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Shan J, Feng L, Luo L, Wu W, Li C, Li S, Li Y. MicroRNAs: potential biomarker in organ transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2011; 24:210-5. [PMID: 21459143 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are non-coding RNAs that could regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, and have been indicated to be involved in diverse biological processes. They are emerging as master regulator of immune response and may likely play a key role in transplant rejection process. The extensive and comprehensive use of miR microarrays has enabled the identification of miRs as potential biomarkers for transplantation; many miRs have been reported associated with transplant rejection. Here we reviewed the emerging data on transplant recipients' miRs expression pattern, and discussed the possible mechanism of how miRs regulate transplant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
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102
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Li JY, Yong TY, Michael MZ, Gleadle JM. Review: The role of microRNAs in kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2011; 15:599-608. [PMID: 20883280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that modulate physiological and pathological processes by inhibiting target gene expression via blockade of protein translation or by inducing mRNA degradation. These miRNAs potentially regulate the expression of thousands of proteins. As a result, miRNAs have emerged rapidly as a major new area of biomedical research with relevance to kidney disease. MiRNA expression has been shown to differ between the kidney and other organs as well as between different kidney regions. Furthermore, miRNAs have been found to be functionally important in models of podocyte development, diabetic nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease. Of particular interest, podocyte-specific deletion of Dicer, a key enzyme in the biogenesis of miRNA, results in proteinuria and severe renal impairment in mice. One miRNA (miR-192) can also act as an effector of transforming growth factor-β activity in the high-glucose environment of diabetic nephropathy. Differential expression of miRNAs has been reported in kidney allograft rejection. It is anticipated that future studies involving miRNAs will generate new insights into the complex pathophysiology underlying various kidney diseases, generate diagnostic biomarkers and might be of value as therapeutic targets for progressive kidney diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight key miRNA developments in kidney diseases and how this might influence the diagnosis and management of patients with kidney disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Yz Li
- Departments of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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103
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Bhatt K, Mi QS, Dong Z. microRNAs in kidneys: biogenesis, regulation, and pathophysiological roles. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F602-10. [PMID: 21228106 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00727.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously produced, short RNAs that repress and thus regulate the expression of almost half of known protein-coding genes. miRNA-mediated gene repression is an important regulatory mechanism to modulate fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle, growth, proliferation, phenotype, and death, which in turn have major influences on pathophysiological outcomes. In kidneys, miRNAs are indispensable for renal development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence has further pinpointed the pathogenic roles played by miRNAs in major renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury, renal carcinoma, polycystic kidney disease, and others. Although the field of renal miRNA research is still in its infancy and important questions remain, future investigation on miRNA regulation in kidneys has the potential to revolutionize both the diagnosis and treatment of major renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Bhatt
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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104
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, small ( approximately 20-25 nucleotides), single-stranded molecules that suppress the expression of protein-coding genes by translational repression, messenger RNA degradation, or both. More than 700 miRNAs have been identified in the human genome. Amazingly, a single miRNA can regulate the expression of hundreds of mRNAs or proteins within a cell. The small RNAs are fast emerging as master regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and likely to play a pivotal role in transplantation. The clinical application of RNA sequencing ("next-generation sequencing") should facilitate transcriptome profiling at an unprecedented resolution. We provide an overview of miRNA biology and their hypothesized roles in transplantation.
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105
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Abstract
Owing to the dynamic nature of the transcriptome, gene expression profiling is a promising tool for discovery of disease-related genes and biological pathways. In the present study, we examined gene expression in whole blood of 12 patients with CAD (coronary artery disease) and 12 healthy control subjects. Furthermore, ten patients with CAD underwent whole-blood gene expression analysis before and after the completion of a cardiac rehabilitation programme following surgical coronary revascularization. mRNA and miRNA (microRNA) were isolated for expression profiling. Gene expression analysis identified 365 differentially expressed genes in patients with CAD compared with healthy controls (175 up- and 190 down-regulated in CAD), and 645 in CAD rehabilitation patients (196 up- and 449 down-regulated post-rehabilitation). Biological pathway analysis identified a number of canonical pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function, as being significantly and consistently modulated across the groups. Analysis of miRNA expression revealed a number of differentially expressed miRNAs, including hsa-miR-140-3p (control compared with CAD, P=0.017), hsa-miR-182 (control compared with CAD, P=0.093), hsa-miR-92a and hsa-miR-92b (post- compared with pre-exercise, P<0.01). Global analysis of predicted miRNA targets found significantly reduced expression of genes with target regions compared with those without: hsa-miR-140-3p (P=0.002), hsa-miR-182 (P=0.001), hsa-miR-92a and hsa-miR-92b (P=2.2×10−16). In conclusion, using whole blood as a ‘surrogate tissue’ in patients with CAD, we have identified differentially expressed miRNAs, differentially regulated genes and modulated pathways which warrant further investigation in the setting of cardiovascular function. This approach may represent a novel non-invasive strategy to unravel potentially modifiable pathways and possible therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease.
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106
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding, single-stranded RNA molecules that have important roles in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Previous studies have proved that miRNAs targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2 may repress epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this work, we studied the intrarenal expression of miR-200 family, miR-205 and miR-192 in patients with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. We studied 43 patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy (IgA group). The intrarenal expression of miRNAs was quantified and compared with that of 15 patients with noninflammatory glomerulosclerosis (GS group) and 20 patients with nephrectomy for kidney cancer as controls (CTL group). The level of intrarenal miR-200c was downregulated, whereas the levels of intrarenal miR-141, miR-205 and miR-192 were upregulated in IgA but not GS group. Proteinuria significantly correlated with the intrarenal expression of miR-200c (r=-0.324, P=0.011) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly correlated with the intrarenal expression of miR-205 (r=-0.280, P=0.030). The degree of tubulointerstitial scarring correlated with miR-205 expression (r=0.389, P=0.021), whereas glomerulosclerosis correlated with miR-192 expression (r=-0.311, P=0.045). The rate of GFR decline significantly correlated with the intrarenal expression of miR-192 (r=0.373, P=0.015). The intrarenal expression of E-cadherin significantly correlated with the intrarenal expression of miR-200c (r=0.392, P=0.002). The results show that intrarenal expression of miR-200c, miR-141, miR-205 and miR-192 was diversely regulated and correlated with disease severity and progression in patients with IgA nephropathy. These miRNA species may be important in the pathogenesis and progression of IgA nephropathy.
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107
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Sotolongo B, Asaoka T, Island E, Carreno M, Delacruz V, Cova D, Russo C, Tryphonopoulos P, Moon J, Weppler D, Tzakis A, Ruiz P. Gene Expression Profiling of MicroRNAs in Small-Bowel Transplantation Paraffin-Embedded Mucosal Biopsy Tissue. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:62-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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108
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Intrarenal expression of miRNAs in patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:78-84. [PMID: 19910931 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding, single-stranded RNA molecules that play important roles in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Previous studies showed that miRNAs targeting transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 may repress epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS We studied 34 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Intrarenal expression of miR-200 family, miR-205, and miR-192 were determined. We also studied normal renal tissue from 20 patients with nephrectomy for kidney cancer as controls. RESULTS The level of intrarenal of miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-141, miR-429, miR-205, and miR-192 were significantly higher in patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis than controls. Proteinuria correlated with intrarenal expression of miR-200a (r = 0.594, P < 0.001), miR-200b (r = 0.395, P = 0.004), miR-141 (r = 0.377, P = 0.007), miR-429 (r = 0.346, P = 0.013), miR-205 (r = 0.636, P < 0.001), and miR-192 (r = 0.306, P = 0.029). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) correlated with intrarenal expression of miR-200a (r = -0.374, P = 0.007) and miR-205 (r = -0.400, P = 0.005). Intrarenal expression of ZEB1 inversely correlated with intrarenal expression of miR-429, whereas expression of ZEB2 inversely correlated with miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-429. CONCLUSIONS The results show that intrarenal expression of miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-141, miR-429, miR-205, and miR-192 were increased in hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and the degree of upregulation correlated with disease severity. The results suggested that these miRNA species may play important roles in the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
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110
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Becker BN, Fain SB, Sadowski EA, Djamali A, Jaffery JB, Jacobson LM. WITHDRAWN: Endothelium in the allograft. Kidney Int 2009:ki2009333. [PMID: 19741588 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The paper entitled "Endothelium in the allograft" by Bryan N Becker et al, which was published online on 9 September 2009, has been withdrawn at the authors' request. Kidney International advance online publication, 9 September 2009; doi:10.1038/ki.2009.333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan N Becker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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111
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Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, He W, Khatri I, Sun Y, Yu K, Boudakov I. Expression of a CD200 transgene is necessary for induction but not maintenance of tolerance to cardiac and skin allografts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1560-8. [PMID: 19592654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD200, a type 2 transmembrane molecule of the Ig supergene family, can induce immunosuppression in a number of biological systems, as well as promote increased graft acceptance, following binding to its receptors (CD200Rs). Skin and cardiac allograft acceptance are readily induced in transgenic mice overexpressing CD200 under control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter, both of which are associated with increased intragraft expression of mRNAs for a number of genes associated with altered T cell subset differentiation, including GATA-3, type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13), GITR, and Foxp3. Interestingly, some 12-15 days after grafting, induction of transgenic CD200 expression can be stopped (by doxycycline withdrawal), without obvious significant effect on graft survival. However, neutralization of all CD200 expression (including endogenous CD200 expression) by anti-CD200 mAb caused graft loss, as did introduction of an acute inflammatory stimulus (LPS, 10 microg/mouse, delivered by i.p. injection). We conclude that even with apparently stably accepted tissue allografts, disruption of the immunoregulatory balance by an intense inflammatory stimulus can cause graft loss.
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113
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Cohen CD. Will non-coding RNAs help to decipher renal allograft failure? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:2325-7. [PMID: 19506044 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens D Cohen
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Physiology with Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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114
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Nogueira E, Ponciano VC, Naka ÉL, Marques GD, Cenedeze MA, Câmara NOS, Pacheco-Silva A. Toll-like receptors-related genes in kidney transplant patients with chronic allograft nephropathy and acute rejection. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:673-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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115
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Liang M, Liu Y, Mladinov D, Cowley AW, Trivedi H, Fang Y, Xu X, Ding X, Tian Z. MicroRNA: a new frontier in kidney and blood pressure research. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F553-8. [PMID: 19339633 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00045.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) has emerged rapidly as a major new direction in many fields of research including kidney and blood pressure research. A mammalian genome encodes several hundred miRNAs. These miRNAs potentially regulate the expression of thousands of proteins. miRNA expression profiles differ substantially between the kidney and other organs as well as between kidney regions. miRNAs may be functionally important in models of diabetic nephropathy, podocyte development, and polycystic disease. miRNAs may be involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure, including possible involvement in genetic elements of hypertension. Studies of miRNAs could generate diagnostic biomarkers for kidney disease and new mechanistic insights into the complex regulatory networks underlying kidney disease and hypertension. Further progress in the understanding of miRNA biogenesis and action and technical improvements for target identification and miRNA manipulation will be important for studying miRNAs in renal function and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liang
- Dept. of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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116
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Jung M, Mollenkopf HJ, Grimm C, Wagner I, Albrecht M, Waller T, Pilarsky C, Johannsen M, Stephan C, Lehrach H, Nietfeld W, Rudel T, Jung K, Kristiansen G. MicroRNA profiling of clear cell renal cell cancer identifies a robust signature to define renal malignancy. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3918-28. [PMID: 19228262 PMCID: PMC4516539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short single-stranded RNAs that are associated with gene regulation at the transcriptional and translational level. Changes in their expression were found in a variety of human cancers. Only few data are available on microRNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We performed genome-wide expression profiling of microRNAs using microarray analysis and quantification of specific microRNAs by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. Matched malignant and non-malignant tissue samples from two independent sets of 12 and 72 ccRCC were profiled. The microarray-based experiments identified 13 over-expressed and 20 down-regulated microRNAs in malignant samples. Expression in ccRCC tissue samples compared with matched non-malignant samples measured by RT-PCR was increased on average by 2.7- to 23-fold for the hsa-miR-16, -452*, -224, -155 and -210, but decreased by 4.8- to 138-fold for hsa-miR-200b, -363, -429, -200c, -514 and -141. No significant associations between these differentially expressed microRNAs and the clinico-pathological factors tumour stage, tumour grade and survival rate were found. Nevertheless, malignant and non-malignant tissue could clearly be differentiated by their microRNA profile. A combination of miR-141 and miR-155 resulted in a 97% overall correct classification of samples. The presented differential microRNA pattern provides a solid basis for further validation, including functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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117
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Epigenetics and the control of epithelial sodium channel expression in collecting duct. Kidney Int 2008; 75:260-7. [PMID: 18818687 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic nuclei, genomic DNA is compacted with histone and nonhistone proteins into a dynamic polymer termed chromatin. Reorganization of chromatin structure through histone modifications, the action of chromatin factors, or DNA methylation, can profoundly change gene expression. These epigenetic modifications allow heritable and potentially reversible changes in gene functioning to occur without altering the DNA sequence, thus extending the information potential of the genetic code. This review provides an introduction to epigenetic concepts for renal investigators and an overview of our work detailing an epigenetic pathway for aldosterone signaling and the control of epithelial Na(+) channel-alpha (ENaCalpha) subunit gene expression in the collecting duct. This new pathway involves a nuclear repressor complex, consisting of histone H3 Lys-79 methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing-1a (Dot1a), ALL1 fused gene from chromosome 9 (Af9), a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that binds the ENaCalpha promoter, and potentially other nuclear proteins. This complex regulates targeted histone H3 Lys-79 methylation of chromatin associated with the ENaCalpha promoter, thereby suppressing its transcriptional activity. Aldosterone disrupts the Dot1a-Af9 interaction by serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 phosphorylation of Af9, and inhibits Dot1a and Af9 expression, resulting in histone H3 Lys-79 hypomethylation at specific subregions, and derepression of the ENaCalpha promoter. The Dot1a-Af9 pathway may also be involved in the control of genes implicated in renal fibrosis and hypertension.
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