101
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Brooker S, Whawell S, Kabatereine NB, Fenwick A, Anderson RM. Evaluating the epidemiological impact of national control programmes for helminths. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:537-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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102
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Abstract
Advances in hookworm immunoepidemiology are reviewed. Recent studies demonstrate a mixed Th1/Th2 response in human hookworm infection, with immunosuppression of specific and nonspecific IFN-gamma responses. There is increasing evidence for protective immunity in human hookworm infection, including anti-larval IL-5- and IgE-dependent mechanisms, and for immunological interactions between hookworm infection and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Quinnell
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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105
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Abstract
The scientific study of human hookworm infection began at the dawn of the twentieth century. In recent years, there have been dramatic improvements in our understanding of many aspects of this globally widespread parasite. This chapter reviews recent advances in our understanding in the biology, immunology, epidemiology, public health significance and control of hookworm, and to look forward to the study of this important parasite in the 21st century. Advances in molecular biology has lead to the identification of a variety of new molecules from hookworms, which have importance either in the molecular pathogenesis of hookworm infection or in the host-parasite relationship; some are also promising vaccine targets. At present, relatively little is known about the immune responses to hookworm infection, although it has recently been speculated that hookworm and other helminths may modulate specific immune responses to other pathogens and vaccines. Our epidemiological understanding of hookworm has improved through the development of mathematical models of transmission dynamics, which coupled with decades of field research across multiple epidemiological settings, have shown that certain population characteristics can now be recognised as common to the epidemiology, population biology and control of hookworm and other helminth species. Recent recognition of the subtle, but significant, impact of hookworm on health and education, together with the simplicity, safety, low cost and efficacy of chemotherapy has spurred international efforts to control the morbidity due to infection. Large-scale treatment programmes are currently underway, ideally supported by health education and integrated with the provision of improved water and sanitation. There are also on-going efforts to develop novel anthelmintic drugs and anti-hookworm vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brooker
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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106
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Frydas S, Karagouni E, Iezzi T, Kempuraj D, Conti C, Boucher W, Papadoopoulou NG, Donelan J, Madhappan B, Letourneau R, Carratelli G, Grilli A, Conti F, Riccioni G, Tripodi D, Meneghini F, Stellin L, Sabatino G. Human Genome Project and Parasitic Infections. EUR J INFLAMM 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0400200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. Iezzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Thessaloniki and Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - D. Kempuraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
| | | | - W. Boucher
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
| | - N. G. Papadoopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
| | - J. Donelan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
| | - B. Madhappan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
| | - R. Letourneau
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A
| | - G. Carratelli
- Medical School, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Grilli
- Biology Department, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Immunology Division, Chieti Medical School, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Riccioni
- Immunology Division, Chieti Medical School, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - D. Tripodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Odontostomatologiche, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Meneghini
- Emergency Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - L. Stellin
- Emergency Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Sabatino
- Neonatology and Pediatrics Division, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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