101
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Development, validation and application of a method based on DI-SPME and GC–MS for determination of pesticides of different chemical groups in surface and groundwater samples. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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102
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Osman KA, Al-Humaid AM, Al-Rehiayani SM, Al-Redhaiman KN. Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables marketed in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1433-9. [PMID: 20627311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A total of 23 pesticides from different chemical groups in 160 different domestic vegetables collected from four major big supermarkets located in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Residues were found in 89 of the 160 samples and 53 samples were above the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The most frequently found pesticides were carbaryl followed by biphenyl and then carbofuran. Cabbage was the most positive and violated MLRs (16 and 11 samples), followed by carrot and green pepper (12 and 7 samples), cucumber (12 and 6 samples), egg-plant (12 and 5 samples), squash (11 and 7 samples), lettuce (11 and 6 samples) and tomato (11 and 4 samples). The highest concentrations were found in lettuce (ethiofencarb, 7.648), followed by tomato (tolclofos-methyl, 7.312 mg/kg), cabbage (chlropyrifos, 6.207 mg/kg), carrot (heptanophos, 3.267 mg/kg), green pepper (carbaryl, 2.228 mg/kg) and egg-plant (carbaryl, 1.917 mg/kg). These findings pointed to the following recommendation: the need for a monitoring program for pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated under greenhouse conditions at the national level to protect consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry & Toxicology, College of Agriculture, El-Chatby, P.O. Box 21545, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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103
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EL-Saeid MH, AL-Dosari SA. Monitoring of pesticide residues in Riyadh dates by SFE, MSE, SFC, and GC techniques. ARAB J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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104
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Mohan C, Kumar Y, Madan J, Saxena N. Multiresidue analysis of neonicotinoids by solid-phase extraction technique using high-performance liquid chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 165:573-576. [PMID: 19421881 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For routine monitoring of pesticides, a multiresidue analysis through solid-phase extraction technique and using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in cotton seed cake (CSC) has been developed. Extraction of fortified samples was carried out with aqueous acetone under vacuum. The concentrated extract was loaded onto the solid-phase extraction units, preconditioned with acetonitrile. The extraction units were then washed with hexane and finally eluted with acetonitrile. The pesticide residues were determined using a multiresidue method by reversed-phase HPLC. The average percentage recoveries were found to range between 65.47% and 110% at spiking levels of 10 to 40 mg/kg. The method developed shows a healthy rate of recovery and can successfully be utilized for the extraction and screening of neonicotinoid residues in CSC. The detection limits for imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid using this method were found to be 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander Mohan
- Toxicology Laboratory, Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India.
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105
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Covaci A, Mashiya JG, Molope I, Tshiame I, Molatlhegi R, Ngobeni P. Miniaturized Method Based on Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion for the Rapid Screening of 36 Pesticides in Agricultural Food Commodities. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903518807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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106
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Menezes Filho A, dos Santos FN, de Paula Pereira PA. Development, validation and application of a methodology based on solid-phase micro extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME/GC–MS) for the determination of pesticide residues in mangoes. Talanta 2010; 81:346-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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107
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Ge J, Qin D, Zhao Y, Pan C, Jiang S, Liu F. Dissipation and residue of famoxadone in grape and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 162:219-224. [PMID: 19241128 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The analytical method of famoxadone residue and its dissipation in grape and soil were investigated. Famoxadone (68.75% water-dispersible granule) was applied at two dosages (1.25 and 2.5 g l(-1)). Soil and grape samples were collected at intervals and analyzed for famoxadone residues. The results showed that the degradation rate of famoxadone in grape and soil were similar, and their dynamics could be described by C = 1.1738e (-0.0562t ) with correlation coefficient r = 0.9044 in grape and C = 5.6565e (-0.0515t ) with r = 0.9620 in soil, respectively. Half-lives were 12.3 and 13.5 days in grape and soil, respectively. The results indicated that at harvest time, the residues of famoxadone in grape were well below the EU's maximum residue level (2 mg kg(-1)) and was safe to apply in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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108
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Chai MK, Tan GH. Validation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure with gas chromatography-electron capture detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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109
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Barriada-Pereira M, Serôdio P, González-Castro MJ, Nogueira JMF. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in vegetable matrices by stir bar sorptive extraction with liquid desorption and large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry towards compliance with European Union directives. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:119-26. [PMID: 19931087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical approach to determine trace levels of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in nine vegetable matrices (lettuce, spinach, green bean, green pepper, tomato, broccoli, potato, carrot and onion) is proposed, based on stir bar sorptive extraction followed by liquid desorption and large volume injection-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using the selected-ion monitoring mode acquisition (SBSE-LD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)). The experimental procedure consists of a previous ultrasonic extraction of the freeze-dried vegetable samples (100.0mg) with methanol (2mL) followed by centrifugation and dissolution in aqueous media prior to SBSE-LD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM) under optimised conditions. Assays were performed on 30mL aqueous samples using stir bars coated with 47microL of polydimethylsiloxane, an equilibrium time of 180min (1000rpm; 20 degrees C) and acetonitrile as back-extraction solvent, providing convenient analytical performance to monitor OCPs in vegetable matrices at the trace level. Besides the selectivity reached, the data obtained clearly demonstrate that the matrices involved have a strong effect on the recovery yields (10-110%) of the OCPs under study, in particular the green vegetables especially the leafy ones. By using the standard addition methodology, good linearity (r(2)>0.99) and convenient precisions (RSD<20%) were found for almost all cases, depending on the particular OCP and vegetable matrix involved. Furthermore enough sensitivity was also achieved (limit of detection <10microgkg(-1)) for all OCPs under study towards compliance with the European Union regulations for the maximum residue limits of pesticides in agricultural vegetables. The methodology showed to be easy of work-up, fast, almost solventless with low sample amount requirement, when compared with conventional methods of sample preparation to screen pesticides in vegetable matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barriada-Pereira
- Universidade da Coruña, Facultade de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Campus da Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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110
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Xu X, Li L, Zhong W, He Y. Rapid GC-MS Analysis of Pesticide Residues Using Analyte Protectants. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903243646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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111
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Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xie G, Xiao J. Temperature-controlled ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-phase microextraction for preconcentration of chlorotoluron, diethofencarb and chlorbenzuron in water samples. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3945-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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112
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Mladenova R, Shtereva D. Pesticide residues in apples grown under a conventional and integrated pest management system. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:854-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902726060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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113
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Rapid Determination of Bitertanol Content in Banana Using Three-dimensional Fluorescence Coupled with Second-order Calibration. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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114
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Xu XL, Li L, Zhong WK, He YJ. Multi-Residue Analysis of 205 Crop Pesticides Using Mini-Solid Phase Extraction–Large Volume Injection–GC–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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115
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Przybylski C, Segard C. Method for routine screening of pesticides and metabolites in meat based baby-food using extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1858-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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116
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Determination of selected pesticides in fruit juices by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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117
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Abhilash P, Singh V, Singh N. Simplified determination of combined residues of lindane and other HCH isomers in vegetables, fruits, wheat, pulses and medicinal plants by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by GC–ECD. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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118
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Valverde A, Aguilera A, Rodriguez M, Brotons M. Evaluation of a multiresidue method for pesticides in cereals using supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatographic detection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2009; 44:204-213. [PMID: 19280472 DOI: 10.1080/03601230902728054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was evaluated to be applied for residue analysis of 22 gas chromatography/electron capture detector-nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/ECD-NPD) amenable pesticides in rice, wild rice and wheat. Samples were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 200 atm pressure and 50 degrees C temperature, using methanol as a static modifier. Mean recoveries obtained with the proposed SFE method at two spiking levels with four replicates per level are compared with those obtained with an ethyl acetate-based solvent extraction/gel permeation chromatography (GPC) clean up method. Both methods gave consistent high recoveries for almost all the pesticides from all the commodities with overall mean recoveries higher than 70% with relative standard deviations lower than 20%. Remarkable exceptions were captafol and dimethoate, for which low and/or non-reproducible recoveries were obtained with the SFE method. Residue levels determined with both methods in nine different incurred samples of wheat, containing some of the studied pesticides, were very similar, but, in all cases, slightly higher levels were determined with the SFE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valverde
- Pesticide Residue Research Group, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.
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119
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Viñas P, Campillo N, Martínez-Castillo N, Hernández-Córdoba M. Method development and validation for strobilurin fungicides in baby foods by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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120
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Barchańska H, Baranowska I. Procedures for analysis of atrazine and simazine in environmental matrices. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 200:53-84. [PMID: 19680611 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0028-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing need to monitor soil and trophic chain samples for residues of triazine herbicides, particularly atrazine and simazine, because these herbicides are among the most used members of their class, are toxic, can be persistent, and are widely distributed in the environment. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of principle techniques and approaches used in analyzing atrazine, simazine, and other triazine herbicide residues in environmental matrices. The methods covered generally provide low detection limits, acceptable levels of matrix interferences, and are relatively fast and inexpensive. Atrazine and simazine are popular herbicides used to control a variety of broad leaf and grassy weeds in agriculture and on industrial sites. Because they are widely and frequently used, the environmental contamination of these compounds is considerable. Atrazine, simazine, and other triazines have the ability to translocate in ecosystems. When this occurs, it is often necessary to monitor their residue content in soils, vegetation, biota, and water. There is a vast literature available that addresses the extraction and clean-up of soil, vegetation, animal tissue, and animal fluid samples; unfortunately, few of these publications compare the effectiveness of results obtained on similar matrices. In this review we endeavor to review and provide comparative information on methods dedicated to determining residues of atrazine, simazine, and other triazines in several environment matrices: soil, plants, animal tissues, and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Barchańska
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, The Silesian University of Technology, 7 M Strzody Str, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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121
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Chen F, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhou J, Xue X, Zhao J. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in propolis by gas chromatography–electron capture detection using double column series solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1073-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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122
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Dömötörová M, Matisová E. Fast gas chromatography for pesticide residues analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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123
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Analysis of 140 pesticides from conventional farming foodstuff samples after extraction with the modified QuECheRS method. Food Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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124
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A multiresidue method for the determination of 107 pesticides in cabbage and radish using QuEChERS sample preparation method and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2008; 110:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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125
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Fernández Moreno JL, Garrido Frenich A, Plaza Bolaños P, Martínez Vidal JL. Multiresidue method for the analysis of more than 140 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1235-1254. [PMID: 18383275 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new multiresidue method has been developed and validated for the determination of more than 140 pesticide residues in cucumber and orange by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) in a single run of 25.50 min. The triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer simultaneously operated in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and selected ion monitoring (SIM) modes, acquiring two or three transitions per compound. Samples were extracted by the application of a single-phase extraction of 10 g of sample with acetonitrile containing 1% of acetic acid, followed by a liquid-liquid partition formed by the addition of 4 g of MgSO(4) and 1 g of NaOAc. A dispersive solid-phase extraction (D-SPE) with primary secondary amine (PSA) was applied to clean up the extracts. A final concentration step was included in order to increase sensitivity in the instrumental analysis. The method was properly validated in each matrix in a wide dynamic range (10-400 microg kg(-1)): this work relies on a new quantification strategy by the use of two calibration curves to increase the dynamic range, which permitted reduction of sample dilutions and increase in sample throughput. Recovery was studied at three concentration levels (11.5, 50.0, and 150.0 microg kg(-1)), yielding values in the range 70-110% with precision values, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), lower than 20 and 25% for the intraday and interday precision, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were established at 10 microg kg(-1), the lowest maximum residue level (MRL) value set by the European Union in vegetables. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of pesticide residues in real samples from the southeastern Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Fernández Moreno
- Research Group Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, 04071 Almeria, Spain
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126
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Evaluation of some parameters affecting troublesome pesticide analysis in gas chromatography–ion-trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1201:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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127
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Analysis of captan, folpet, and captafol in apples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:749-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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128
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Cho S, Abd El‐Aty AM, Jeon H, Choi J, Shin H, Shim J. Comparison of different extraction methods for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in kiwi fruit using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:727-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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129
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El Bakouri H, Morillo J, Usero J, Ouassini A. Endosulfan sulfate sorption on natural organic substances. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2008; 80:609-616. [PMID: 18710144 DOI: 10.2175/106143008x266733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a viable remediation method based on the use of natural organic substances (NOSs) that characterize the Mediterranean region to improve the ecological system. A series of experiments, including variable conditions, such as temperature, pH, contact time, and pesticide concentration, were performed to demonstrate the efficiency of endosulfan sulfate removal from water by NOSs. Experimental results showed that the pH and temperature of pesticide solutions negatively affect the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity for a specific initial concentration of endosulfan sulfate (0.5 microg/L) was achieved with Origanum compactum (75%), followed by Cistus ladaniferus and Raphanus raphanistrum (72 and 68%, respectively). The adsorption tests gave very satisfying results and point to the possible application of these supports as a remediation technique to prevent pesticide contamination of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Bakouri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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130
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Zeng J, Chen J, Lin Z, Chen W, Chen X, Wang X. Development of polymethylphenylsiloxane-coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction and its analytical application of qualitative and semi-quantitative of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in vegetables. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 619:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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131
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Raina R, Sun L. Trace level determination of selected organophosphorus pesticides and their degradation products in environmental air samples by liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2008; 43:323-332. [PMID: 18437620 DOI: 10.1080/03601230801941667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new analytical method for determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) along with their degradation products involving liquid chromatography (LC) positive ion electrospray (ESI+) tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) with selective reaction monitoring (SRM). Chromatography was performed on a Gemini C6-Phenyl (150 mmx2.0 mm, 3 microm) with a gradient elution using water-methanol with 0.1% formic acid, 2 mM ammonium acetate mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min(-1). The LC separation and MS/MS operating conditions were optimized with a total analysis time less than 40 minutes. Method detection limits of 0.1-5 microg L(-1) for selected organophosphorus pesticides (OP), OP oxon degradation products, and other degradation products: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP); 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidol (IMP); and diethyl phosphate (DEP). Some OPs such as fenchlorphos are less sensitive (MDL 30 microg L(-1)). Calibration curves were linear with coefficients of correlation better than 0.995. A three-point identification approach was adopted with area from first selective reaction monitoring (SRM) transition used for quantitative analysis, while a second SRM transition along with the ratio of areas obtained from the first to second transition are used for confirmation with sample tolerance established by the relative standard deviation of the ratio obtained from standards. This new method permitted the first known detection of OP oxon degradation products including chlorpyrifos oxon at Bratt's Lake, SK and diazinon oxon and malathion oxon at Abbotsford, BC in atmospheric samples. Atmospheric detection limits typically ranged from 0.2-10 pg m(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Raina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility (TAF), University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
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132
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Optimisation of programmable temperature vaporizer-based large volume injection for determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:316-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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133
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Development of an analytical method based on microwave-assisted extraction and solid phase extraction cleanup for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in animal feed. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:745-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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134
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LAL A, TAN G, CHAI M. Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatographic Methods. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:231-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asha LAL
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya
| | - Guanhuat TAN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya
| | - Meekin CHAI
- Department of Science and Mathemathics, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional
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135
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Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction versus solid-phase extraction in the analysis of combined residues of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in plant matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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136
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El Bakouri H, Ouassini A, Morillo Aguado J, Usero García J. Endosulfan sulfate mobility in soil columns and pesticide pollution of groundwater in Northwest Morocco. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2007; 79:2578-2584. [PMID: 18198703 DOI: 10.2175/106143007x184528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater pollution from agricultural practices is a serious environmental and health problem. In this work, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) detection were used to determine phytosanitary products in groundwater samples from the Loukkos perimeter in Northwest Morocco. Some pesticides--in particular, endosulfan and its metabolites--were found in water destined for human consumption. Analyses of soil samples were also carried out, and the results showed endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan ether in abundance. Endosulfan sulfate leaching was also performed in undisturbed soil columns to obtain more information on the vertical migration of pesticides used in the perimeter. The kinetic study showed a high recovery rate (73%) after 10 days of experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Bakouri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tangier, Morocco.
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137
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Cortés Aguado S, Sánchez‐Morito N, Garrido Frenich A, Martínez Vidal JL, Arrebola FJ. Screening Method for the Determination at Parts Per Trillion Levels of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Combining Solid‐Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701603934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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138
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Zou QH, Xie MX, Wang XF, Liu Y, Wang J, Song J, Gao H, Han J. Determination of sulphonamides in animal tissues by high performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2647-55. [PMID: 17868178 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for simultaneous determination of 12 sulphonamides (sulphadiazine, sulphamethazine, sulphathiazole, sulphadimethoxine, sulphamerazine, sulphapyridine, sulphamethoxazole, suphamethizole, sulphaquinoxaline, sulphameter, sulphamonomethoxine, and sulphachloropyridazine) in animal tissues (swine muscle and liver, chicken muscle, beef muscle) by HPLC with UV detection has been developed. A pre-column derivatization of the sulphonamide compounds with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) has been proposed and the reaction conditions have been optimized. The FMOC-sulphonamide derivatives were purified by SPE with silica gel as solid support prior to HPLC separation. The limits of detection for the sulphonamide compounds were greatly improved after the derivatization and purification step for the derivatives. Sulphonamide residues in animal tissues were extracted by acetonitrile and purified by solid phase extraction with C(18) as the solid support. The method developed has high sensitivity and good repeatability, and the average recoveries for most of the sulphonamides at various spiking levels were above 70% with relative standard deviations below 13.7%. The limits of detection for most sulphonamides can reach 3-5 microg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Hui Zou
- Analytical & Testing Center of Beijing Normal University, Beijing China
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139
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Shimelis O, Yang Y, Stenerson K, Kaneko T, Ye M. Evaluation of a solid-phase extraction dual-layer carbon/primary secondary amine for clean-up of fatty acid matrix components from food extracts in multiresidue pesticide analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:18-25. [PMID: 17689545 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of dual-layer solid-phase extraction (SPE), a primary-secondary amine (PSA) in combination with graphitized carbon black (GCB), was evaluated for sample clean-up during multiresidue pesticide screening of agricultural and food products. The retention of fatty acids by the PSA sorbent was quantified and the effect of the elution solvent on the retention of fatty acid on the SPE cartridge was evaluated. The use of stronger elution solvents to elute certain pesticides from graphitized carbon was shown to interfere with the capacity of PSA to bind fatty acids. A suitable protocol was tested using GCB/PSA dual-layer SPE to clean-up several food matrices and to simultaneously screen multiple fortified pesticides with a wide range of physico-chemical properties. With a few exceptions, pesticide recoveries were between 85% and 110%, and sample-to-sample differences of less than 5% were achieved, demonstrating the versatile suitability of the dual-layer SPE to sample clean-up.
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140
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Abreu SDM, Herbert P, Caboni P, Cabras P, Alves A, Garau VL. Validation and global uncertainty of a gas chromatographic with mass spectrometry method for fenamidone analysis in grapes and wines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2007; 42:817-22. [PMID: 17763039 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701551525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fenamidone is an imidazolinone fungicide recently introduced in viticulture practices. This work reports the validation and assessment of global uncertainty of a gas chromatographic with mass spectrometry method to analyze fenamidone in grapes and wines. This method consists in a simple and fast liquid-liquid extraction step followed by chromatographic determination. Limits of detection for fenamidone in grapes and wines were, respectively, 0.05 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/L, precision was below 9.4% and average recovery was 89 +/- 5%. In the concentration range from 0.05 to 1.00 mg/kg (or mg/L) of fenamidone, global uncertainty calculated following the EURACHEM/CITAC rules, and also by the Horwitz function, was below 25%. The EURACHEM/CITAC global uncertainty budget used gave lower estimates than those obtained from the Horwitz function.
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141
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Contieri Abad F, Winck PR, Benvenutti EV, do Carmo Ruaro Peralba M, Bastos Caramão E, Alcaraz Zini C. p-Nitro-N-propylaniline/silica: Synthesis, characterization, and its application in matrix solid phase dispersion for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in carrots. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2109-16. [PMID: 17657829 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new material for matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) was synthesized -- p-nitro-N-propylaniline/silica (pNNPASi) by grafting reactions, characterized by elemental analysis and N(2)-adsorption-desorption isotherms, and tested for multiclass multiresidue analysis of pesticides in wet and freeze-dried carrots. Results obtained applying this new solid phase sorbent to MSPD extraction of ten pesticides (trichlorphon, trifluralin, dicloran, chlorothalonil, prometryn, linuron, captan, procymidone, prochloraz, and deltametrin) in wet carrots showed better results than the ones obtained for freeze-dried samples. Recoveries were in the range of 48-106% and precisions varied from 6 to 20% when wet samples were employed. Comparison between pNNPASi sorbent and C(18) showed better performance of pNNPASi for eight out of ten pesticides tested. The LOQs show that the developed method can be used to detect the pesticides investigated in carrots at concentrations below the maximum residue levels (MRL) established by EU, USEPA, and National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Linuron, captan, prochloraz, and deltamethrin were found in at least one of the two commercial samples studied in concentrations above the LOQ of this method. Concentrations of the last three pesticides were above the European MRL in one of the commercial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Contieri Abad
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Ambiental e Oleoquímica, Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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142
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Soler C, James KJ, Picó Y. Capabilities of different liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry systems in determining pesticide residues in food. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1157:73-84. [PMID: 17466998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three different liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instruments equipped with triple quadrupole (QqQ), quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and quadrupole-time-of-flight (QqTOF), suitable to carry out tandem mass spectrometry, were examined to determine pesticide residues in food. Twelve pesticides (acrinathrin, bupirimate, buprofezin, cyproconazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, fluvalinate, hexaflumuron, kresoxim-methyl, propanil, pyrifenox, pyriproxyfen and tebufenpyrad) and six matrices (oranges, strawberries, cherries, peaches, apricots and pears) were taken as model. The comparison was focused on two aspects: the quantitative, covering sensitivity, precision and accuracy as well as the qualitative, checking the possibility to identify any metabolite present in the samples, which were not targeted in the methods. The extraction was carried out using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with ethyl acetate and acid alumina. Recoveries were over 70 % for all the analytes. Repeatabilities were better for the QqQ (5-12%) than for QIT (6-15%) and for QqTOF (14-19%). QqQ offered a linear dynamic range of at least three orders of magnitude, whereas those of QIT and QqTOF were two and one orders of magnitude, respectively. QqQ reached at least 20-fold higher sensitivity than QIT and QqTOF. However, the QqQ failed to identify non-target compounds. QIT and QqTOF were able to successfully identify the metabolite of bupirimate, ethirimol. Application to monitor the content in fruits, taken from agricultural cooperatives, and to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) to establish if there is any difference of toxicological interest is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Soler
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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143
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Hercegová A, Dömötörová M, Matisová E. Sample preparation methods in the analysis of pesticide residues in baby food with subsequent chromatographic determination. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:54-73. [PMID: 17258222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely utilized at various stages of cultivation and during postharvest storage to protect plants against a range of pests and/or to provide quality preservation. Reliable confirmatory methods are required to monitor pesticide residues in baby foods and to ensure the safety of baby food supply. This review covers methods in which pesticide residues have been determined in baby food by the use of a wide range of chromatographic techniques after various sample preparation steps. The main attention is paid to the evaluation and improvement of sample extraction and clean-up methods (liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE), dispersive SPE (DSPE), microextraction procedures, matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)) considering low concentration levels of pesticide residues in baby food resulting from stringent European Union (EU) legislation. Instrumental aspects together with the matrix effects significantly contributing to the most important parameters considered in pesticide residues analysis of baby food--limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were included within the scope of this overview. Paper involves also monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hercegová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
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144
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Lambropoulou DA, Albanis TA. Methods of sample preparation for determination of pesticide residues in food matrices by chromatography-mass spectrometry-based techniques: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1663-83. [PMID: 17541563 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in pesticide analysis over the past decade, during which time hyphenated techniques involving highly efficient separation and sensitive detection have become the techniques of choice. Among these, methods based on chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection have resulted in greater likelihood of identification and are acknowledged to be extremely useful and authoritative methods for determination of pesticide residues. Even with such powerful instrumental techniques, however, the risk of interference increases with the complexity of the matrix studied, so sample preparation before instrumental analysis is still mandatory in many applications, for example food analysis. This article summarizes the analytical characteristics of the different methods of sample-preparation for determination of pesticide residues in a variety of food matrices, and surveys their recent applications in combination with chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis. We discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the different methods, address instrumental aspects, and summarize conclusions and perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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145
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Shuling S, Xiaodong M, Chongjiu L. Multi-residue determination method of pesticides in leek by gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detector. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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146
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Balinova A, Mladenova R, Shtereva D. Solid-phase extraction on sorbents of different retention mechanisms followed by determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometric and gas chromatography–electron capture detection of pesticide residues in crops. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:136-44. [PMID: 17320889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Implementation of a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction is discussed as a promising approach for matrix clean-up in multiresidue/multimatrix methods. Sorbents characterized by different mechanisms of sorption such as reversed-phase (graphitized carbon), weak anion exchange (primary-secondary amine) and strong anion exchange (quaternary amine) were studied for their effectiveness in the removal of the matrix co-extractives in grains, fruits and vegetables for trace pesticide residues analysis. The pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection. Recoveries data of 25 pesticides from different groups at 0.01 mg/kg level ranged between 73 and 117% and with standard deviation below 15%. The limits of quantification were below or at 0.01 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balinova
- Department of Toxicology, Plant Protection Institute, 2230 Kostinbrod, Bulgaria.
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147
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Margariti MG, Tsakalof AK, Tsatsakis AM. Analytical Methods of Biological Monitoring for Exposure to Pesticides: Recent Update. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:150-63. [PMID: 17417068 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803d3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of synthetic pesticides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes began in the past 50 years. As a result of their wide and extensive application, exposure to hazardous pesticides is a concern to the general population and occupationally exposed persons. Robust methods are therefore needed for measuring markers of pesticide exposure. This article presents a review of the most recently published analytical methodologies and instrumentations developed for and applied to biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides of various classes. Most of the methods reviewed here are based on chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detection. This work clearly demonstrates that although gas chromatography still appears to be the most widely employed technique for pesticide analysis in various biological samples, recently a trend has been observed toward the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Margariti
- Departments of Medicine, Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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148
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He Y, Liu YH. Assessment of Primary and Secondary Amine Adsorbents and Elution Solvents with or without Graphitized Carbon for the SPE Clean-Up of Food Extracts in Pesticide Residue Analysis. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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149
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Picó Y, Fernández M, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Current trends in solid-phase-based extraction techniques for the determination of pesticides in food and environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:117-31. [PMID: 17175029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures for pesticide residues in food and environment are reviewed and discussed. The use of these procedures, which include several approaches such as: matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), represents an opportunity to reduce analysis time, solvent consumption, and overall cost. SPE techniques differ from solvent extraction depending on the interactions between a sorbent and the pesticide. This interaction may be specific for a particular pesticide, as in the interaction with an immunosorbent, or non-specific, as in the way a number of different pesticides are adsorbed on apolar or polar materials. A variety of applications were classified according to the method applied: conventional SPE, SPME, hollow-fiber micro-extraction (HFME), MSPD and SBSE. Emphasis is placed on the multiresidue analysis of liquid and solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmácia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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150
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Shuling S, Xiaodong M, Chongjiu L. Rapid Multiresidue Determination Method for 100 Pesticides in Vegetables by One Injection Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry with Selective Ion Storage Technology. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600952689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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