150
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Li JQ, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the LRRK2 gene in Parkinsonism. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:47. [PMID: 25391693 PMCID: PMC4246469 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), like many common age-related conditions, has been recognized to have a substantial genetic component. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a crucial factor to understanding the etiology of PD. LRRK2 is a large, widely expressed, multi-domain and multifunctional protein. LRRK2 mutations are the major cause to inherited and sporadic PD. In this review, we discuss the pathology and clinical features which show diversity and variability of LRRK2-associated PD. In addition, we do a thorough literature review and provide theoretical data for gene counseling. Further, we present the evidence linking LRRK2 to various possible pathogenic mechanism of PD such as α-synuclein, tau, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic dysfunction as well as autophagy-lysosomal system. Based on the above work, we investigate activities both within GTPase and outside enzymatic regions in order to obtain a potential therapeutic approach to solve the LRRK2 problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No, 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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