101
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Scientific Opinion onCampylobacterin broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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102
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Influence of season and geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli subtypes in housed broiler flocks reared in Great Britain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3741-8. [PMID: 21460110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02444-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographical and seasonal variation in the incidence and prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in housed broiler flocks reared in Great Britain in 2004 to 2006 was investigated in this study. Ceca (30) from 797 flocks, not subject to prior partial depopulation and reared on 211 farms, were examined individually for the presence of Campylobacter spp. The best-fitting climatic factors explained approximately 46% of the prevalence of Campylobacter-colonized flocks at slaughter and consisted of a combination of temperature at slaughter, number of sunshine hours in placement month, and millimeters of rainfall in placement month. Positive flocks were more likely to be slaughtered between June and November than during the rest of the year and to be reared in northern Great Britain than in central or southern Great Britain. C. jejuni was identified in approximately 90% of flocks, and C. coli was present in 10% of flocks. The most common clonal complexes identified in 226 isolates typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were ST-45, ST-21, ST-574, ST-443, and ST-828. Flocks slaughtered at the same time were more likely to have similar complexes, and ST-45 had a seasonal pattern, with the highest prevalence in June, and was also more likely to be present in flocks reared in northern Great Britain.
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103
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Aury K, Le Bouquin S, Toquin MT, Huneau-Salaün A, Le Nôtre Y, Allain V, Petetin I, Fravalo P, Chemaly M. Risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes contamination in French laying hens and broiler flocks. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:271-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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104
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Carry-over of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. between sequential and adjacent poultry flocks. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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105
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Ansari-Lari M, Hosseinzadeh S, Shekarforoush SS, Abdollahi M, Berizi E. Prevalence and risk factors associated with campylobacter infections in broiler flocks in Shiraz, southern Iran. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:475-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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106
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Longitudinal molecular epidemiological study of thermophilic campylobacters on one conventional broiler chicken farm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:98-107. [PMID: 21037294 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01388-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of Campylobacter in the poultry farm environment is key to developing appropriate farm-based strategies for preventing flock colonization. The sources of Campylobacter causing broiler flock colonization were investigated on one poultry farm and its environment, from which samples were obtained on three occasions during each of 15 crop cycles. The farm was adjacent to a dairy farm, with which there was a shared concreted area and secondary entrance. There was considerable variation in the Campylobacter status of flocks at the various sampling times, at median ages of 20, 26, and 35 days, with 3 of the 15 flocks remaining negative at slaughter. Campylobacters were recoverable from various locations around the farm, even while the flock was Campylobacter negative, but the degree of environmental contamination increased substantially once the flock was positive. Molecular typing showed that strains from house surroundings and the dairy farm were similar to those subsequently detected in the flock and that several strains intermittently persisted through multiple crop cycles. The longitudinal nature of the study suggested that bovine fecal Campylobacter strains, initially recovered from the dairy yard, may subsequently colonize poultry. One such strain, despite being repeatedly recovered from the dairy areas, failed to colonize the concomitant flock during later crop cycles. The possibility of host adaptation of this strain was investigated with 16-day-old chickens experimentally exposed to this strain naturally present in, or spiked into, bovine feces. Although the birds became colonized by this infection model, the strain may preferentially infect cattle. The presence of Campylobacter genotypes in the external environment of the poultry farm, prior to their detection in broiler chickens, confirms the horizontal transmission of these bacteria into the flock and highlights the risk from multispecies farms.
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107
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Ellerbroek LI, Lienau JA, Klein G. Campylobacter spp. in Broiler Flocks at Farm Level and the Potential for Cross-Contamination During Slaughter. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:e81-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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108
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Rodgers J, Clifton-Hadley F, Marin C, Vidal A. An evaluation of survival and detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in broiler caecal contents using culture-based methods. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1244-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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109
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Analysis of the baseline survey on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler batches and of Campylobacter and Salmonella on broiler carcasses, in the EU, 2008 - Part B: Analysis of factors associated with Campylobacter colonisation of broiler batches and. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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110
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Bishop-Hurley SL, Rea PJ, McSweeney CS. Phage-displayed peptides selected for binding to Campylobacter jejuni are antimicrobial. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:751-7. [PMID: 20682764 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of zoonotic bacterial gastroenteritis in humans with chicken meat implicated as a source of infection. Campylobacter jejuni colonises the lower gastrointestinal tract of poultry and during processing is spread from the gastrointestinal tract onto the surface of dressed carcasses. Controlling or eliminating C.jejuni on-farm is considered to be one of the best strategies for reducing human infection. Molecules on the cell surface of C.jejuni interact with the host to facilitate its colonisation and persistence in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. We used a subtractive phage-display protocol to affinity select for peptides binding to the cell surface of a poultry isolate of C.jejuni with the aim of finding peptides that could be used to control this microorganism in chickens. In total, 27 phage peptides, representing 11 unique clones, were found to inhibit the growth of C.jejuni by up to 99.9% in vitro. One clone was bactericidal, reducing the viability of C.jejuni by 87% in vitro. The phage peptides were highly specific. They completely inhibited the growth of two of the four poultry isolates of C.jejuni tested with no activity detected towards other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Bishop-Hurley
- CSIRO-Livestock Industries, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
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111
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Hansson I, Engvall EO, Vågsholm I, Nyman A. Risk factors associated with the presence of Campylobacter-positive broiler flocks in Sweden. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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112
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CAMPANA R, PATRONE V, FEDERICI S, FULVI S, BAFFONE W. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP ISOLATED FROM CHICKENS AND HUMANS IN CENTRAL ITALY. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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113
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Space–time patterns ofCampylobacterspp. colonization in broiler flocks, 2002–2006. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 138:1336-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis study was performed to investigate space–time patterns ofCampylobacterspp. colonization in broiler flocks in Norway. Data on theCampylobacterspp. status at the time of slaughter of 16 054 broiler flocks from 580 farms between 2002 and 2006 was included in the study. Spatial relative risk maps together with maps of space–time clustering were generated, the latter by using spatial scan statistics. These maps identified the same areas almost every year where there was a higher risk for a broiler flock to test positive forCampylobacterspp. during the summer months. A modifiedK-function analysis showed significant clustering at distances between 2·5 and 4 km within different years. The identification of geographical areas with higher risk forCampylobacterspp. colonization in broilers indicates that there are risk factors associated withCampylobacterspp. colonization in broiler flocks varying with region and time, e.g. climate, landscape or geography. These need to be further explored. The results also showed clustering at shorter distances indicating that there are risk factors forCampylobacterspp. acting in a more narrow scale as well.
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114
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Wadl M, Pölzler T, Flekna G, Thompson L, Slaghuis J, Köfer J, Hein I, Wagner M. Easy-to-use rapid test for direct detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken feces. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2483-8. [PMID: 20003729 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.12.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human campylobacteriosis is the leading cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in developed countries. One important source of infection is poultry. Results from the Dutch Campylobacter Risk Management and Assessment project indicate that meat from broiler flocks shedding >or=7 log CFU Campylobacter per g of feces poses the greatest risk of transmitting campylobacteriosis. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid test that would identify chicken flocks shedding high numbers of Campylobacter. We used lateral flow technology as the alternative test method, and selected the culture method according to International Organization for Standardization guidelines. To evaluate the test under field conditions, we sampled either chicken droppings at farms or cecal contents at the slaughterhouse. PCR was used to confirm presumptive Campylobacter spp. colonies. Under laboratory conditions, chicken feces containing >or=6.7 log CFU/g Campylobacter jejuni or >or=7.1 log CFU/g Campylobacter coli were identified by the lateral flow test. Overall, 3 (33%) of 10, and 29 (85%) of 34 C. jejuni- or C. coli-positive chicken flocks were identified at farms and slaughterhouses, respectively, by using the lateral flow test. Fecal samples containing >or=7.3 log of C. jejuni or C. coli CFU/g as determined by plating were always positive when using the lateral flow test. A single person testing seven flocks at a time could obtain test results within 2 h of sampling. This simple and rapid lateral flow test may contribute significantly to the identification of chicken flocks shedding high numbers of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wadl
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1220 Vienna, Austria.
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115
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Hwang S, Yun J, Kim KP, Heu S, Lee S, Ryu S. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific forCampylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:559-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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116
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Patriarchi A, Maunsell B, O’Mahony E, Fox Á, Fanning S, Buckley J, Bolton D. Prevalence ofCampylobacterspp. in a subset of intensive poultry flocks in Ireland. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:305-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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117
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Benskin CMH, Wilson K, Jones K, Hartley IR. Bacterial pathogens in wild birds: a review of the frequency and effects of infection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 84:349-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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118
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Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A. Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Crit Rev Microbiol 2009; 35:221-70. [DOI: 10.1080/10408410902989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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119
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Ellis-Iversen J, Jorgensen F, Bull S, Powell L, Cook A, Humphrey T. Risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation during rearing of broiler flocks in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 2009; 89:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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120
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Näther G, Alter T, Martin A, Ellerbroek L. Analysis of risk factors for Campylobacter species infection in broiler flocks. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1299-305. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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121
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Kuana S, Santos LD, Rodrigues L, Nascimento VD. SISTEMA API CAMPY PARA CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE AMOSTRAS DE CAMPYLOBACTER ISOLADAS DE DESCARGA CECAL, FEZES, SWABS CLOACAIS E CARCAÇAS DE FRANGOS DE CORTE. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v76p2732009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O presente estudo verificou a aplicação do sistema API Campy para identificação de bactérias do gênero Campylobacter. Foram utilizadas 48 amostras, sendo 15 oriundas de descarga cecal, cinco de fezes, três de swabs cloacais e 21 de carcaças, isoladas de 22 lotes de frangos de corte com três semanas de idade. As amostras caracterizadas presuntivamente por microscopia em contraste de fase, coloração de Gram, catalase/oxidase e aglutinação em látex foram inoculadas no sistema API Campy, que consta de testes enzimáticos e convencionais em aerobiose e testes de assimilação ou inibição em microaerofilia, ambos incubados a 37º C por 24-48 horas, sendo a leitura realizada em sistema informatizado. Foi possível identificar 43 amostras (89,58%), enquanto cinco (10,41%) tiveram perfil inaceitável. Identificou-se as espécies C. jejuni subsp. jejuni (68,8%); C. coli (8,3%); C. jejuni subsp. doylei (6,3%); C. upsaliensis (4,2%) e C. fetus subsp. fetus (2,1%). A ocorrência de Campylobacter nos lotes de frango de corte estudados foi de 81,8% e as espécies identificadas principalmente como Campylobacter jejuni subesp. jejuni pelo sistema API Campy, apresentando um maior número de espécies, subespécies e biotipos deCampylobacter dentre as amostras isoladas de carcaças de frango do que dentre as amostras clínicas isoladas nas granjas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Kuana
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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122
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Hartnack S, Doherr MG, Alter T, Toutounian-Mashad K, Greiner M. CampylobacterMonitoring in German Broiler Flocks: An Explorative Time Series Analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:117-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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123
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Messens W, Herman L, De Zutter L, Heyndrickx M. Multiple typing for the epidemiological study of contamination of broilers with thermotolerant Campylobacter. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:120-31. [PMID: 19303724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the genetic diversity of thermotolerant Campylobacter in commercial broiler flocks and in the environment of broiler farms in Belgium. Seven out of 18 investigated flocks became colonized during rearing. Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flagellin A gene (flaA-RFLP) and antimicrobial resistance profile (ARP) were used for typing of the isolates. By the combination of FAFLP and PFGE, 22 Campylobacter genotypes could be distinguished. Colonization was almost exclusively with Campylobacter jejuni and unique genotypes were found in each flock. Multiple genotypes were detected in the broilers of 3 flocks, either simultaneously or successively. In 5 flocks, strains that were resistant to at least one antibiotic (mostly tetracycline) were found. The presence of other broiler houses on the farm did not result in a higher probability of colonization. The nipple water was contaminated with the same genotype as the broilers, illustrating its importance for transmission of Campylobacter. The same genotype was detected in a water puddle and in the broiler flock during rearing in 3 flocks. Once, the same genotype was isolated from the ditch water shortly before it was detected in the broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winy Messens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Sciences, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
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124
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Nauta M, Hill A, Rosenquist H, Brynestad S, Fetsch A, van der Logt P, Fazil A, Christensen B, Katsma E, Borck B, Havelaar A. A comparison of risk assessments on Campylobacter in broiler meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 129:107-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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125
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Campylobacter in housed broiler chickens: a longitudinal study of risk factors. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1099-110. [PMID: 19149909 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880800188x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of gastrointestinal disease in the United Kingdom. Most cases are associated with the consumption of chicken that has become contaminated during production. We investigated the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in chickens in a 3-year longitudinal study of flocks reared on 30 farms in the United Kingdom. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Effect Models (GLMM) to investigate putative risk factors associated with incidence and prevalence of flock infection arising from farm and flock management and local environmental conditions during rearing. We used survival analysis to investigate infection events and associated risk factors over the course of the study using two marginal models - the independent increment approach, which assumed that individual infection events were independent; and a conditional approach, which assumed that events were conditional on those preceding. Models of flock prevalence were highly overdispersed suggesting that infection within flocks was aggregated. The key predictors of flock infection identified from the GLMM analyses were mean temperature and mean rainfall in the month of slaughter and also the presence of natural ventilation. Mean temperature in the month of slaughter was also a significant predictor of flock infection, although the analyses suggested that the risk in flocks increased in a unimodal way in relation to temperature, peaking at 12 degrees C. The extent of pad burn was also identified as a predictor in these analyses. We conclude that predicting prevalence within flocks with linear modelling approaches is likely to be difficult, but that it may be possible to predict when flocks are at risk of Campylobacter infection. This is a key first step in managing disease and reducing the risks posed to the human food chain.
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126
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Risk factors for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in young cattle on English and Welsh farms. Prev Vet Med 2009; 88:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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127
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Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and strain type diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from turkeys in eastern North Carolina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:474-82. [PMID: 19028914 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02012-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis, and recent findings suggest that turkeys are an important reservoir for this organism. In this study, 80 C. jejuni isolates from eastern North Carolina were characterized for resistance to nine antimicrobials, and strain types were determined by fla typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI and KpnI, and (for 41 isolates) multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PFGE analysis suggested that many of the isolates (37/40 [ca. 93%]) in a major genomic cluster had DNA that was partially methylated at SmaI sites. Furthermore, 12/40 (30%) of the isolates in this cluster were completely resistant to digestion by KpnI, suggesting methylation at KpnI sites. MLST of 41 isolates identified 10 sequence types (STs), of which 4 were new. Three STs (ST-1839, ST-2132 and the new ST-2934) were predominant and were detected among isolates from different farms. The majority of the isolates (74%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials, and resistance to ciprofloxacin was common (64%), whereas resistance to the other drug of choice for treatment of human campylobacteriosis, erythromycin, was never encountered. Most (33/34) of the kanamycin-resistant isolates were also resistant to tetracycline; however, only ca. 50% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates were also kanamycin resistant. Isolates with certain antimicrobial resistance profiles had identical or closely related strain types. Overall, the findings suggest dissemination of certain clonal groups of C. jejuni isolates in the turkey production industry of this region.
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128
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Colles FM, McCarthy ND, Howe JC, Devereux CL, Gosler AG, Maiden MCJ. Dynamics of Campylobacter colonization of a natural host, Sturnus vulgaris (European starling). Environ Microbiol 2008; 11:258-67. [PMID: 18826435 PMCID: PMC2702492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wild European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) shed Campylobacter at high rates, suggesting that they may be a source of human and farm animal infection. A survey of Campylobacter shedding of 957 wild starlings was undertaken by culture of faecal specimens and genetic analysis of the campylobacters isolated: shedding rates were 30.6% for Campylobacter jejuni, 0.6% for C. coli and 6.3% for C. lari. Genotyping by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antigen sequence typing established that these bacteria were distinct from poultry or human disease isolates with the ST-177 and ST-682 clonal complexes possibly representing starling-adapted genotypes. There was seasonal variation in both shedding rate and genotypic diversity, both exhibiting a maximum during the late spring/early summer. Host age also affected Campylobacter shedding, which was higher in younger birds, and turnover was rapid with no evidence of cross-immunity among Campylobacter species or genotypes. In nestlings, C. jejuni shedding was evident from 9 days of age but siblings were not readily co-infected. The dynamics of Campylobacter infection of starlings differed from that observed in commercial poultry and consequently there was no evidence that wild starlings represent a major source of Campylobacter infections of food animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Colles
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK.
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129
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Identification of Campylobacter jejuni proteins recognized by maternal antibodies of chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6867-75. [PMID: 18805999 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01097-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading bacterial causes of food-borne gastroenteritis. Infection with C. jejuni is frequently acquired through the consumption of undercooked poultry or foods cross-contaminated with raw poultry. Given the importance of poultry as a reservoir for Campylobacter organisms, investigators have performed studies to understand the protective role of maternal antibodies in the ecology of Campylobacter colonization of poultry. In a previous study, chicks with maternal antibodies generated against the S3B strain of C. jejuni provided protection against Campylobacter colonization (O. Sahin, N. Luo, S. Huang, and Q. Zhang, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5372-5379, 2003). We obtained serum samples, collectively referred to as the C. jejuni S3B-SPF sera, from the previous study. These sera were determined to contain maternal antibodies that reacted against C. jejuni whole-cell lysates as judged by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antigens recognized by the C. jejuni S3B-SPF antibodies were identified by immunoblot analysis, coupled with mass spectrometry, of C. jejuni outer membrane protein extracts. This approach led to the identification of C. jejuni proteins recognized by the maternal antibodies, including the flagellin proteins and CadF adhesin. In vitro assays revealed that the C. jejuni S3B-SPF sera retarded the motility of the C. jejuni S3B homologous strain but did not retard the motility of a heterologous strain of C. jejuni (81-176). This finding provides a possible mechanism explaining why maternal antibodies confer enhanced protection against challenge with a homologous strain compared to a heterologous strain. Collectively, this study provides a list of C. jejuni proteins against which protective antibodies are generated in hens and passed to chicks.
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Qu A, Brulc JM, Wilson MK, Law BF, Theoret JR, Joens LA, Konkel ME, Angly F, Dinsdale EA, Edwards RA, Nelson KE, White BA. Comparative metagenomics reveals host specific metavirulomes and horizontal gene transfer elements in the chicken cecum microbiome. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2945. [PMID: 18698407 PMCID: PMC2492807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex microbiome of the ceca of chickens plays an important role in nutrient utilization, growth and well-being of these animals. Since we have a very limited understanding of the capabilities of most species present in the cecum, we investigated the role of the microbiome by comparative analyses of both the microbial community structure and functional gene content using random sample pyrosequencing. The overall goal of this study was to characterize the chicken cecal microbiome using a pathogen-free chicken and one that had been challenged with Campylobacter jejuni. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Comparative metagenomic pyrosequencing was used to generate 55,364,266 bases of random sampled pyrosequence data from two chicken cecal samples. SSU rDNA gene tags and environmental gene tags (EGTs) were identified using SEED subsystems-based annotations. The distribution of phylotypes and EGTs detected within each cecal sample were primarily from the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, consistent with previous SSU rDNA libraries of the chicken cecum. Carbohydrate metabolism and virulence genes are major components of the EGT content of both of these microbiomes. A comparison of the twelve major pathways in the SEED Virulence Subsystem (metavirulome) represented in the chicken cecum, mouse cecum and human fecal microbiomes showed that the metavirulomes differed between these microbiomes and the metavirulomes clustered by host environment. The chicken cecum microbiomes had the broadest range of EGTs within the SEED Conjugative Transposon Subsystem, however the mouse cecum microbiomes showed a greater abundance of EGTs in this subsystem. Gene assemblies (32 contigs) from one microbiome sample were predominately from the Bacteroidetes, and seven of these showed sequence similarity to transposases, whereas the remaining sequences were most similar to those from catabolic gene families. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This analysis has demonstrated that mobile DNA elements are a major functional component of cecal microbiomes, thus contributing to horizontal gene transfer and functional microbiome evolution. Moreover, the metavirulomes of these microbiomes appear to associate by host environment. These data have implications for defining core and variable microbiome content in a host species. Furthermore, this suggests that the evolution of host specific metavirulomes is a contributing factor in disease resistance to zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Qu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Brulc
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Melissa K. Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bibiana F. Law
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James R. Theoret
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lynn A. Joens
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Biotechnology, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Florent Angly
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Computational Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Dinsdale
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert A. Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Computer Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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131
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Guerin M, Martin S, Reiersen J, Berke O, McEwen S, Friðriksdóttir V, Bisaillon JR, Lowman R. Temperature-related risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler-chicken flocks with Campylobacter spp. in Iceland, 2001–2004. Prev Vet Med 2008; 86:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Denis M, Rose V, Huneau-Salaün A, Balaine L, Salvat G. Diversity of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Broiler Chickens in France. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1662-71. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Dent JE, Kao RR, Kiss IZ, Hyder K, Arnold M. Contact structures in the poultry industry in Great Britain: exploring transmission routes for a potential avian influenza virus epidemic. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:27. [PMID: 18651959 PMCID: PMC2526082 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The commercial poultry industry in United Kingdom (UK) is worth an estimated £3.4 billion at retail value, producing over 174 million birds for consumption per year. An epidemic of any poultry disease with high mortality or which is zoonotic, such as avian influenza virus (AIV), would result in the culling of significant numbers of birds, as seen in the Netherlands in 2003 and Italy in 2000. Such an epidemic would cost the UK government millions of pounds in compensation costs, with further economic losses through reduction of international and UK consumption of British poultry. In order to better inform policy advisers and makers on the potential for a large epidemic in GB, we investigate the role that interactions amongst premises within the British commercial poultry industry could play in promoting an AIV epidemic, given an introduction of the virus in a specific part of poultry industry in Great Britain (GB). Results Poultry premises using multiple slaughterhouses lead to a large number of premises being potentially connected, with the resultant potential for large and sometimes widespread epidemics. Catching companies can also potentially link a large proportion of the poultry population. Critical to this is the maximum distance traveled by catching companies between premises and whether or not between-species transmission could occur within individual premises. Premises closely linked by proximity may result in connections being formed between different species and or sectors within the industry. Conclusion Even quite well-contained epidemics have the potential for geographically widespread dissemination, potentially resulting in severe logistical problems for epidemic control, and with economic impact on a large part of the country. Premises sending birds to multiple slaughterhouses or housing multiple species may act as a bridge between otherwise separate sectors of the industry, resulting in the potential for large epidemics. Investment into further data collection and analyses on the importance of industry structure as a determinant for spread of AIV would enable us to use the results from this study to contribute to policy on disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Dent
- Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, VLA, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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Epidermal growth factor inhibits Campylobacter jejuni-induced claudin-4 disruption, loss of epithelial barrier function, and Escherichia coli translocation. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3390-8. [PMID: 18490463 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01698-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of acute bacterial enteritis in humans. Poultry serves as a major reservoir of C. jejuni and is thought to act as a principal vehicle of transmission to humans. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a small amino acid peptide that exerts a broad range of activities on the intestinal epithelium. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of EGF on C. jejuni intestinal colonization in newly hatched chicks and to characterize its effects on C. jejuni-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption. White Leghorn chicks were treated with EGF daily, starting 1 day prior to C. jejuni infection, and were compared to control and C. jejuni-infected, EGF-treated chicks. Infected chicks shed C. jejuni in their feces throughout the study period. C. jejuni colonized the small intestine and cecum, disseminated to extraintestinal organs, and caused jejunal villus atrophy. EGF reduced jejunal colonization and dissemination of C. jejuni to the liver and spleen. In EGF-treated C. jejuni-infected chicks, villus height was not significantly different from that in untreated C. jejuni-infected chicks or controls. In vitro, C. jejuni attached to and invaded intestinal epithelial cells, disrupted tight junctional claudin-4, and increased transepithelial permeability. C. jejuni also promoted the translocation of noninvasive Escherichia coli C25. These C. jejuni-induced epithelial abnormalities were abolished by pretreatment with EGF, and the effect was dependent upon activation of the EGF receptor. These findings highlight EGF's ability to alter colonization of C. jejuni in the intestinal tract and to protect against pathogen-induced barrier defects.
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135
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Development of a strain-specific molecular method for quantitating individual campylobacter strains in mixed populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2321-31. [PMID: 18281428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02269-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of sites resulting in cross-contamination of poultry flocks in the abattoir and determination of the survival and persistence of campylobacters at these sites are essential for the development of intervention strategies aimed at reducing the microbial burden on poultry at retail. A novel molecule-based method, using strain- and genus-specific oligonucleotide probes, was developed to detect and enumerate specific campylobacter strains in mixed populations. Strain-specific oligonucleotide probes were designed for the short variable regions (SVR) of the flaA gene in individual Campylobacter jejuni strains. A 16S rRNA Campylobacter genus-specific probe was also used. Both types of probes were used to investigate populations of campylobacters by colony lift hybridization. The specificity and proof of principle of the method were tested using strains with closely related SVR sequences and mixtures of these strains. Colony lifts of campylobacters were hybridized sequentially with up to two labeled strain-specific probes, followed by the generic 16S rRNA probe. SVR probes were highly specific, differentiating down to 1 nucleotide in the target sequence, and were sufficiently sensitive to detect colonies of a single strain in a mixed population. The 16S rRNA probe detected all Campylobacter spp. tested but not closely related species, such as Arcobacter skirrowi and Helicobacter pullorum. Preliminary field studies demonstrated the application of this technique to target strains isolated from poultry transport crate wash tank water. This method is quantitative, sensitive, and highly specific and allows the identification and enumeration of selected strains among all of the campylobacters in environmental samples.
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136
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McDowell SWJ, Menzies FD, McBride SH, Oza AN, McKenna JP, Gordon AW, Neill SD. Campylobacter spp. in conventional broiler flocks in Northern Ireland: epidemiology and risk factors. Prev Vet Med 2008; 84:261-76. [PMID: 18249451 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for Campylobacter infection in conventional broiler flocks in the time period up to the first removal of birds to slaughter were investigated over a maximum of five consecutive production cycles in a cohort of 88 broiler farms in Northern Ireland. Samples for Campylobacter culture, which consisted of 14 cloacal swabs per flock, were collected from one house on each farm prior to the first depopulation of birds. In total 388 flocks were sampled, of which 163 tested positive for Campylobacter spp. (42.0%; 95% CI 35.1-48.9%). Data on farm and flock variables were obtained from questionnaires and random-effects logistic regression modelling used to investigate the association between these and the Campylobacter status of flocks. Six variables, all of which were significant at p<0.05, were included in the final multivariable model. These included a combined variable on the presence of rodents on farms, which showed an increased odds of infection in flocks where the farmer reported having observed rodents during the production cycle (OR=2.1) and/or where rodent droppings were observed at the sampling visit (OR=2.9). Other variables that were significantly associated with an increased odds of infection included the age of the birds at sampling (odds ratio for its linear effect=1.16 for each day of increase in age), season (summer versus other seasons OR=2.0), farms with three or more broiler houses (OR=2.9 compared to those with one house), the frequency of footbath disinfectant changes (OR=2.5 for once weekly and OR=4.0 for less than once weekly compared to twice weekly changes) and a categorical variable on the standard of tidiness and cleanliness of the broiler house ante-room (OR=2.0 and OR=4.9 for flocks from houses with poorer standards). There was no significant evidence of direct carry-over of infection from one production cycle to the next, neither was there evidence of other farm species acting as a source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W J McDowell
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK.
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137
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Allen VM, Weaver H, Ridley AM, Harris JA, Sharma M, Emery J, Sparks N, Lewis M, Edge S. Sources and spread of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. during partial depopulation of broiler chicken flocks. J Food Prot 2008; 71:264-70. [PMID: 18326174 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The practice of partial depopulation or thinning (early removal of a portion of birds from a commercial broiler flock) is a reported risk factor for Campylobacter colonization of residual birds because of the difficulty in maintaining biosecurity during the thinning process. The effect of this practice was studied in detail for 51 target flocks, each at a different growing farm belonging to one of seven major poultry companies throughout the United Kingdom. On 21 of these farms, the target flock was already colonized by Campylobacter, and at slaughter all cecal samples examined were positive, with a mean of 8 log CFU/g. An additional 27 flocks became positive within 2 to 6 days of the start of thinning and had similarly high levels of cecal carriage at slaughter. Just before the thinning process, Campylobacter was isolated frequently from the farm driveways, transport vehicles, equipment, and personnel. Strains from seven farms on which flocks became colonized after thinning were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. An association was found between strains occurring at specific sampling sites and those isolated subsequently from the thinned flocks. The results indicated that particular strains had spread from one farm to another when the farms were jointly owned by the same company and employed the same bird-catching teams and/or vehicles. These results highlight the need for better hygiene control in relation to catching equipment and personnel and more effective cleaning and disinfection of vehicles and bird-transport crates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Allen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, UK.
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138
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An investigation of sources of Campylobacter in a poultry production and packing operation in Barbados. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 121:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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139
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Has retail chicken played a role in the decline of human campylobacteriosis? Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:383-90. [PMID: 18065605 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01455-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2001 and 2006, the incidence of human Campylobacter infections decreased by 10 and 27% in Scotland and the Grampian region of Scotland, respectively. Contemporaneous collection and analyses of human and retail-chicken isolates from Grampian were carried out over a 10-week period in 2001 and again in 2006 in order to determine whether the fall in the incidence of human infections was related to the retail-chicken exposure route. Rates of carriage of Campylobacter on chicken carcasses from retail outlets in Grampian in 2001 and 2006 were estimated. Chicken-derived Campylobacter isolates from 2001 (n = 84) and 2006 (n = 105) and human-derived isolates from patients with clinical cases of infection in 2001 (n = 172) and 2006 (n = 119) were typed by multilocus sequence typing. We found no evidence for statistically significant changes in prevalence and counts per carcass. We found by rarefaction that although the degree of diversity in humans tended to be higher than that in chickens, these differences were not significant. The genetic distance between chicken and human isolates from 2001 according to sequence type, clonal complex (CC), or allele composition was not significant, whereas the distances between 2006 isolates at the CC and allele levels were significant. This difference was attributable to a lower proportion of CC-21's being found in retail-chicken isolates from 2006 than in chicken isolates from 2001. We conclude that human exposure to Campylobacter via retail chicken is important and that changes in the population structure of campylobacters in this reservoir need to be taken into account in investigating human infection.
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140
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Miraglia D, Ranucci D, Branciari R, Cioffi A, Mammoli R, Cenci Goga BT, Avellini P. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken hybrids with different growth rates, reared according to conventional and "free-range" production methods. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31 Suppl 1:381-4. [PMID: 17682919 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Miraglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biopatologiche e Igiene delle Produzioni Animali e Alimentari - Sezione di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale - Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via San Costanzo, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
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141
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Conlan AJK, Coward C, Grant AJ, Maskell DJ, Gog JR. Campylobacter jejuni colonization and transmission in broiler chickens: a modelling perspective. J R Soc Interface 2007; 4:819-29. [PMID: 17472905 PMCID: PMC2077357 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of acute enteritis in the developed world. The consumption of contaminated poultry, where C. jejuni is believed to be a commensal organism, is a major risk factor. However, the dynamics of this colonization process in commercially reared chickens is still poorly understood. Quantification of these dynamics of infection at an individual level is vital to understand transmission within populations and formulate new control strategies. There are multiple potential routes of introduction of C. jejuni into a commercial flock. Introduction is followed by a rapid increase in environmental levels of C. jejuni and the level of colonization of individual broilers. Recent experimental and epidemiological evidence suggest that the celerity of this process could be masking a complex pattern of colonization and extinction of bacterial strains within individual hosts. Despite the rapidity of colonization, experimental transmission studies exhibit a highly variable and unexplained delay time in the initial stages of the process. We review past models of transmission of C. jejuni in broilers and consider simple modifications, motivated by the plausible biological mechanisms of clearance and latency, which could account for this delay. We show how simple mathematical models can be used to guide the focus of experimental studies by providing testable predictions based on our hypotheses. We conclude by suggesting that competition experiments could be used to further understand the dynamics and mechanisms underlying the colonization process. The population models for such competition processes have been extensively studied in other ecological and evolutionary contexts. However, C. jejuni can potentially adapt phenotypically through phase variation in gene expression, leading to unification of ecological and evolutionary time-scales. For a theoretician, the colonization dynamics of C. jejuni offer an experimental system to explore these 'phylodynamics', the synthesis of population dynamics and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Conlan
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.
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142
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Guerin MT, Martin W, Reiersen J, Berke O, McEwen SA, Bisaillon JR, Lowman R. House-level risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter spp. in Iceland, 2001 - 2004. BMC Vet Res 2007; 3:30. [PMID: 17997846 PMCID: PMC2200641 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-3-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concurrent rise in consumption of fresh chicken meat and human campylobacteriosis in the late 1990's in Iceland led to a longitudinal study of the poultry industry to identify the means to decrease the frequency of broiler flock colonization with Campylobacter. Because horizontal transmission from the environment is thought to be the most likely source of Campylobacter to broilers, we aimed to identify broiler house characteristics and management practices associated with flock colonization. Between May 2001 and September 2004, pooled caecal samples were obtained from 1,425 flocks at slaughter and cultured for Campylobacter. Due to the strong seasonal variation in flock prevalence, analyses were restricted to a subset of 792 flocks raised during the four summer seasons. Logistic regression models with a farm random effect were used to analyse the association between flock Campylobacter status and house-level risk factors. A two-stage process was carried out. Variables were initially screened within major subsets: ventilation; roof and floor drainage; building quality, materials and repair; house structure; pest proofing; biosecurity; sanitation; and house size. Variables with p < or = 0.15 were then offered to a comprehensive model. Multivariable analyses were used in both the screening stage (i.e. within each subset) and in the comprehensive model. RESULTS 217 out of 792 flocks (27.4%) tested positive. Four significant risk factors were identified. Campylobacter colonization was predicted to increase when the flock was raised in a house with vertical (OR = 2.7), or vertical and horizontal (OR = 3.2) ventilation shafts, when the producer's boots were cleaned and disinfected prior to entering the broiler house (OR = 2.2), and when the house was cleaned with geothermal water (OR = 3.3). CONCLUSION The increased risk associated with vertical ventilation shafts might be related to the height of the vents and the potential for vectors such as flies to gain access to the house, or, increased difficulty in accessing the vents for proper cleaning and disinfection. For newly constructed houses, horizontal ventilation systems could be considered. Boot dipping procedures should be examined on farms experiencing a high prevalence of Campylobacter. Although it remains unclear how geothermal water increases risk, further research is warranted to determine if it is a surrogate for environmental pressures or the microclimate of the farm and surrounding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wayne Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jarle Reiersen
- Reykjagarður hf, Fosshals 1, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Agricultural Agency of Iceland, Austurvegur 64, 800 Selfoss, Iceland
| | - Olaf Berke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Ruff Lowman
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 8P9, Canada
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143
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Potturi-Venkata LP, Backert S, Vieira SL, Oyarzabal OA. Evaluation of logistic processing to reduce cross-contamination of commercial broiler carcasses with Campylobacter spp. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2549-54. [PMID: 18044433 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.11.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cross-contamination of broiler carcasses with Campylobacter is a large problem in food production. Here, we investigated whether the contamination of broilers carcasses from Campylobacter-negative flocks can be avoided by logistic scheduling during processing. For this purpose, fecal samples were collected from several commercial broiler flocks and enumerated for Campylobacter spp. Based on enumeration results, flocks were categorized as Campylobacter negative or Campylobacter positive. The schedule of processing included the testing of Campylobacter-positive flocks before or after the testing of Campylobacter-negative flocks. During processing, flocks were also sampled for Campylobacter spp. before and after chilling. Campylobacter strains were identified with multiplex PCR and analyzed for relatedness with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Our results show that Campylobacter-negative flocks were indeed contaminated with Campylobacter strains originating from previously processed Campylobacter-positive flocks. Campylobacter isolates collected from carcasses originating from different farms processed on the same day showed similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, confirming cross-contamination. These findings suggest that a simple logistic processing schedule can preserve the Campylobacter-negative status of broiler carcasses and result in products with enhanced food safety.
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144
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Arsenault J, Letellier A, Quessy S, Normand V, Boulianne M. Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. caecal colonization in broiler chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada. Prev Vet Med 2007; 81:250-64. [PMID: 17532069 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an observational study to estimate prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. caecal colonization in poultry. Eighty-one broiler chicken and 59 turkey flocks selected among flocks slaughtered in the province of Quebec, Canada, were included in the study. Flock status was evaluated by culturing pooled caecal contents from about 30 birds per flock. Exposure to potential risk factors was evaluated with a questionnaire. Odds ratios were computed using multivariable logistic regression. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive flocks was 50% (95% CI: 37, 64) for chickens and 54% (95% CI: 39, 70) for turkeys, respectively. Odds of Salmonella colonization were 2.6 times greater for chicken flocks which failed to lock the chicken house permanently. In turkeys, odds of Salmonella colonization were 4.8-7.7 times greater for flocks which failed to be raised by <or=2 producers with no other visitors allowed onto the premises, or origin from a hatchery. The prevalence of Campylobacter-positive flocks was 35% (95% CI: 22, 49) for chickens and 46% (95% CI: 30, 62) for turkeys. Odds of colonization were 4.1 times higher for chicken flocks raised on farms with professional rodent control and 5.2 times higher for flocks with manure heap >200m from the poultry house, and also increased with the number of birds raised per year on the farm and with the age at slaughter. For turkeys, odds of Campylobacter flock colonization were 3.2 times greater in flocks having a manure heap at </=200m from poultry house and 4.2 times greater in flocks drinking unchlorinated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Arsenault
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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145
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Hansson I, Forshell LP, Gustafsson P, Boqvist S, Lindblad J, Engvall EO, Andersson Y, Vågsholm I. Summary of the Swedish Campylobacter program in broilers, 2001 through 2005. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2008-14. [PMID: 17900076 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.9.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A Campylobacter monitoring program in broiler chickens was carried out in Sweden from 2001 through 2005. The objective was to reduce the occurrence of Campylobacter in the food chain through preventive measures, starting with primary production. The program involved collecting samples from all broiler flocks at slaughter and occasional additional times. The annual incidence of Campylobacter-positive slaughter batches progressively decreased from 20% in 2002 to 13% in 2005. Most of the positive batches had a high within-flock prevalence of Campylobacter. However, about 18% of the positive batches had a low-within-flock prevalence; Campylobacter spp. were isolated from at most 50% of the cloacal samples. The incidence of batches contaminated at slaughter ranged between 6 and 9% during the study period. During all 5 years, a seasonal peak of incidence was observed in the summertime. In an additional study, quantitative analyses were performed on neck skin samples and carcass rinse samples. Those results were compared with the positive and negative findings of the cloacal, cecum, and neck skin samples at slaughter. When Campylobacter was found in the cecum, there was a higher level of Campylobacter in the quantitative analyses. Those batches where Campylobacter already had been found on the farm had a higher concentration of Campylobacter than those batches in which Campylobacter was found only at slaughter. During the study period, about one-third of producers seldom delivered Campylobacter-positive batches (< 10% positive batches per year). Thus, it is possible to produce Campylobacter-free broilers in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hansson
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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146
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Kuana SL, Santos LR, Rodrigues LB, Borsoi A, Moraes HLS, Salle CTP, Nascimento VP. Risk factors and likelihood of Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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147
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Hansson I, Vågsholm I, Svensson L, Olsson Engvall E. Correlations between Campylobacter spp. prevalence in the environment and broiler flocks. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:640-9. [PMID: 17714397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate (i) possible correlations between the presence of Campylobacter spp. in the surroundings of broiler farms and their incidence in flocks, and (ii) possible associations between weather conditions and the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. METHODS AND RESULTS Farms were selected according to previous results from the Swedish Campylobacter programme. Samples were collected in and around broiler houses during the rearing period from 131 flocks on 31 farms, including sock samples from the ground outside, from the floor in the broiler houses and anterooms, and samples from insects, water, feed and ventilation shafts. CONCLUSIONS As expected, there was a difference in Campylobacter isolation rates for different categories of farms regarding samples taken in the houses. However, there were no differences regarding the presence of Campylobacter spp. in the environment between producers that often deliver Campylobacter-positive slaughter batches and those that rarely deliver positive batches. Campylobacter spp. were more frequently found in the surroundings on rainy days when compared with sunny days. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Physical barriers between outside and inside the houses appeared to be important for preventing Campylobacter spp. in the environment to be transferred into the broiler houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hansson
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
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148
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Mangen MJJ, Havelaar AH, Poppe KP, de Wit GA. Cost-utility analysis to control Campylobacter on chicken meat: dealing with data limitations. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2007; 27:815-830. [PMID: 17958494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The current article describes the economic evaluation of interventions to control Campylobacter on chicken meat by means of a cost-utility analysis. Apart from the methodology used, the main focus of this article is on data gaps and assumptions made, and their impact on results and conclusions. The direct intervention costs, the relative risk, the disease burden (expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)), and the costs of illness for the various interventions are necessary inputs for the cost-utility analysis. The cost-utility ratio (CUR) -- the measure for efficiency -- is expressed in net costs per avoided DALY. Most data gaps were of a biological order, but for some interventions, information on costs was also scarce. As a consequence, assumptions had to be made, which had some impact on the estimated CUR. A higher (lower) incidence of Campylobacter infections associated with chicken meat, higher (lower) effectiveness, and lower (higher) intervention costs, respectively, would result in absolute better (worse) CUR estimates. By taking the perspective of all consumers eating Dutch chicken meat, rather than only the Dutch society, absolute better CUR estimates could be obtained. Indirect costs or a shift toward non-Dutch chicken meat would both result in higher CUR estimates. Despite the assumptions made, three interventions showed for most of the applied sensitivity analyses relatively favorable CUR estimates: limiting fecal leakage during processing, carcass decontamination by dipping in a chemical solution, and the phage therapy. However, all three do have some clauses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josée J Mangen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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149
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Guerin MT, Martin W, Reiersen J, Berke O, McEwen SA, Bisaillon JR, Lowman R. A farm-level study of risk factors associated with the colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter spp. in Iceland, 2001-2004. Acta Vet Scand 2007; 49:18. [PMID: 17623089 PMCID: PMC1971268 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following increased rates of human campylobacteriosis in the late 1990's, and their apparent association with increased consumption of fresh chicken meat, a longitudinal study was conducted in Iceland to identify the means to decrease the frequency of broiler flock colonization with Campylobacter. Our objective in this study was to identify risk factors for flock colonization acting at the broiler farm level. METHODS Between May 2001 and September 2004, pooled caecal samples were obtained from 1,425 flocks at slaughter and cultured for Campylobacter. Due to the strong seasonal variation in flock prevalence, analyses were restricted to a subset of 792 flocks raised during the four summer seasons. Flock results were collapsed to the farm level, such that the number of positive flocks and the total number of flocks raised were summed for each farm. Logistic regression models were fitted to the data using automated and manual selection methods. Variables of interest included manure management, water source and treatment, other poultry/livestock on farm, and farm size and management. RESULTS The 792 flocks raised during the summer seasons originated from 83 houses on 33 farms, and of these, 217 (27.4%) tested positive. The median number of flocks per farm was 14, and the median number of positive flocks per farm was three. Three farms did not have any positive flocks. In general, factors associated with an increased risk of Campylobacter were increasing median flock size on the farm (p = 0.001), spreading manure on the farm (p = 0.004 to 0.035), and increasing the number of broiler houses on the farm (p = 0.008 to 0.038). Protective factors included the use of official (municipal) (p = 0.004 to 0.051) or official treated (p = 0.006 to 0.032) water compared to the use of non-official untreated water, storing manure on the farm (p = 0.025 to 0.029), and the presence of other domestic livestock on the farm (p = 0.004 to 0.028). CONCLUSION Limiting the average flock size, and limiting the number of houses built on new farms, are interventions that require investigation. Water may play a role in the transmission of Campylobacter, therefore the use of official water, and potentially, treating non-official water may reduce the risk of colonization. Manure management practices deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wayne Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jarle Reiersen
- Reykjagarður hf, Fosshals 1, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Agricultural Agency of Iceland, Austurvegur 64, 800 Selfoss, Iceland
| | - Olaf Berke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Ruff Lowman
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, K2H 8P9, Canada
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150
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Ogden ID, MacRae M, Johnston M, Strachan NJC, Cody AJ, Dingle KE, Newell DG. Use of multilocus sequence typing to investigate the association between the presence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler drinking water and Campylobacter colonization in broilers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5125-9. [PMID: 17586665 PMCID: PMC1950966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00884-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of campylobacters in broiler chickens and throughout the broiler water delivery systems of 12 farms in northeastern Scotland was investigated by sensitive enrichment methods and large-volume filtration. Campylobacter presence was independent of the water source and whether the water was treated. The genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from chickens and various locations within the water delivery systems were compared by multilocus sequence typing. Matching strains in shed header tanks and birds were found at 1 of the 12 farms investigated. However, the sequence of contamination or whether the source was within or outside the shed was not determined. Nevertheless, these data provide evidence that drinking water could be associated with broiler infection by campylobacters.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Ogden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
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